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^:^^-rnf£=r
aioi. e. 16.2-
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. XXVIL
PHntcd by NfCHOLS, 50N» and B^iTLEYt
IM Uom Pumgr^ Fkf t Stnttf London.
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
AI< HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
OF TBI
LIVES AND WRITINGS
OF THE
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.
A NEW EDITION,
i
KEVI8ED AMD ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.
voL XXVII.
LONDONt
«
miNTBD FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND J. UYIMOTON ; T. FAYNE ;
OTRIDGB AND SON; O. AND W. NICOL ; O. WILKIX ) J. WALKER; «r»
LOWNDES; T. EGZRTON; I^CKINGTONy ALLEN, AND CO.; J. CARPENTER;
LONGMAN, HURST, RE£8» ORM£, AND BROWN; CADELL AND DA VIES ; LAW
AND WHITTAKER; J. BOOKER;^ J. CUTHELL ; CLARKE AND SONS; J» AND
A. ARpH; J. HARRIS; BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN ; J. BLACK; J. BOOTH;
J. MAWMAN; CTALE AND FBNNER; R. H. EVANS; J. HATCHARD; J. MURRAY;
BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY ; E« BBNTLBY ; OGLE AND CO. ; W^ GINGER ;
RODWELL AND MARTIN; P. WRIQBT; I. OBIOHTON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE;
CONSTABLE AND CO. KDINBURGH; AND WILSON AND SON, YORK.
1816.
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
O AA, or DE SA (Emanuel), a learned Portuguese Jesuit,
was born in ISSO^^at Coode, in the province of Douro, and
entered tbe society ii^ 1545, After the usual course of
studies, he taught at Coimbra, Rome, and other places^
and was considered as an excellent preacher and iQtt»rpra»
ter of the acriptures, on which last Recount he wts em-
ployed, by pope Pius Y. on a new eclitiion ^f the Bible. He
died at Arona, in the MilanesOi ;Bieci ^^ in the
sixty'-sixth year of his age. His'^nief Wbflc^^^ : <* Scho-
lia in qtiatubr Evang^lia," Antw^p and 'Cdldg^', 1596, 4to;
and /* Notatiooes in toum sacrapgi^fSi^ipttiram^'* &c. Ant*
werp, 1598, 4to; reprinted, with bther scholia, or notes,
by Mariana and Tinni* Dupin says, that of all the Com*
menlaries upon the scriptures fj^ere is nothing more con*,
cise.and useful than tbe notes of our author, whose sole
object, he adds, is to give the literal sens& in a few words
and in i^ intelligible manner. De Sa was the author of
another work,; wfaich^ although a. very small volume, is
said to have employed him for forty years : it is entitled
*^ Aphorismi Confessaribrum," printed first at Venice, 1595,
12mo, avd afterwards, frequently reprinted in various
places. Dupin calls it a moral work ; it seems rather a set
of rules for confessors in cases of conscience ; and Lavocat
tells us it contains some dangerous positions respecting
bbth.ihQraU aiid the authority of kings. It underwent sa
many corrections and emendations before the pope would
license it^.that it. did not appear, until the year before the.
author di^. .The French trtnslatioos of it have many
castrations. > ,
> Antonio Bibl. HifjM^Aiegambe.-i*]>uptn.— 'Sforeri.— Saxii OaomuU
Vou XXVII. B
2 SAADIAS-GAON.
SAADI. See SADI.
SAADIAS-GAON, or Saadiad the Excellent, a learned
rabbi, the chief of the academy of the Jews, was born ac
Pitbom in Egypt, about the year 892. In«the year 927,
he was iavited by David Ben- Chair, the prince of the cap-
tivity^ to preside over the academy at Sora, near Babylon,
where one of his first objects was to explode the doctrine
of the transmigration of souls, which was very prevalent,
ev^tt among the Jews. But having refused to dobscribe
to a new regulation, which appeared to him to be repug*
hant to the Jewish laws, a breach arose ^etween David
and Saadias, which- after some years was made up, and
Saadias was restored to his professorship, in which he con-
tinued with great reputation tiU his death, in the year 9M.
H'lB pviftcipal works wrtf *' Sepber HaemUnah," or a trea-
tise iConoerciing the Jewish articles of faith, in ten chap-
ters ; but we haw. only a translation of it from the or^kiftl
Arabic into Hebrew, which was printed at Coustautinople
te 1647) aird uften repritued. *' A Commentary on tbe
Book' fezint,'^ print^d^ with other Commentaries on .tint
book, at Mantua, in 1502} ^^ An Arabic tranalatioo of the
iNrbole Old Te&tlUnetit^'' of wJuch the Peolatsuch is inserted
in Jdiy'^ and Walton's Polyglottsi accompaiMed witii the
Laiin veriion of Gabriel; Siooitft; *^ A^ Comtoentaryf on tbo
Sodg of Songs/' in Hebrexi, printed , at Pragiie in I6i^^
4to ; ** A Commentary on Daniel/* likewise in Hebrofr^
ioserfed ki the great robbinical bibles of Venice and Basil ;
'< A Commcnilaty on Jobi^' in Arabic^ the MS* of irltteh
is in tfa^ Bodleian library at Oxford ; and a contnieolary
on illicit iiUiaaceS) mentioiied by Aben Efrau'
SAAV^H^DRA. See.CERVANT£S. ^ «
SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO (Di«goj>b)« afifnnisb pdi-
iieal and moral writer, was born May 6, 1584, at Algezares,
in the kingdom of Murcia, aud studied at Sdamanca* In
I6M| fad went to 'Rome as secretaFy to^ the caoNiinal Gas-
par do BorgtOy who was appointed Spanish ambassador to
fbe pdipe^ and assistodin' the coadavesof 1621 aiid id'/S^
held ftor the election of the popes Gregory XVi and Ur«-
bsa VIIL For these services Saavodra was rewarded witk
a cai»oiiry in the church of St. James, although ho imd
never taken pties^i orders. Spme^ time after he was m:p^
pointed agent from< tbo ootiru of 8paia «t Aome^ and his
i Moreri.<--StiaQS Cri/t. Hist. ,
SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO. S
•eondoctin this office acquired bin general esteeili. In
1636, he assisted ai the electoral congress held there,
-i« which Ferdinand III. was chosen king of the Romans.
He afterwards was present at eight diets held in Swisser-
huid, and lastly at the general diet of the empire at Ratis-
booue, where he appeared in quality of plenipotentiary of
the circle and of the house of BurgUfidy. After being
employed in some other diplomatic aff.iirs, he returned
to Madrid in 1646, and was appointed master of ceremo-
nies in the introduction of ainhas^adors; but be did not en-
joy this honour longi^ as he died Aug. 24, 1649. In his
public cliaracter he rendened the state very important ser-
Tices, and, as a writer, is ranked among those who have
comributed to polish and enrich the Spanish language.
The Spanish critics, who place him among theif classics,
say be wrote Spanish as Tacitus wrote Latin. He has lon^
b«Bn known, even in this country, by his ^< Emblems,*'
which were publislied in Q vols 8vo, in the early part of
*tbe last ceatu|*y« These politico*moral instructions for a
Christian prince, were first printed in 1640, 4to, under the
title of '^ Idea de un Principe Politico Christiano repre-
iBeotada en ciei» empreiias,*' and reprinted at Milan in 1642 ;
tbey were afterwards translated into Latin, and published
under the title of '* Symbola Christiano-*Palitica,*' and
liave often been reprinted inr various sizes in France, Italy,
and Holland* He wrote also '* Corona Gotica, Castellana,
y Anstriaca politicamente illustrada/^ 1646, 4to, which
was to have consisted of tliree parts, but be lived to com*
plete one only ; the rest was by Nunez de Castro; and
** Respdblica Literaria,^' published in 1670, 8vo. Of this
work ao English translation was published by I. E. in 1727.
It IS akiivAof visipn, giving a satirical account of the re«
poblio of letters, not unlike the manner of Swift. Tm
French bave a translation of it, so late as 1770. ^
SABATIER (PETEif}, a. learned French Benedictine,
waa'born at Poictiers in 1680, aiid died at Rbeims March
2^ 1942. He spent twenty years of hi» life in preparing for
the preas a valuable edition df all the Latin vefsiot>s of the
Soriptuyes, collected together, and united in one point of
WW. It consists of three volumes, folio; bat he lived
only to pvint one volume ; the others were completed by
Ij9l fUae, ako a Benedictine of St. Maur. The titl^ isr
> AfitMna BiM. Hof •
B 2
4 SABA f.I E R.
* V Bibliorum Sacrorum Latins Versiones antiqucb seii Ve-
tills Italica, et cetera^ quscuinqMe in codicibiis MSS. et
antiquoruoi libris reperiri potuerudt,'* Rheimls, 1743-—
1749. » *
SABATIER (Raphael - Bienvenu)^ a very en^ineftt
French surgeon, was born at Paris in October .17329 and
after studying tl^e, acquired the first rank in his pro-
fession, and jn every situation which he filled, his know-
ledge, skilly an^ success, were equally coilspicuous. He
.became censor-royal of the academy of sciences, profes-
sor and dempn^rator of the surgical schools^ secretary of
correspondence, surgeon* major of the hospital of invalids,
and a member of the institute. His education had been
more liberal and comprehensive than usual. He not only
was an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, but was well
acquainted with the English, Italiat), and German, laor
guages. Besides his public courses of lectures on ana-
tomy, and surgery, he instructed many private pupils, not
only of his own country, but those of foreign nations who
were attracted to Paris by his fame as a teacher, and were
delighted with his unaffected politeness and candour. la
bis latter days Bonaparte appointed him one^of his con-
sulting surgeons, and be was one of the first on whom he
bestowed the cross of the legion of honour. Sabatier died
at Paris July 21, 1811. He retained his faculties to the
last, but we are told became ashamed of his bodily weak*
ness. ^/ Hide me,^' he said to his wife knd son, '^ from
the world, that you may be the only witnesses of this de-
cay to which I must submit/^ A little before his death he
said to his son, '* Contentplate the state into which I am
fallen, and learn to die.*' His humane attention to his
patients was a distinguished feature in his character. During
any painful operation be used to say, '^ Weep ] weep !
the more you express a sense of your sufferings, the more
anxious I shall be to shorten them.*'
His works are, 1. ^^ Theses anatomico-cbirurgicso," 1748,
4to. 2. *^ De variis cataractam extrahendi modis," 1759,'
4to. S. An edition of Verdier's ^^ Abreg6 d'Anatomie,'*
with additions, 1768^ 2 vols. 12mo. 4. An edition of La
Motte's " Trait6 complet de Cbirurgie," which .was. fol«
lowed by his own, 5. '* Trait^ copaplet d'Anatomie," 1775.
Of this a thijrd edition, with many improvements, appeared
> Diet. Hi9t*'*'*3ttii Ooonutt, vol, VIIL
I
: S A B A T I E R. ^
in, 1791, 3 vols. 8vb. 6. " De la Medieine.expdctativejV
1796^ 3 vols. 8vo. 7. ** De la Medicine operatoire, ou
Pes Operations de Cbirurgie qui se pratiquent le plus fre-
qaemment," .17^6, 3 vols/ 8yo. Besides these he contri*
buted many ^9say9 tp the medical joornals.^
SABBA,'fBlIcfR (Francis), a learned French writer, was
born at Condf>m^ Qc^ BB, 1735^ and after making great
proBciency ^n hi$ StM^es atn'ong the fathers of the oratory
in that ci||^, wieixt* to* Orleans,. H^here he was employed ad
^ private tutor. In 17i&2, hewas. i#viwl to the college of
Chalons-sur-Marne; wbeVe. he*^auglit the third and fourth
classea for sixteen years, which gave him a title to the pen«
sion of an emeritus. His literary re|)utation took its rise
principally from bis esssay on' the temporal power of the
popes, which gained the prize of the academy of Prussia.^
He was then about twenty-.eigbt years old ; but had before
,this ad()ressed a curious paper on th.e limits of the empire
of Cbarlemagna to the academy of Belles Lettre3 at Paris.
He was the principal means of founding the academy of
Chalons, procured a charter for it, and acted as secFe«
tary for thirty years. Such was his reputation that he had
the honpur to correspond with some of the royal perso*
nages of lurope, and was in particular much esteemed by
the kingrs of Prussia and Sweden ; nor was he less in fa-
your with Choiseul, the French minister, who encouraged
bis taste for study. It does not appear, however, that his
riches increased with his reputation, Bg^ this occasioned
his projecting a paper-manufactory inirHolIani), which ended
like some of the schemes of ingenious men ; Sabbathier
iii*as ruined, and his successors mad^ a.fortune He died
]^ a village near Chalon, March 11, .1807, in his seventy*
second year.
.. He' publijshed, 1. ^'Essai historique-critique sur Pori-
gine de la puissance temporelle des Papes,^^ Chalons, 1764^
}j2mOf reprinted the following year. 2. " Le Manuel des
$nfans,V ibid. 1769,' ]2mo, a collection of maxims frooi
PiQtarcb*,s li^i^es. 3. '* Recu^il de Dissertations sur divers
sujets de Thistoircj de France,!' ibid. 1778, 12mo. 4. "Let
Mcsurs, cputumes et usages d^s anciens peuples, pouir
sjsrvir a Peducation de la jeunesse,'* ibid. 1770, 3 toIs.
12mo. Of this entertaining work, a trs^nslation was pub<*
lished in 1775, 2 vols. 8vo, by the 4ate Rev. Percival
1 Dtct. Hist.— Eby Diet. Hist, cl« U Medieioe. . t
« .SABBATHIER.
Stockdale. 5. ^' Dictionnaire pour IMntellig^ncedef au«
teurs classiques Grecs et Latins, tant sacr^s (}ue profanes,
contenant la geographie, i'histoire, la fable, et les anti-
^aitis," ibid. 1766 — li90, 36 vols. 8vo, and 2 volumes oF
plates. Voluminous as this work is, the troubles which
followed the reroluiion obliged the author to'leave it' in-
complete ; but thfe manuscript of the concluding volumes
18 said to be in a state for publicatidn. It is lin elaborate
collection, very useful for consultsltion, bqt lK>t always
correct, and contftin^^ many articles which increase the
bulk rather than the value. A jitdicious selection, it is
thought, would supersede any publication of the kind in
France.' %
SABBATINI (Andrea), known likewise by the name
of Andrea da Salerno, is the first artist that deserves no-
tice, of the Neapolitan school. He is supposed to have
been born about 1480. Enamoured of the style of Pietro
Perugino, who had painted an Assumption of the Virgin
in the dome of Naples, he set out for Perugia to become
bi« pupil ; but hearifig at an inn on the road some painters
txtol the works of Raphael in the Vatican, he altered his
mind^ went to Rome, and ente^red that master^s school.
His stay there was short, for the death of his father obliged
him to return borne against his will in 1513 ; he returned,
However, a new man. It is said that he painted with Ra-
phael at the Pace, and in the Vatican, and that he copied
Ills pictures well :' be certainly emulated his manner with
success. Compared with his fellow-scholars, if he falls
^ahortof Julio, he soars above Raphael del Colle and idie
sestoftbat sphere. He had correctness and selection of
attitUide and features, <leptb of shade, perhaps too mucb
sharpness in the marking of the muscles, a broad 'st3^le of
folding in his draperies, and a colour which even now
mailitains its freshness. , Of his numerous works at Naples
mentioned in the catalogue of his pictures, the altar-
pieces at S. Maria delle Grazie deserve perhaps prefe-
rence ; for his fr^^^ scoes there and elsewhere, extolled by
the writers as miracles of art, are now, the greater part^
destroyed. He painted likewise at Salerno, Gaeta, and
other places of the kingdom, for churches and privitte col-
lections, where his Madcximas often rival those of Raphael*
This disting4iisbed artist died in 1545. *
1 Diet Hist. Sopfdemeiit. * Ptt^iDston by Faseti.
« A B B A T I N I. 7
SABBATINI (LORBKZO), called Lorenzin di Bologna,
was one of the most genteel and most delicate painters of
bis age. He has been often mistaken for a scholar of Ra^
pbael, from tfae resemblance of his Holy Families in stjle
of design and colour to those of that master, though the
colour be always weaker. He likewise painted Madonnas
and angels in cabinet-pictures, which seem of Parmigi-
ano; nor are bis altar-pieces different: the most cele-
brated is that of S. Michele at 8. Giacomo, en^aved by
Agostino Caracci^ and recommended to his school as a mo-
del of griacefal elegance. He excelled in fresco ; correct
in design, copious in invention, equal to every iubject^
and yet, what surprises, rapid. Such were the talents (hat
procured him employ, not only in many patrician fkmilies
of his own province, but a call to Rome under the pontifi-
cate of Gregorio XIII. where, according to Baglion],,he
pleased much, especially in his naked figures, a branch he
bad not much cultivated at Bologna. The stories of St.
Paul in the Capella Paolina, Faith triumphant over Infide*
iity in the Sala regia, and various other subjects in the
galleries and loggie of the Vatican, are the works of Sab-
bad ni, always done in competition with tfae best masters,
and always -with applause: hence among the great con«
dourse of masters wbo at that time thronged for pnsce-
dence in Rome, he was selc^cted to superintend the dif-
ferent departn^ents of the Vatican ; in which o£Bce he died
in the vigour of life, 1577.*
SABELLICUS, whose proper name was Marcus Anto-
Kius Coccius, or vernacularly Makcantonio Coccio, an
Italian historian andxcritic, was born in 1436, in the cam-,
pagna of Rome, on the conSnes of the ancient country of
tbe Sabines, from which circumstance he took^the name of
Sabellicus. He was a scholar of Pomponius Lotus's, and
in 1475, was appointed professor of eloquence at Udino, to
vrhii^h office he was likewise appointed at Venice, in 1484.
8ome time after, when the plague obfiged him to retire to
Verona, he composed, within the space of fifteen months^
his Latin history of Venice, in thirty- three books, which
were published in 1467, entitled '< Rerum Venetiarum ab
urbe cQudita,*' folio, a most beautiful specimen of early
printings of which there was a copy on vellum, in the Pi-
iielli library. Tfae republic of Venice was so pleased with
) PilkiDgton by PoieK.
,/
-S . S:A BELL I C U S. •
this work' as to decree the author a pension of 200sequip8 ;
and Sabellicus, out of gratitude^ added four books to his
history, which, however, remain in manuscript. He pubr
li^hed also " A Description of Venice,'' in three books ; a
.*^ Dialogi^e on the Venetian Magistrates;" and two poems
in honour of the republic. The most considerable of his
other works is his rhapsody of histories : ** Rhapsodiae His*
.tori^rum Enneades,'' in ten Enneads, each containing nine
.books, and comprizing a general history from the crea-
tion to t^e year 1503. The first edition published at Ve-
.nice in 1498, folio, contained only seven Enneads ; but the
second, in 1504,; had the addition of three more, bringing
the history down to the above date. Although there is
little, either in matter or manner, to recommend this work,
or many others of its kind, to a modern reader,^ it brought
.the author both reward and reputation. His other .worKs
.are discourses, moral, philosophical, and. historical, with
many Latin poems; the whole printed /in four volumes,
/olio, at Basil in 15«0. There is a scarce edition of his
.** EpistolsB familiares, necnon Orationes et Poemata,*' Ve-^
nice, 1502, folio. Sabellicus likewise wrote commenta<f
lies on Pliny the naturalist, Valerius -Maximus, Livy, Ho^
.jace, Justin, Florus, and some other classics, , which are
to b^ found in Gruter's ** Thesaurus.'* He died at Venice
in 1506. Whatever reputatioQ he might gain by his history
of Venice, he .allows himself that he tOQ often made use of
authors on whom, not much reliance was to be- placed ; and
jt is certain that he ciidnot ixt all c^onsult, or seem to know
the existence^ of, the annals of the doge Andrew Dan dolo,
which, furnish the tmost authentic, as well as. ancient, ac*
cpunt of the early tinges .of the republic,/ ^
. SABELLIUS, a Lybian, known in Qi^^Iesiastical history
as the head of the sect called Sabellians,i lived in the third
century, and was born at Ptolemais, and was a disciple of
Noetus. He reduced the three persons in the Trinity to
three states, or relations, or rather reduced the whole
Trinity to the one person of the Father; making the
Word and Holy Spirit to be the only emanations or
functions thereof. Epiph^nius tells us, that the God of
the Sab^liians, whom they called the Father, resembled
the Son,, and was ^l fi)ere subtraction, whereof the Son was
the illuminative virtue or quality, and th^ Holy Ghost the
1 Tirabotcbi.— GingueDc Hist. latt d'lislie.^— Gen. Diet.
S A B E L LI US. »
Arming virtue* Thistect had many folloi^eiii iii M«s6po«
Ummin4 Rome; but th«ir doctrines are so obscurely ex*
pressed, as-jtocrei^e- doubts as to what they really were;.
JUSicertain; boweveff .tbat;t);iey'Mrere cobdemned by the
Tfioitiirians^ andtbereforeLiMrdner, and Fiis followers, seem
pleased to add Sabelliuii to the scanty list of Unitarians of
the el^rly^ges. '
SABINUS (Georqe), whpse family name was Schalter,
ones of the best Latin poets of bis time, was. bom* in the
electorate of Brandenburg in 150S; and, at fifteen,* sent
to Wittemberg^ where be was privately instructed by
JMelanctbon, in whose /honse he liyed. He had: a great
ambition to excel ; and aa enthusiastic regard for what was
excellent, especially in Latin poetry ; and although the
specimens he studied made him somewhat diAdeot of his
powers, he ventured to submit to rthe puUso, .in his twen-
ty-second year, a poem; emitted. " Res GcstsD Csetrarum
Gemianorum,"" which spread* l)is reputation ail over Ger«
many, and made all the princes, wko had any regard for
polite literature, his friends apd , patrons* Afterwards he
ti>avel}ed into Italy, where he .contracted an acquaintance
with -Bembiis and. other leart)ed men ; and, on his return
vifited Eraaoius at Fribucg, when that great man was in
ihe tast.s^ge of life. In l£|36> he married Melancthon's
eldest daughter, at.Wittembergv to whom he^ was engaged
before bjs journey into Italy. She was only fourteen, but
very handsome, and understood Latin well ; and Sabiiiua
always lived happily vvit'h her: but he had several alterca-
tions with Melancthon, because be wanted to raise himself
to civil employments ; and did not relish the humility of
Afelanctbon, who confinlsd himself to literary pursuits, and
would be at no trouble to advance bis children. This mis-
uodei^standing occasioned Sabinus to remove into Prussia
in 1543, with his wife, who afterwards died at Konigsberg
in 1.547. }Ie settled, for some, little time,.at Francfort
upon the Oder, and was made professor of the belles lettres
)bythe appointment of the elector of Brandenburg; and
was afterwards promoted to be rector of the new univer-
sity of Konigsberg, which was opened in 1544.: .His elo-
quence and learning brought. him to the . knowledge of
Charges Y, who ennobled, him, and he was also employed
pti sqme embassies^ paiitipiilarly by the elector of Bran-
< Lardaer*! WoTlu.->Mo9bciin.
10 S A B I N U S.
denburg into Italy, where be »eems -to have contracfeid
an illness, of wbich he died in 1560, the same jreaV in
which Meiancthon died. His Latin poeois were published
at Leipsic in 1558 and 1597, the latter with additions and
letters. He published some other works, less known,
which are enumerated by Nicoron.*
SACCHETTI (Francis), an Italian poet, but better
kAown as a writer of Oovels, was bom at Florer^ce about
1335, of an ancient family, some branches of which had
held employments of great trust and dignity in the repub*
lie. While «young he composed some amatory verses, in
imitation of Petrarch, but with a turn of thought anrd
style peculiar to bimself, and he was frequently employed
in drawing up poetical inscriptions for public monuments^
&c. in which sentiments of morality and a love of liberty
were expected to be introduced. Some of these are stiU
extant, but are perhaps more to be praised for the subject
than the style. Sacchetti, when more advanced in life,
filled several offices of the magistracy both at Florence and
different parts of Tuscany, and formed an acquaintance
with the most eminent men of his time, by whom he was
highly respected. He suffered much, however, during
the civil contests of his country. He is supposed to have
died about the beginning of the fifteenth century. Verf
litrie of his poetry has been published. He is principally
ktiown by his " Navels,*' an excellent edition of which
was published at Florence in 1724, 2 vols. 8vo, by Bottari^
wj^ has prefixed an account of his life. These tales are
in the manner of Boccaccio^ but shorter, more lively, and
in general more decent. *
8ACCHI (Anbrea), an illustrious Italian painter, tbe
son of a paioter, was h6ri\ at Rome in 1601, or as some
writers say, in 1594. He learned tbe principles of his art
under bis father, but became afterwards the disciple of
Francesco Albaoo, and made such advances, 4hat, under
twelve years of age, he carried the prize, in the academy
of St Luke, from all his mucb older competitors. With
this badge of hofiour, tbey gave him the nickname of An-
drenccio, to denote the diminutive figure he then made>
being a boy ; and which he long retained. His appUcatioa
to the works of Polidoro da Caravaggio and Raphael, and
tbe antique marbles^ together with his studies under Albanpj
«
1 Kiceron, Tof. XXVI.-— Metdiior Adam.-«Saxii Onomast.
' Ginguene Hist Lit d'ltalie.— Moreri.
S A C C H L U
naihh copying zfter Caneggioj and ocbers, the best
Lombard masters, wt^e the several steps ^by vrhieb he
ratsed himseif tp extraordinary perfection in historical cona*-
position: The tht^e first gave him his correctness and
elegance ^f design ; and the last made him the best
colonrist of ail the Roman school. His works are not very
DQinerous, owing to the infirmities which attended his latter
years^ and especially the gout, which occasioned frequent
and long inlerniptions to his labours. He was likewise
slow and fasttdioas, and wished to rest his feme more npon
the quality than qiiAntity of his performances. His first
patrons were the eardtnals Antonio Barberini and del
Mone, tht' protector of ike academy of painting. He be-*
came afterwards a great favourite of lirban VHi. asid drew
an admirable portrait of him. Several of the public edi-
fices at Rome are emfoeliisbed with his works, some of
which have been ranked among the most admired produc-
tions of art in that capital. Such are his eelefofated picture
of tbe Death of St. Anne, in the chtirch of S. Carlo a Ca-
tinari ; the Angei appearing to St. Joseph, the priaetpal
aitar«piece in S. Giuseppe k Capo le Case ; and his St.
Andrea^ in the Quirinai. Btit his most dtstitrguished per-*
formance is his famous picture of S.;Rodiualdo, foimefrly in
the church dedicated to that saint, no^ in the galtery of
the Louvre. This adniirable production was considered
one of the four finest pictures at Rome, where Saechi died
in 1^68. ^
SACCHINl (Anthony-Maria-Oaspar), a very distin^
gnished musician in the last century, wals born at Naples
May 11, 1735, according to one account, but E)r. Burney
says 1727. He was educated in the conservatorio of St.
Onofrio, under Durante, and ikiade rapid progress in the
sciencoi attaching himseif principally to the vioHh, on
which he became a most accomplished performer. He
afterwards resided at Rome eight years ; and at Veoice,
where he remained four years, he was appointed. master
of the conservatorio of the Ospidaletto. It was here where
be first composted for tftie church, but always kept his sa«
cred and secular style of composition separate and distinct.
His ecdestastical compositions are not only learned, solemn,
and abounding with fine effects, but clothed in the richest
and most pure harmony.
* ArgcBviUe, vsl. {^— Pilkii^stcNi.
if SA:€CHINL
r His reputatioD ihcneasirig, he visited, by invitatioii, sdme
of the couru( of Germany, «nci among others those of
Brunswick and Wittemberg, where he succeeded the ce^
l^hrate^d Jomelli ; >nd after having composed for all the
{[reat theatres in Italy and Germany ,with increasing 'SUC*
cess, he came to England in 1772, and here supported the
high reputation he had acquired { on -the continent. His
operas of the " Cid'* and *.' Tamerlano" were' equal, says
•Dr. Bumey, if not superior, to any musical dramas we
jhaye^ heard in any part of .Europe.. ^Ue remained, however^
top; long in England for his. fame au# fortune. The first
>vas injured by cabals, and by what ought to have increased
it, the number of his works ; and the second by inactivity
and want of economNpt^
. He refused several engagements which were offered him
from Russia, Poriugal, and even France, but this last he
9t length accept«d,trini hopes t>f an establishment for life*
Accordingly he went thither in IJS h, but it is manifest in
the operas that he composed for Paris, .that he wprjked for,
singers of me^u abilities; which, besides the airs being'
set to French: words, prevented their circulation in the rest
pf Europe, which his other vocal. productions in i^is own
language had coustantly done. At Paris, however, he was
al/nost adored, but returned the following year to London,
where he only augmented his debts and embarrassments ;
^o tb^t, in 1794, h^ took, a final leave of this country^ and
settled at Paris, where he not only obtained a pension
from the queen of France^ but the, theatrical pension, in
^risequeoce of three successful pieces, r This graceful,
eiegaut, and judicious composer died, at Paris, October 8^
A786» * . •, . . . . . ; -
■ All Sacchini'fl pperas^re jreplete with elegant air^, beau-*
t^ful accompanied recitatives, . and orchestriil effects, with^
out the lea&t ap|p<^^rance of labour or study. It was seem-^
ipgly hy ^m^^ iiieans tha^ he produced the greatest
efi'ects. He intei:e$ted the audience more by a happy,
graceful, and toujching melodj^ than by a laboured and
extraneous* ododulationi His accoqipaniments always briU
Ijant and. ingenif):us, without being loaded and confpsed,
assist the. expression of the vocal part, and are often pic*
turesque. Each of the dniipas he composed in this country
was so entire, so masterly, yet so. new and natural, that<
there was nothing left for criticism to censure, though in-
numerablp beauties* to point but and admire. He had a
S A C C H I N I. 13
taste so exquisite, and so, totally iree from pedantry, that
hi» Wiis . frequently new without effort ; never thinking of
himself or. bis fame for-aiiy. pai!tic(iiiir excellence, but
totally occupied with tbe^ ideas of the poet, and the pro-
priety, -oonsistency, and effect of the- whole drama. His
accompaniments, though always rich and ingenious, nevet*
call off attention from the voice, but by a constant ^mw^'-
;Miri?7i(y, the principal melody is rendered distinguishable
through all. the contrivance of imitative and picturesque
design in the instruments.
Sacchini's private character was that of a generous and
benevolent roan, somewhat too imprudent in the indul-
gence o/ charitable feelings, but a steady friend, an af-
fectionate relation, and a kind master.*
SACCHINl (Francis), a celebrated Jesuit, was born in
1570, in the. diocese of Perugia. He was professor of
rhetonc at Rome during several years, and secretary to
his general, Vitelleschi, seven years. He died December
26, 1625/ aged 55. His princijpal works are; "A Conti-
nuation of the History of the Jesuits* Society,'' begun by
Orlandino. Of this Saodhini wrote the 2d, 3d, 4th, and
^th partner volumes, fol. 1620 — 1661. An addition to
the fifth part was made by Jouvency, and the whole com-
pleted by JuUiis Cordara. Perfect copies are very rarely
to be met with. Sacchini was also the author of a- small
hook judiciously written and much esteemed, entitled << D^
ratione. Libros cum profectu legendi,'' l2mo, at the end
of which/ is a discourse, ^* De vitandft Librorum moribus
noxiorum> lectione,'' which ^fadier Sacchini delivered at
Rome in his rhetorical school in 1603.* •
SACHEVERELL (Henay), D. D. a man whose his-
tory affo^d^ a very striking example of the folly of party
spirit, was the son of Joshua Sacheverell of Marlborough,
clerk, who died rector of St. Peter's church in Marlbd-
rougby leaving a numerous family iu very low circumstan-
ces* By a letter to him fr.om his uncle^ in 1711, it ap-'
pears thaa; ha bad a birother- oarmed Thomas, and a sister
Susannah. Henry was pat to school at M^rlborouo-b, at
the. charge of Mr. .Edward Hetfrst, ;an apothecary, who,
being his godfattier,. adopted him as bis son. Hearst's
widow put; him afterwards to Magdalen-cc^Uege, Oxford,'
' Buriiey's His». of Music. — and inRees*]i Cyclppeidia.— -IJlcU Hi»U
• Mown,- Pici. Hist.' ^
14 S A C H E V E R E L L.
where be became demy in 1687, at; tbe age of 15. Hei^
be soon distinguifibed himself by a regular observation' of
the duties of the booa^, by his compositions, * good mao-
ners, and genteel behaviour; qualifications which recom-
mended him to that society, of which, he became felh>w,
and, as public tutor, had the clireof the education of most
of the young gentlemen of quality and fortune that were
admitted of the college. In this station he had the care of
the education of a great many persons eminent for their
learning and abilities ; and avas contemporary and ciiamber-
fellow with Addison, and one of his chief intimates till the
time of his famous trial. Mr. Addisou's ^^ Account of the
greatest English Poets," dated April 4, 1694, in a £are*
welUpoem to the Muses- on his intending to enter into
holy orders, was inscribed "to Mr. Henry Sacheyerell,'*
his then dearest friend and colleague. Much has been said
by Sacheverell's enemies of his ingmtixude to his. relations^
and of his turbulent behaviour at Oxford ; but these appear
to have been groundless calumnies^ circulated only by the
spirit of patty. In bis youiigeryeara he wrote some excellent
Latin poems, besides several in the second and third vo*
lumesof the ^^ MufSB A«glicanas,*' ascribed to bit pupils^
and there is a good .one of some length in the second vo-
lume, under bis own name (transcribed from the Oxford
coUeation, on queen Mary's deaths 1605). He took the
degree of M. A. May 16, 1696; B. D. Feb. 4, 1707; D.D.
July 1, 1703« His 6rst preferment was Cannock, or Cank,
|n the county of Stafford. He was appoioted preacher of
St. Saviour's, Southwark, in 1705; and while in this sta«»
tion preached his^ famous sermons (at Derby, Aug. 14^
170^; and at St.*Pifiirs, Nov. 9, in the same year) ; and
in one of them was supposed to point at lord Godolpbin,
under the name of Volpone. It has been stiggeated,. that
to this circumstance, as much- as to the doctrines contained
ip his sermons, ,he was^ indebted for his prosecution, and
eventually for his preferment. Being impeached by the
House of Commons, bis trial beg^n Feb. 27, 1709.- 10^
and continued until the 23d of March : when he was sen*
tenced to a suspension from preaching for three years, aud
his two sermons ordered to be burnt. This prosecution^
however^ overthrew the ministry, and laid the fcmndation
of his fortune. To sir Simon Harcourt, who was counsel
for him, he presented a silver bason gilt, with an elegant
inscriptiooy written probably by his friend Dr. Atter-
, S A C H E V E R E L L. 15
\
\
bury*. Dr. SacbeYerell» diiring h» Mispeasion, mftde a iunili
of triumphal progress through various paru yf the king^loia;
during which period he was collated to a living near
Shrewsbury ; and, in the same month that hi^ suspension
^^ded, bad the valuable rectory of St. And#sw.^s» Uolborn^
fxma him bjPthe queenf April 13^ 17 13. At that time his
reputation was so higb^ that he was enabled to sell the (irsit
■sermon preached after his sentence expired (on Palm Suo-
day) for the sum of lOQ/.; and upwards of 40^000 copies,
it is laid, were soon sold« We find by Swift's Journal to
Stella, Jan. 22, 1711-12, that he bad also interest enough
with the ministry te provide very amply for one of his
brothers; yet, as the deaa had said beffre^ Aug« 24, i7ii«
^Vthey hated and affected to despise bim«*' A consider-
able estate at Callow in Derbyshire was soon after left to
lam 1>y bis kinsman George Sacheverelli esq» In 17 f 6,
be prefixed a dedication to ** Fifteen Discourses, ocoasioa-
ally delivered before the university o^ Oxford, by W.
Adams, M. A. late student of Christ-church, and r^^or of
Staunton upon Wye, in Oxfordshire.'* After this publi-
cation, we bear jitUiiiof bioiy exoept hy quarrels with bk *
parishioners. Hm died June S^ 1724 ; and, by his w31,
bequeathed to Bp. Atterbury, then iu ei^iie, who was sup-
PQsed to have penned for him the defence be made beforfe
the House of Peers f, the sum of 500. The duchess of
' ♦ «« Xiro honoratissimo, «f Tbi94»peech, whea originally pub-
^ Vmterii Juris oracufo, lished, was tho^ acMressed, *< To the
£celesia & Regni presidio fc Lords Sptrittt&l and TemfKM-al io M^.
oroamento, liaoient assembled :
SiMO!fi HAKCotftf, Eqaiti AUrafo, Maj^ it please your Lordships,
' «M0gtMB Biitamiiis Sisiii Migbi It Satli bien my ftani- forttine to ht
. $, fipstodi, misHunderstood* at a ttme wben I en-
^i Serenissimse Keginas h Secretioribus deavoured to express myself wiih the
' ' cdnsiliis; utmost ptaidoess ; even th& defence I
ob oavMim oie^in, ebiaai S^Ilremo made at your Lotdsbips* d*r, hi Htstp^
Senatu, of cieat iog the innocence of my hear^
in Aula Westmonasteriensi, | tiaih been grievously misrepresented.
. ii^riosa cam faoandia ?<!# which reasbn I have hombly ptt"
tf, sabacta legim scientia, sumed to offer it in this manner to your
benign^ & coustanter defensam ; Lordships* perusal. My (x>rds, these
«b pri>cam EcdesTie doctrinam, "Cftre the >f6ry t^ortTs f spake to your
JHviu)andaiii Legum vim, . Lordships, t hope tifey are fo plain
piam Subditorum tidem, sn^ express,, as not to be capable of
et sacTOsancta Le^nnf jifra,\ ^ any miscons'triiction : and may l so
' eontn wfarios PerdMiitim iit^us find tkercy dt the lHfea<l« «f God as they'
, feliciter ▼inoicata |^ yre in e-^ery refpeet ep^irely agreeabU
Votiviim hoc Mi^nusculipm to my thoughts and principles ! lam,
Ciratitudinis ergo my Lords, your Lordships' most obe-
Jp. D.^0. ' dient aud most dutiful servant,
Aimo Saluiis mdccx.'*
16 S A C H E V E ft £ L L.
Marlborough describes Sacheverell as ^* an ignorant iaipit<>^
dent incendiary ; a man who Hias the scorn even of those
who made use of him as a too];" And Bp. Burnet says^
^* He was a bold insolent man, with a very stn#ll measure
of religion, mtue, learning, or good sens^; but he re-
solved to force himself into popularity and preferment,^ by
the most petulant railings at dissenters' and low-church,
men, in several sermons and libels, written without either
cha^teness of style or liv^eliness of expression." Whs^ever
bis character, it is evident that he owed every thing to an
injudicious prosecution, 'which' defeated the purposes of
those who instituted it, and for mttny years ' continued
those prejudices in the public* mind, which a wiser ad-
ministration would have beeif ^ivxious to dispel. ' '
SACKVILLE (Thomas), lord Buckhurst and egrl of
Dbrset, an eminent statesman and p6et, was born at Withy •
am in Sussex, in 1527. He 'was 'the son of sir Richard
Sackville, who d^ed in 1566, by Wihifred Brydges (after-
wardi harchioness of Winchester), and grandson of John
Sackville^ esq. who died in 1557, by Anne Boleyne, sister
df sir Thomas Boleyne, earl (^ Wiltshire ; and great grand-
son of Richard Sadcville, esq. who died iH 1524, by Isabel|^
daughter of John Digges, of Digges^s place In Barbam,
Kent, ofafatmily which for many succeeding geneimtions
prodiyed men of learning and genius. He was first of th6
university of Oxford, and^ as it is supposed^ of Hart-hall,
now Hertford-college ; but taking no degree there, he#e- -
moved lo Cambridge, where he commenced master of art9,
and afterwards was a student of the Inner. Temple. At
both universities he became celebrated both as a Latin and
English poet, and carried the same taste and Clients to tfc^
Temple, where he wrote his tragedy of " Gorboduc," ^icb
was exhibited in the great hall by the students of that so-
ciety, as part of a Christmas entertainment, and afterwards
before queen Elizabeth n Whitehall, Jatu J 8, 1561. It
was surreptitiously printed in 1563, utider the title of
'^ The Tragedy of Gorbodui^' 4to; but a correct edition
under the inspection of the authors (for he was assisted by-
Thomas Norton), appeared in 1571, entitled "TheTra-
gedie of Ferrex and Porrex.'' Another i^ition appeared
in 1569, notwithstanding wfaicb, for many years it had so •
* OeDt. Mag. s«6 Index.— ^Swift's Works.— Ra pin's Hist — Burnetii Owa
Timst.— TatkKy Sp<(ctalorj and Guardiao, wilhaotes, «dit. 1806.— &c. &c. *
SACJtVtLtfi* iff
!lS4#){>letely di^ppeare^ that Dry<ten «kfid OldbMtf in the
jteign of Cjb^rleft II. do not !»ppear U> have seen it, though
tb#y pr^eii4ed to criticise it ; and even Wood knew juat
as little of it, as is plain from bis telling us that it was
/^Hten ia W Snglisb rhyme. Pope took a fancy to re^^
iri^kve thi» pJay from oblivioB, and Spence being employed
p9 ffit it p|P with aili poasibte advantage, ii was prjuted
f^mp/Ofifily in 1736^ ^vo^with a preface by the editor.
Sp«fioe^ 9pea|(i;ii^g of hisllordabip as apoet, declares, that
** the dawQ'Of our English poetry was in Chancer^s time,
(but that it aboiue out la him too bright all titonee to liaat
iwg.. The succeeding age was dark and OTercaat. There
'W9i» indeed some igUmmeriAgs of genius again in tienrjr
Ylirs timi^ ; but Dur poetry had never what <ioald be cailed
ik fairtaettl€)d day-light till towards the end of queen Mi^A*
betth^s ceign. . It wa» between these two periods^ that lord
-Buokhur^t wrote; ^fter. the earl of Surrey, and before
.Spoasen'' ]SMartan*s opinion of this tragedy is not very
faiioufdble. - He thinks it neirer was a favourite with our
ajioestors* and fell iilto oblivion On account of the naked-
(Oesrsapd juninterestmg nature of the plot, the tedioiis
ieogth 0i the speeches, the want of discrimination of char
Iraciber, and almost a total, absence of pathetic or critidal
«tualioBs. ¥iet he allows that the language of " Gorbo-
iliic'^ has giseat merit and perspicuity, and that it is en-^
titely Iree {cojm the tumid phraseology of a aubseqUent age
^f.faj^yrwtiting.
iSadLviJile is said by Warton to bate bei^n the inventor
aad principal, contributor to that celebrated collection of
hiitorlcal legends, entitled ** The Mirror for Magistrates,**
fmt edil»d in J 559 by William Baldwin ; but sir Egei^ton
firydges. ithinks there is some reason to doubt this, as
SackvalWs ^* Induction,'^ ^nd " Legend of the duke of
fittf^Dgbam,'* did not appear appended to that work till
the second edition in 1563. The reader^ howev^, haa
now an oppoitiwiily of examining the evidence on this
point in the v^ry accurate andsplendid edition of this wotit
just pnbliahed by loseph Haslewood, esq. It is allowed
that Sackville's share exceeds in dignity and genius all th€
other contributions to the work. The *• Induction** con-
tains some of the finest strains of English poetry, and some
of the most magnificent personifications of abstract ideas in
Qur language ; exceeding Spenser in dignity, and not short
ef him in brilliance $ and* the << Complaint of Henry duke
Voi-XXYIL C
18 « A C K V I t L E.
of Buckinghaim'* is written, says Warton, with a force andf
even elegance of expression, a copiousness of phraseology,
and an exactness pf versification, not to be foiind in any
other part of the collection.
Having by these productions established the reputations
of being the best poet in bis time, he laid down his pen^
and assumed the character of the statesman, in which he
also became very emin^ent. He found leisure, however,
to make the tour of France and Ilaly ; a^nd was on somd
account or other in prison at Rome, wh^n the news arrived
of his father sir Richard Saekville's death' iti 1566. Upon
this, he obtained his release, returned home, entered inta
the possession of a vast inheritance, and soon after waa^
prompted to the peerage by the title of lord Buckhurst.
He enjoyed this accession of honour and fortune too libe*
rally for a while, but soon saw his error. Some attribute
his being reclaimed to the quejti, but others say, that the
indignity of being kept in waiting by an alderman, of
whom he bad occasion to borrow money, made so deep an
impression on him, that he resolved from that moment to
be an oeconomist. By the queen he was received into
particular favour, and employed in many very important
affairs. In 1587 he was sent ambassador to the United
Provinces, upon their complaints against the earl of Lei«i»
eester ;; and, though he discharged that nice and hazardous
trust, with great integrity, yet the favourite prevailed with
his mistress to call him home, and confine him to his holise
for nine or ten months ; which command lord Buckhurst if
said to have submitted to so obsequiously, than in all the
time he never would endure, openly or secretly, by day
or by night, to see either wife or child. His enemy, how*
ever, dying, her majesty's favour returned to him more
jstrqngly than ever. He was made knight of the garter in
1590; and chancellor of Oxford in 1591, by the queen's
special interposition. In 1589 he was joined with the trea*
surer Burleigh in negotiating a peace with dpain; and,
upon the death of Burleigh the same year, succeeded him
in his office; by virtue of which he became in a manner
prime mitiister, and as suoh exerted himself vigorously for
the public good and her majesty's safety.
Upon the death of Elizabeth, the administration of th«
ktngdom devolving on him with other counsellors, they
linanioioU^ly proclaimed king James; and that king re*-
Slewed bis patent of lord high-treasurer for life, before his
S A 6 k V i L L £. n
'MV^9l in England, and even before bis lordship waitifdl oil
bis majesty. In March 1604 he was created earl of Dorset.
•He was one of those whom his majesty consulted and con-»
fided in npon all occasions ; and he lived in the highest
esteem and repatation, without any extraordinary deca^
of health, till 1 607. Then he was seized at bis house at
Horsley,in Surrey, with la disorder, which reduced him
96f that bis life was despaired of* At this crisis, the kiag
sent him a gold ring enamelled black, set with twenty dia-
moiKld; and this message, that ''his majesty wishea him
a speiedy and perfect recovery^ with all happy and good
success, &hd that he might live as long as the diamonds of
that ring did endure, and in token thereof required him t#
wear it^ and keep it for his sake.'^ He recovered this ill-
ness to iSiU appearance ; but soon after, as he was attend-
ing at the council-tkble, he dropped down, and immedi-
ately expired. This sudden deaths which happened April
•19,* 1608, was dcicasioned by a particular kind of dropsy on
the brain. He was interred with great solemnity in West-
minster-abbey ; his funeral sermon being preached by his
chiiplaiii Dr. Abbot> aftef^ards abp. of Canterbury. , S(ix
•Kbbert Nauoton writes of hini in the following terms:
" They much commend his elocution, but more the ex-
cellency 'of his^pen. He was a scholar, and a ^person of
quick dispatch ; faculties that yet run in the blood : and
they aay of him, that his secretaries did little for him by
way of inditemept, wherein they could seldom please him^
he was so facete and choice in his phrase and style. — I find
not that :he was any ways inured in the factions of the
court, which were all his time strong, and in every mau^s
note I the .Howards and the Cecils' on the one part, my
lord of Essex, &c. on the other part : for he held the staff
of the treasury fast in his htod, which once in a year made
them all beholden to him. And the truth is^ as he was a
wise man and a stout^ lie had no reason to be a partaker ;
for he s.tood sure in blood and graces lind was wholly in«
tentive to the queen's services : and such were his abilities^
that she received assiduous proofs of his sufficiency ; and it
has been thought^ that she might have more cunning in*^
struments, but none of a more strong judgment and con^
fidence in bis ways, which are symptoms of magnanimity
and fidelity.*' Lord Orford says, that <* few first ministert
kav^toft uo fair a character, and that his family ^^"* ^
62
so SACKVILLe.
ftbe office of an apology for it, against some Kttle cavils,
.which ^^spreta exoleacunt; si.irascare, agnita videntur.'*
- Several of his letters are printed in the Cabala ; besides
which there is a Latin letter of his to Dr. Bartholomew
Clarke, prefixed to. that author's Latin translation from the
Italian of Castiglione's '< Courtier/' entitled, *^ De Curiali
aive Aulico,'' first printed at London about 1571. This
be j^Tots while envoy at Paris. Indeed his early t;^aste and
learning never forsook him, but appeared in the exercise
of his miore formal political functions. He was, says War-
ton, frequently disgudted at the pedantry and official bar-
barity of style, in which the public letters add instruments
^ere usually fjiamed. Even in the decisions and pleadings
of the Star-chamber court, he practised and encouraged
an unaccustomed style of eloquent and graceful oratory.^
SACKVILLE (Charles), sixth earl of Dorset and Mid-
dlesex, a celebrated wit and poet, was descended in a
direct line from Thomas lord Buckhorst, and born Jan. 24,
1637. He had his education under a private tutor; after
which, making the tour of Italy, he returned to England a
little before the Restoration. He was chosen in the first
parliament that was called after that event for £^ast Grin«
stead in Sussex, made a great figure as a speaker, and was
caressed by Charles IL; but, having as yet no turn to
business, declined all public employmeoit He was, is
truth, like Villiers, Rochester, Sedley, &c. one of the wits
or libertines of Charleses court; and thought of nothing so
much as feats of galfamtry, which sometimes carried him to
inexcusable excesses *. He want a volunteer in the first
Dutch war in 1665; and, the night before the engage*
ment, composed .the celebrated song ^' To all you Ladies
* " One of these frolicks has, by cr»wd attempted to force the door, and,
the industry of Wood, come dowu to being repulsed, drore in the perforoi-
|K>sterity. Sackville, wbo was thea en with ttooea, and bcttke the wiodoira
lord Buckburst, with sir Charles Sed- of tlie house. For this misdeoieanonr
ley and sir Thomas Ogle, got drunk at they were indicted, ^nd Sedley waf
the Cock in Bow-street by Covent-gar* fined five bnodred pounds: wliat was
^en, and, going into the balcony, ex* the sentence of the otbe^ js.not koown*
posed themselves to the populace in Sedley employed Kiliigrew and another
Very indecent postures. At last, as to procure a remission from the king ;
%bey grew warmer, Sedley stood Ibrth bat (mark the /riendsbip of ibe diaso-
naked, and harangued the populace in lute !) they begged the fine for them*
such profane language, that the pub- selves, and exacted it to the last groat."
Ac indignation was awakened ; the Johnson's Lives.
» ColHns's Peerage, by sir B, Bridges. — Wartaii*s Hittnry of Poetry;-^Biog.
9«*it.— Bibliograpberj vol. I. — Hailewood's edition of the ^irrQr for Maeialf^lHL
1815, 4to.^Park's edit, of the Royal andNoble Authors!
SACKVILLE. 2ri
now at land,^ which is generallj^ esteemed the happiest
of his productions ; but there is reason to think it was not
originally composed, but only revised on this occasion. Soon
after he was made a gentleman of the bed-chamber ; and,
on account of his distinguished politeness, sent by the
king upon several short embassies of compliment inta
France, Upon the death of his uncle James Craniield, earl
of Middlesex, in 1674, that estate devolved on him; and
he succeeded likewise to tlie title by creation in 1675«r
His father dying two years after, he succeeded him in hia
estate and honours. He utterly disliked, and openly dis-
countenanced, the violent measures of James ITs reign;
and early engaged for the prince of Orange, by whom be
was n)ade lord chamberlain of the household, and taken
ieto the privy •council. In 1692;: he attended king Wil-
liam to the congress at the Hague, and was near losing hia
life in the passage. They went on board Jan. 10, in a verjr
severe season ; and, when they were a few leagues off
Goree, having by bad weather been four days at sea, the
king was so impatient' to go on shore, that he took a boat;
when, a thick fog arising soon after, they were so closely
surrounded with ice, a& not to be able either to make the
sbore, or get back to the ship. In this condition they re«
mained twenty-two hours, almost despairing of life ; and
the cold was so bitter, that they could hardly speak or
stand at thetr landing ; and lord Dorset contracted a lame*
ness, which continued for some time. In 1698, his health
insensibly declining, he retired from public afiairs ; only
now and then appearing at the council* board. He died at
Bath Jan. 19, 1705-6, after having married two wives; by
the latter of whom he had a daughter, and an only son,
Lionel Cran field Sackville, who was created a duke in
1720, and died Oct. 9, 1765.
Lord Dorset wrote several little poems, which, however,
are not numerous Enough to make a volume of themselves,
but are included in Johnson's collection of the '^ English
Poets.'' He was a great patron of poets and men of wit,
who have not failed in their turn to transmit his with lustre
to posterity. Prior, Dryden, Congreve, Addison, and many
more, have all exerted themselves in their several panegy*
rics upon this patron ; Prior more particularly, whose ex-
quisitely-wrought character of him, in the dedication of
hia poems to his son, the first duke of Dorset, is to this
da^ admired as a master-piece. He says, <<The brightness
22 SACKVILLE.
of his parts/ the solidity of his judgment, and the candour
and generosity of bis temper, distinguished him in an age'
of great politeness, and at a court abounding with men of
the finest sense and learning. The most eminent masters
in their several ways appealed to bis determination : Wsd«
ler thought it an honour to consult him in the softness and
harmony of his verse ; and Dr. Sprat, in the delicacy and
turn of his prose: Dry den determines by him, under the
character of Eugenius, as to the laws of dramatic poetry :
Butler owed it to him, that the court tasted his * Hudibras :*
Wycberley, that the town liked his * Plain Dealer; and^
the late duke of Buckingham deferred to publish his ^Re-
bearsar till he was sure, as he expressed it, that my lord
Dorset would not rehearse upon him again. If we wanted
foreign testimony, La Fontaine and St. Evremond have
acknowledged that he was a perfect master of the beauty
and fineness of their language, and of all they call * les
' belles lettres.' . Nor was this nicety of his judgment con-
fined only to books and literature: he was the same in
iftatuary, painting, ^nd other parts of art. Bernini
tyould have taken his opinion upon the beauty and at-v
titude of a figure ; and king Charles did not agree with
Leiy^ that my lady Cleveland's picture was finished, till it
bad the approbation of my lord Buckhurst."
'^ He was a man,'- says Dr. Johnson, '< whose elegance
and judgment' were universally confessed, and whose
bounty to the learned and witty was generally known. To
the indulgent affection of the public, lord Rochester bore
ample testimony in this remark : ' I know not how it is,
but lord Buckburst may do what he will, yet is never in
tKe wrong.' If such a man attempted poetry, we cannot
wonder that his works were praised. Dryden, whom, if
Prior tells ti:uth, he distinguished by his beneficence, and
\vho lavished his blandishments on those who are not known
to have so well deserved them, undertaking to produce
authors of our own country superior to those of antiquity,
says, * I would instance your Lordship in satire, and Shak-
s&peare in tragedy.' Would it be imagined that, of this
rival to antiquity, all the satires were little personal in-
vectives, and that his longest composition was a song of
eleven staii:^as ? The blame, however, of this exaggerated
praise falls on the encomiast, not upon the author ; whose
performances are> what they pretend to be, the effusions
9ff^man of wit; gay, vigorous, and airy* His verses to
I
8 A C K V I L L E. ft
JHoward shew great fertility of miad ; aod bis ^ Dorinda"
lias been imitated by Pope. '
SACROBOSCO, See HOLYWOOD.
SACY. See MAISTRE.
SADEEL (Anthony), one of tbe promoters of the re-
jformatioD, was born in 1534, at the castle of Cbabot io
the Maconais, and was descended of a noble and ancient
family of the Forez. His father dying when he was very
young, the care of his education devolved on his mother^
wbo sent him to Paris, where, he 6rst was initiated in the
principles of the Protestant religion. These he afterwarda
became better acquainted with at Tboulouse and Geneva,
when iotroduced to Calvia and Beza. On the death of aq
uncle he was, recalled home, and again sent to Paris, in
£ODsequen<:e of a contest respecting the will of that uncle^
wl\o had left considerable property. While here, becom-
ing more attached to the cause of the reformatron, he was
induced to study divinity, instead of law, forVhipb he had
been .originally intended ; and such was his progress and
tbe promising appearance of his talents and zeal, that at
the age of twenty, he was invited to preach to the congre-
gation of the reformed at Paris* Their assembling, how*
ever, was attended with great danger; and, in 1557, whea
they met to celebrate the sacrament, about 150 were ap-
prehended and thrown. into prison, their pastors only es-
caping. The priests having circulated various scandalous
reports of this meeting, which the judges found to be
false, Sadeel was employed by his brethren in draining,
up a vindication of them. Next year he was himself taken,
up, and imprisoned, but the king of Navarre, who had
often been one of his hearers, immediately seat to the
officers to release him, as beiqg one of his own suite, and
when they refused, went in person to. the prison, coip-
plained of the affront, and released Sadeel. Jt not, how-
ever, being thought safe for him to remain at this crisis in
Paris, be retired for some time to Orleans, and when the
danger seemed to be over^ returned again, and drew up
a Confession of Faith, first proposed in a synod of the re-,
formed clergy of France, held at Paris, which was pre-
sented to the king by the famous admiral Coligni. The
kjng dyii^ soon after, ^nd the .queen and the family oj^.
* Biog. Brit. — Collins's Peerage by sir E. Bridges*— AUi. Ox* Tol. IL— ^
^rk*f editioB Of tbe Hoyal and Noble Avtborg. V
U I A D E E L,
Onise renewing with inore fmy than evet i;h# p«r^<^Gutioii
of the reformed, Sadeel was obliged again lo leave the
metropolis, which, however, he continued occasionally to
visit when it could be done without danger.
In 1562, he presided at a national synod at OrieanSji
Urnd^ then went to Berne, and finally to' Geneva, where h^
was associated with* the ministers of that place, Henry 1V%
tPho had a great respect for him, gave him an invitation- to
his court, which, after some hesitation, from his aversioiiL
to public life, he accepted, and was^ chaplain at the batttlts
f)f Courtray, and had the charge of a mission to the pro^
testant prince^ of Germany ; but unable at length to beat?
Ihe fatigues of a military life, which be was obliged t6
]l>ass with his royal benefactor, he retired to Geneva iii
15S9, and resumed his functions as a preacher, and under<r
took the professorship of Hebrew until his death, Feb. 23,
1591. Besides his sermons, which were highly popular
and persuasive, he aided the cause of reformatiorr by taking
an active part in the controversies which arose ouft of it,
and by writingsr of the practical kind. One French bio-
grapher tells us that Sadeel was an assumed name, but in
^11 other authorities, welind him called by th^t hatpe only
with the addition of CHANDi£Us, Which alluded to bis an.
cestors, who were barons of Chandieu. Accordingly hi*
works are entitled << Antonii Sadeelis Chapdaei, nobilissi-
Aii viri, opera thedlogica," Geneva, 1592, folio ; reprinted
1593, 4^0; and 1599 and 1615, folio. They consist,
among others, of the following treiitisesf published aepa-^
lately, *' De verbo Dei scripto," Gen, 1592. " De vera
peccatorum remissione^'* ibid. 1591. ** De «nico Christi
Sfl^^rdotio et sacrificio,^' ibid. 1692. ^< De s[Sirituali et^
sacramentali manducatione Corporis Christi ;'^ two trea-^
tises, ibid. 1596. " Posnaniensiutn assertionutn refatatio,'^
ibid. 1596, ^^ Refutatio libelli Claudii de Sainctes, inti*"
l^lati, Examen doctrines Calvinianae et BezansB de cceina;
Dornini,^' ibid. 1592. He wrote also, in Frenebi " His-
tbire des persecutions et des nnartyrs de Tegtise de Pari$y
depuis Tan 1557, jusqu^au regne de Charles IX." printed
at Lyons, in 1563, 8vo, tinder the name of Zamariel, He
wrote also ^* Metamorphose de Ronsard en prettre," in
verse, part of a controversy he had with that writer, who in
his work on the troubles dur'mg the minority of Charles IX,
bad attributed them to the reformers. His life, ,by Jaihes^
Xectius, was prefixed to \x\s works, wd published .sepa^
^ A D I. 95
mdf Hi Geivet^ ih 1595, Sto. Tbe substonQe of it is givea
in our 6rst authority.'
SADI, or S A DE£> ai eelebrated Penian po€ft and mo«
liiisty wa^b'oniin 1175, at Sheeraz, or Schiraz, ' tbe capi«
tri of Persia, anrd wa9 educated af Damascus, btrt quitted
Ills country when it was desolated by the Turks, and com->
flhefik;ed bis travels, He was afterwards taken prisoner, and
§otfdefnned to work at the fortifications of TripoK. Wbile
in this deplorable state, he was redeented by a^merclHint of
. Aleppo, who had so much i^gard for him as to give him his
ddu^bter in marriage, with a dowry of one hundred sequins.
Thik lady, however, beti^ aii intolerable scold, proved the
plague of his life, and gave him that unfavourable opinion
of the ^r Which appears occasionally in his works. During
one of tfaeif altercations she reproached him with tbe fa*
TOurs-het family bad conferred-*-" Ae not you the man
ay ftilfcer bought for ten pieces of gold ?'* — •* Yes," an*
sa^e^ed Sadi, ''and he sold me again for an hundred se«'
qurtts ?"
Wt find few other particiilars of bis life, daring which
h6 appeatis to have been admired for his wise sayings and
hi^ wit; He is tfaid to have lited an hundred and twenty
yifeM, that is, to the year 1295, but different dates are
^ignedy some making hinf born in 1 193, and die in 1^12.
He composed such a variety of works in prose and verse,
Arabic and Persian, as to fill two lar^ folio volumes, which
were printed at Calcutta, in 1795. It was not, botvever,
metely as a poet, that he acquired fame, but as a phifloso-
l^r and a moralist. His works are quoted by the Persians
on the daily and hourly- occurrences of life ; and his tomb,
a(^oining the city where he was born, is still visited with
feneration. " Yet,'* says sir WWiam Ouseley, speaking
of ibis author's works, '< I shall not here suppress that there
is attriboted to Sadi a short collection of poetical composi«»
tabns, inculcating lessons of the grossest sensuality ;*' and
even bis most mot^l work, called *' Gulistan,'' or ^^ Garden
of Flowers/' is by no means immitculate. Mr. Gladwin
also, to whom we owe an excellent translation' Of it, pub^^
fished at Calcutta, 1806, in 4to, with the Original Persian,
has been obliged to omit or disguise ^ few passages, which,
be says, ** although not offensive to th6 coarse ideas of
I Melchior Adain.«*Freheri Th«atniiiu«*Moreri et Biog. Uak. in art Chan*
t6 S A D L
native readers, couM not ppssibly be translated wilbout
transgressing the bounds of decency.'*
This work has been idng known in Europe by the edition
and translation published by the learned Gentius, lender
the title of '^ Rosarium politicum, sive amoenum sortis hU"«
mans Theatrum, Persice et Lat.'' Arast. 1651, foi. There *
was also a French ti^^nslation by P. du Ryer, 1634, Svo,
and another by d'Alegr^, in 1704, 12 mo, since which the
abbe Gaudin gave a preferable translation, first in 1789^
under the title of ^^,]£ssai historique sur la legislation de la
Perse,'' and afterwards by the more appropriate titl^ of
^'Gulistan, ou Tempire des roses," 17i^l, 8vo. The En«
glish public was in soooe degree made acquainted with this
work by a publication by Stephen Sullivan, esq. entitled
** Select Fables from Gnlistan, or the Bed of Ros^i^, trans^
lated from the original Persian of Sadi," 1774, 12mo*
These are chiefly of a political tendency, recommending;
justice and humanity to princes. Mr. Gladwin's includes
the whole, and is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of Persian manners and morals. Sadi's other works^are en-
titled << Bostan, or the Garden of Flow^ers," which is in
verse, and ^^ Molam^t ;" in Arabic, sparks, rays, or spe*
cimens. We may add, that Olearius published the ^^ Gu-
listan," in Geripan, wit^ plates, in 1634, fol. under i\xe
tjtle of *^ Persianischjer Ros^ntbal.'*^
SADLER (JoH^), an English writer, descended of a^
ancient family in Shropshire, was born in 1615^ and admit*
ted pensioner of Emanuel college, in .Cambridge, Nov. IS^
1.630, where he became eminent for his knowledge in the
](iebrew and Oriental languages. After having taken his
degrees ajt.tbe usual periods, that of M. A. in 163.8, in
which year be Y^^ chosen fellpw qf his college, he removed
to Lincoln's-Inh ; where he made a considerable progress
in the study of the law, and was admitted Que of the mas-
ters in ordinary in the court of chancery, June I, 1 644^
and was likewise one of the two masters of requests. In
1649, he was chosen town -clerk of London, and published
in tbe same year in 4to, a work with this title, " Rights of
the Kingdom : or. Customs of our Ancestors, touching the
duty, power, election, or succession, of our kings and
partiaments, our true liberty, due allegiance, three estates^
their legislative power, original, judicial, and executive,
* ' • • *
1 D'Herbelot Bibl. Oriental.— Gladwin's Persian Classics, vol. I.— Waripf 'f^
Tour to Sheerez.'— Month. Re?. 1774.— JlriU Crit vol. XXI^
6 A D L £ R. . 9T
with the militia J freely discussed through the British, Saxon,
Normally laws and histories." It was reprinted in 1682,
^d has always been valued by lawyers and others. He
wa$ greatly esteemed by Oliver Cromwell ; who, by a let-
ter from Cork, of Dec. 1, 1649, offered him the place of
chief justice of Munster in Ireland, with a salary of 1000/.
per annum ; but this he excused himself from accepting,
lo August 1650, he was made master of Magdalen college,
ID Cambridge, upon the removal of Dr. Rainbow, who
again succeeded Sadler after the restoration. In 1653, he
was chosen member of parliament for Cambri^e. In
1655, by warrant of Cromwell, pursuant to. an ordinance
for better regulating and limiting the jurisdiction of the
hi^h court of chancery, he was continued a master in
chancery, when their number was reduced tb six only. It
was by his interest, that the Jews obtained the privilege of
building a synagogue in London. In 1658, he was chosen
member of parliament for Yarmouth ; and in December of
the year following, appointed 6rst commissioner, under th#
gte^Lt seal, with Taylor, Wbitelock, and others, for the^
probate of wills. In 1660, he published in 4to, his ^^ Ol-
bia : The New Island lately discovered. With its religion,
rites of worship, laws, customs, government, characters,
and language; with edu<5atiou of their children in their
sciences, arts, and manufacturet ; with other things re-
markable ; by a Christian pilgrim driven by tempest from
Civita Vecchia, or some other parts about Rome, through
the straights into the Atlantic ocean. The first part." Of
^fais work, which appears to be a kind of fiction. Dr. John
Worthington, in a letter to Mr. Samuel Hartlib, dated*
April 1, 1661, says, *^ Is the second part of Olbia like to
come out shortly? It is said to treat of the religion, wor-
ship, laws, ' customs, manner of education, &c. of that
place. The design promiseth much variety."
Soon after the restoration, he. lost all his employments,
by virtue of an act of parliament 13 Caroli II, <^for the
well-governing and regulating of corporations:" his con-
science not permitting him to take or subscribe the oath
and declaration there required, in w^hich it was declared,
tha)b ^' it was not lawful, upon any pretence whatever, to
tak^^ afms against the king;" an obedience so absolute,
^at be thought it not due to any earthly power, though he
had never engaged, or in .any manner acted, against the
kteking. Ii> the fire of London, 1666, bis house in Sa?>
M ^ SADLER.
lislmrj^^courty which he birilt at the erpeiis^ of 5000/1 lind
several other of his houses in London vi^re destroyed ; »nd^
soon after, his inaBsion*iioiise in Shropshire had the same
fate. He was also now deprived of Va»xball on the river
Thames, and other estates which he had purchased, being
crown lands, and of a considerable estate in the Fens in
Bedford Level, without any recompence. These misfor-
tjunes and several others coining upon him, he retired to
his manor and seat of Warm^ell in Dorsetshire, which he
bad obtained with bis wife ; where he lived in a private
manner,* and died tti April 1674, aged fifty-nine. Thomas
Sadler, esq. deputy to lord Walpole, clerk of the pells,
who contributed the above account to the editors of the
General Dictionary, and Daniel Sadler, chief clerk in the
Old Annuity office, were his grandsons- Walker says he
was informed that Mr. Sadler was a very insignificant man,
and Calamy tells us that a clergyman of the church of Er^
gland gave him this character, *' We accounted him, not
4Dly a general scholar, and an accomplished gentleman,
but also a person of great piety; though it must be owned
be was not always right in his kead.*'^
SADLER (Sir Ralph), an eminent English* statesman,,
was born in 1507, at Hackney, in Middlesex. He was
the son of Henry Sadler, who, though a gentleman by
birth, and possessed of a fair inheritance, seems to have
been steward or surveyor to the proprietor of the manor of
Gillney, near Great Hadham, in Essex. Ralph in early
life g^iJted a situation in the family of Thomas Cromwell,
earl of .Essex, and by him was introduced to the notice of
Henry VHL who took him into his service, hut at whatf
time is not tery clear. He was employed in the great work
of dissolving the religious houses, and had bis fuil share of
the spoil. In 1537, he commenced a long course of diplo«
matic services, by an embassy to Scotland, whose monarch'
was then absent in France. The objects of his mission
were to greet the queen dowager, to strengthen the En*
glisb interests in the councils of regency which then go-
verned Scotland, and to discover the probable convequences
of the iiuimate union of Scotland with Fraiace. Having-
collected such- information as he could procure on these'
topics, be returned in the beginning of the following year,
but went again to Scotland soon after, ostensibly to main*
1 Gen. Diet. — OaUmy.— Hutchins's Dorsetshire. — Walker's SufferiDg9» art«
Rainbow. — Cole's MS Athena iu Brit. Mus.— Birch's MSS. in Ayscough's Ca«
talogue.
Sk
SADLER. 29
ftm a good correspondence between the two crowns, but
Maily, asapj^ars from his state-papers, to detach the king
of Scotland from the councils of cardinal Beaton, who was
mt the bead of the party most in the interest of France. H^
was instrocted also to direct the king's attention to the orer-
grown possessions of the chcirch as a source of revenue,
and to persuade him to imitate his uncle Henry Vllfth's
eonduct to 'the see of Rome, and to make coiifimon cause
with England against France. In all this, however, he
appears to have failed, or at least to have left Scotland
mthout having viaterially succeeded in any part of his
missioaj.
In the same year, 1540, be lost his patron Cromwell,
who was beheaded ; but he retained his favour with Henry,
and in 154 1 was again sent to Scotland, to detach the king
from the pope and the popish clergy, and to press upon
him the propriety of a personal meeting with Henry. This
however the king of Scotland appears to have evaded with
considerable address, and died the following year of a broken
heart, in-coaaequeace of hearing of the fatal battle of Sol-
way. The crown was now left to James V.*s infant daughter
Mary; and sir Ralph Sadier^s next employment was to lend
his aid to the match, projected by Henry VIII. between his
son Edward and the young queen. Bat this ended so un-^
successfully, that Sadler was obliged to return to England
in Oee. 1549, and Henry declared war against Scotland,
in the niean tine be was so satisfied with Sadler's services,
ereo in ibis last negociation, that he included him, by the
title of sir Ralph Sadleyr, knight, among the twelve per-
sons whom he named as a privy ^council to the sixteen no-
bles to whom, in his will, he bequeathed the care of his
sen, and of the kingdom. When this will, was set aside by
the protector duke of Somerset, and it became necessary
to. reconcile the feing^s executors and privy-counsdlors, by
wealth and honours, sir Ralph Sadler received a confirma-
tion wf alt the churchy-lands formerly assigned to him by
Henry, with splendid additions.
When the war with Scotland was renewed, sir Ralph so
distingvished himself at the battle of Pinkie, that he was
00 :ihe field raised to the degree of knight banneret; but
we bear nothing more of him during the reign of Edward
VL except that in a grant, dated the 4th of that king's
reign, be is termed master of the great wardrobe* In
Marj*s reign, although be appears to have been in ber
*o jS A D L E R,
favour^ be Retired to his estate at Hackney, atid resigned
the office of knight of the bamper, which bad been con«
ferred oc^ him by Henry VIII. On (be accession of £ii^
zabetb, he again appeared at court, «vas called to tbe privy
.council, and retained to bis death a great portion of tbe
esteem of that princess. He. was a mciniber of her first
parliament, ,as one of the knights of the shir« for the
. county of Hertford, and continued to be a representative
of the people during the greater part^ if not the whole, of
her reign. When queen Elizabeth thought proper to [9^
yom the cause of the reformation in Scotland^ and to sup'*
port the nobility who were for it against Mary, sir Ralph
Sadler was her principal agent, and so negotiated as to
prepare the way for Elizabeth's great influence in the afr
fairs of Scotland. He was also concerned in tbe sub^
sequent measures which led to the death of queen Mary,
and was appointed her keeper in the castle of Tutbury ;
but such was Elizabeth's jealousy of this unfortunate prin-^
cess, that even Sadler's watchfulness became liable to her
suspicions, and on one occasion, a very heavy compiaint
>was made against him, that he had permitted Mary to ac*
company him to some distance from the castle of Tutbury^
to enjoy tb^ sport of hawking* Sir Ralph bad been hither**
to so subservient to his royal mistress, in all her measures^
and perhaps in some which he could not altogether approve^
that this complaint gave him great uneasiness and he ans-
wered it rather by an expostulation than an apology. He
admitted that he bad sent for his hawks and falconeriS to di^^
vert '^ the miserable life" which he passed at Tutbury, and
that be had been unable to resist the solicitation of the
prisoner, to permit her to see a sport in which she greatly
delighted, fiut he adds, that this was under the strictesl
precautions for security of her person; and he declares
to the secretary Cecil, that, rather than continue a charge
.whicli subjected him to such misconstruction, were it not
more for fear of offending the queen than dread of .the
punishment, he would abandon his present charge on coa*
dition of surrendering himself prisoner to the Tower for
all the days of his life, and concludes that be is so wearjF
of this lite, that death itself would make him more happjb
Elizabeth so far complied with his intimation as to com''
mit Mary to a new keeper, but she did :not withdraw bet
ponfidence from sir Ralph in other matterS| and after the
execution of Mary, employed him to go to the court of
8 A b L E It. 31
'lames 'VI. tb dissuade him from entertaining thoughts of a
war with England on his mother^s account, to which thera
was reason to think he might have been excited.' In this
sir Ralph had little difficulty in succeeding, partly from
James's love of ease, and partly from the prospect he had
of succeeding peaceably to the throne of England. This
was the last time sir Ralph Sadler was employed in the
fiublic service, for soon after his return from Scotland, hb
died at his lordship of Standon, March 30, 1587, in the
eightieth year of his age, and was buried in the church df
Standon, where his monument was decorated with the king
of Scotland's standard, which he took in the battle of Mus-
selburgh. He left behind him twenty-two manors, several
parsonages, and other great portions of land, in the several
counties of Hertford, Gloucester, Warwick, Buckingham,
and Worcester. He married Margaret Mitchell, a laundress
in the family of his first patron, Thomas Cromwell, earl
of Essex, in the life-time, though in the absence, of her
husband, Matthew Barr6, a tradesman in London, pre-
sumed to be dead at that time, aud he afterwards procured
an act of parliament, 37 Henry VIH. for the legitimatiotf
of the children by her, who were three sons^ and four
daughters; Anne, married to sir George Horsey of Digs^
well, knight ; Mary, to Thomas Bollys aliter Bowles Wai-
lington, esq. Jane, to Edward Baesh, of Stanstead, esq.
(which three gentlemen appear to have been sheriffs of the
county of Hertford, 14, 18, and 13 Eliz.); and Dorothy,
to Edward EIryngton of Berstall, in the county of Bucks,
^q. The sons were, Thomas, Edward, and Henry. Tho-
mas succeeded to Standon, was sheriff of the county 29
aud 37 Eliz. was knighted, and entertained king James
there two nights on his way to Scotland. He had issue,
Ralph and Gertrude married to Walter the first lord Aston
of the kingdom of Scotland ; Ralph, his son, dying with-
out issue^ was succeeded in bis lordship of Standon and
other estates in the county of Hertford, by Walter, the
aetond lord Aston, eldest surviving son of his sister Ger-^
trude lady Aston. The bnrying-place of the family is in
the chaocel of the church at Standon. Against the south
wall is s monument for sir Ralph Sadler, with the effigies
of jiimself in armour, and of his three sons and four
daughters, and three inscriptions, in Latin verse, in En-
glish verse, and in English prose : against the north wall is
fitaother' for air Thomas^ with the effigies of himself io
32 B A D L E R.
armour, his lady, son and d^lughter, i^nd sin epitaph iH £tt-«
glish prose. 1 here are also several inscriptions for tarioiis
persons of the Aston family.
The transactions of sir Ralph Sadler^s inost meypoi'abk?
embassies are recorded in ^' Letters and NegociatioB^s of
Sir Ralph Sadler/' &c. printed at Edinburgh, 1720, Syq^
from MSS. in the advocates' library ; but a more complete
collection was recently published of his. '* State papers and
Letters," from MSS« in the possession of Arthur Clifford^
esq. a descendant, 1809, in 2 vols. 4to, with a life by WaU
ter Scott, esq. to which we are principally indebted for thief
preceding account. From this valuable and interesting
publication the character of sir Ralph Sadler will be esti>»
mated according to the views the reader has been ace us-*
tomed to take of the measures of die reigjYs in which be
lived ; and on this account bis character will probably be
more highly esteemed in England thap in Scotland. That
be should have preserved the favour of four such discordatit
sovereigns as Henry, Edward, Mary, aiid Elizabeth, is'
extraordinary, but not a solitary instance.^
. SADELER (John), the first of a family of distinguished
engravers, the son of a founder and chaser, was boru
at Brussels in 1550. He applied early in life to drawing
and engraving, and published some prints at Antwerp^
which did him great honour. Encouraged by this success,
he travelled over Holland that he might work under the
inspection of the best masters, and found a generous be^
nefactor in the duke of Bavaria. He went afterwards into
Italy3 and presented some of his prints to pope Cleaienl:
VllJ. but receiving only empty compliments from that
pontiff, retired to Venice, wher^ be died 1600^ in his fif*
tieth year, leaving a son named Juste or Justin^* by wbons
^1^ we have some good prints. Raphael Sadeler, John's
brother, and pupil, was born in 1555, and distinguished
himself as an engraver, by the correctness of his drawings
and the natural expression of his figure^. JJe accompanied
John to Rome and to Venice, and died in the lajtt^ city*
Raphael engraved some plates for a work entitled *' de
opificio mundi,^* 1617, 3vo, which is seldom found per^
feet. The works executed by him aod John in conjunction^
are, "Solitude, sive'vitae patrum eremicolarum,^' 4to;
*♦ SylvoB sacrff:," " Trophaeum vitae solitariss ;*' ^' Oraou*
* Life by Walter Scott, esq. &c.— Brit. Grit. vol. XXXVII.
S A D E L E It. 33
\
I
I
liim aitacboreticum," << Solitudo sive vitas feminartim ftna«
choreticarum ;'' *' Recueil d^Ettampes, d>apres Raphael^
Titieo, Carrache,'' &c. amounting to more thto 500
prinisy in 2 vols. fol. Giles Sadeler was nephew and pupil
of John and Raphael, but excelled them in correct draw-
ingi and in the taste and neatness of his engraving. - After
having remained some time in Italy, he was invited into
Germany by the emperor Rodolphus II. who settled a pen-
sbn upon him ; and Matthias and Ferdinand, this emperor*s
Miccessorss continued also to esteem and honour him. He
died at Prague in 1629, aged fifty-nine, being born at
Antwerp in 1570, leaving ^* Vestigi delP antichit^ di Ro-
ma,'* Rome, 1660, fol. obi. These engravers employed
their talents chiefly on scripture subjects. Mark Sadeler^
related to the three above mentioned, seem^ to have been
merely the editor of their works.'
SADO LET (James), a polite and learned Italian, was
born at Modena in 1477, and was the son of an eminent
civilian, who, afterwards becoming a professor at Ferrara,
took him along with him, and educated him with great care.
He acquired a masterly knowledge in the Latin and Greek
early, and then applied himself to philosophy and elo-
queace ; taking Aristotle and Cicero for his guides^ whom
he. considered as the first masters in these branches. He.
also cultivated Latin poetry, in which he displayed a very
high degree of classical purity. Going to Rome under the
pontificate of Alexander Vh when he was about twenty-
two, be was taken into the family of cardinal Caraffa, who
loved men of letters; and, uponrthe death of this cardinal
in 1511) passed into that of Frederic Fregosa, archbishop
of Salerno, where he found Peter Bembus, and contracted
ao intimacy with him. When Leo X. ascended the papal
throne in 1513, be chose Bembus and Sadolet for his se-
cretaries; men extremely qualified for the office, ias both
of them wrote with gredt elegance and facility: and soon
after made Sadolet bishop of Carpentras, pear Avignon,
Upon the death of Leo, in 1521, he went to his diocese,
and resided there during the pontificate of Adrian V I,; • but
Clement YII. was no sooner seated in the chair, in 1123,
than lie recalled him ta Rome* S9>dolet submitted to his
holiness, but on condition that he should return to bis dio-
cese at the end of three years* Paul IIL who succeeded
» Slrutr* Dict->Diet. Hiit. ^
VOL.XXVIL D
S4 * A D O L E T.
.Clement VII. in 1534, called bim to Rome again ; made
him a cardinal in 1536, and employed him in mieiny impor-
laat embassies and negociations* Sadolet, at lengthy grown
^too old to perfonn the duties of bis bishopric, went no
.more from Rome ; but spent the remainder of bis days
there in repose and study. He died in 1547, not without
poison, as some have imagined ; because he corresponded
too familiarly with the Protestants, and testified much re-
gard for some of their doctors. It is true, he had written
in 1539 a Latin letter to the senate and people of Geneva,
with a view of reducing them to an obedience to the pope;
add had addressed himself to the Calvinists, with the affec-
tionate appellation • of *^ Charissimi in Christo Fratres;'*
but this proceeded entirely from his moderate and peace-
able temper and courteous. disposition. He was a sincere
adherent to the Romish church, but without bigotry. The
liberality of sentiment he displayed in his commentary on
the epistle pf St. Paul to the Romans incurred the censure
of the Roman court.
Sadolet in his younger days was somewhat gay, but re-
formed bis manners very strictly afterwards, and became
a man of great virtue and goodness. He was, like other
scholars of his time» a close imitator of Cicero in his prose
works, and of Virgil in his poetry. In the best of bis La-
tin poems, his ^^ Gurtius,** he is allowed to have adorned a
dignified subject with numbers equally chaste, 'spirited,
and harmonious. His works consist of epistles, disserta^
tions, orations, poems, and commentaries upon some parts
<>f holy writ. They have been printed oftentimes sepa*
rately : and were first collected and published together, in
a large 8vo volume, at Mentz, in 1607 ; but a more com-
plete and excellent edition was published at Verona, in
1737, 4 vols. .4to* All. his contemporaries have spoken of
bim in the highest terms ; Erasmus particularly, who calls
bim ^^ eximium eetatis suae decus."^
. SAEMUND (SiGFUSSOV), a celebrated Icelandic writer,
was the son of a priest named Sigfus,' and was bom about
the middle of the eleventh century, between 105a and
1Q60. He travelled at a very early period into Italy and
Germany, in order to improve himself in knowledge, and
for a considerable time his countrymen were not at all aware
of what had become of him. At length Jonas, the son of
Tinboschi.— NiotroD, ? oL XXVIII.--«Ftfl8weH*8 Politiaa.— Roseoe't tinot
S A £ M y N D. 35
Ogmund, who was afiterwards a bishop, found him at Paris,
aod carried him back to Iceland.. Here he took the order
of priesthood, and succeeded his father as priest of Odda.-
fie also established a school, and contributed with others
to induce the Icelanders to pay tithes, and took a consi-
derable part with regard to the formation of the ecclesias-
tical code of laws. He died in 1 133 or 1 ld5, being about
^iglity years of age. At the age of seventy he wrote a
History of Norway, from the time of Harold Haarfager to
that of Magnus the Good« He is generally allpwed the
merit of having collected the poetical Edda, by which
means he preserved these curious and valuable remains of
the ancient Scandinavian mythology, poetry, and morality,
from being lost They were printed at Copenhagen, 1787,
4t0y with a Latin translation, the editors of which, in their
preface, give a full account of the supposed authors, and
the claim of Saemund to be considered as the principal
jpoUector.*
SAGE (Alain Rene' Le), the first of French novelists,
was born, according to one of bis biographers, in 1677, at
Ruys, in Britanny; or, according to another, in 1668, at
Vannes. At tlie age of twenty-five he came to Paris, with
a view to study philosophy. His talents, although they
did not display themselves very early, proved to be equally
brilliant and solid. He made himself first known by a pa-
raphrastic translation of the ^' Letters of Aristasnetus,"
which he published in two small volumes* He then travelled
through Spain, and applied to the study of the Spanish
language, customs, and writers, from whom he adopted
plots and fables, and transfused them into his native tongue
with great facility and success. His works of this kind are,
** Guzman D'Alfarache ;'* the ** Bachelor of Salamanca;*'
" Gil Bias;'* "New Adventures of Don Quixote,'* origi-
nally written by Avellaneda; **-The Devil on two Sticks,**
as it is called in our translation, in French '< Le Diable boi-
teux,**.and some others of less note. Of the "Devil on
two Sticks,** we are told that the first edition had amazing
success, and the second sold with still greater rapidity.
Two noblemen coming to the bookseller's, found only one
lingle copy remaining, which each was for purchasing:
and the dispute grew so warm, that they were going to
decide it by the sword, had not the bookseller interposedi
• Work aboTe inentioft«d,«-5ee Aiulytiatl Itevicw, vol. Il
».2
it iS A G ic.
He was also dbtinguisbed for some dramatic pieces, of
which "Crispin,** and "Turcaret," both comedies, wer*
the most successful, and' allowed to fall very little short of
the genius of Moliere. " Turcaret,*' which was first played
in 1709, has been praised by the French critics, as com-
prebending a dialogue just and natural, characters drawn
with peculiar fidelity, and a well-conducted plot He
composed also many pieces for the comic opera, which,
if somewhat deficient in invention, were in general sprightly,
and enriched with borrowed fancies very happily adapted
to the genius of the French theatre.
When a favourite with the town, he appears to have pre-
sumed a little on that circumstance. It was his custom to
read his plays in certain fashionable circles, before they
were publicly represented. On one of those occasions,
when engaged to read a piece at the duchess de Bouil-
lon's, an unexpected affair detained him until a considera-
ble time after the appointed hour. The duchess, on his
entrance, began to reproach him, but with pleasantry, for
bis having made th^ company lose two hours in waiting for
him. " If I have made them lose them,^' said Le Sage,
^^ nothing can be more easy than to recover them. I will
not read my play,'' and immediately took his leave, nor
could any invitation induce him to visit the duchess a se-
cond time.
He had several children, the eldest of whom was long a
distinguished actor on the French stage, under the name of
Montmenil, and amidst all the temptations of a theatrical '
life, was a man of irreproachable character. ^ He died sud-
denly white partaking of the pleasures of the chase, Sept.
8, 1743, and his death was a loss ^o the public, and parti-
cularly to his father, who was now grown old, and had
been poorly rewarded by the age which he contributed so
often to entertain. He was likewise at this time very deaf^
and obliged to have recourse to an ear-trumpet, which he
used in a manner that bespoke the old humourist. It was
his practice to take it out of his pocket when he had* reason
to think that his company was composed of men of genius^
but he very gravely replaced it, when he found that thej
were of an inferior stamp.
This infirmity, however, depriving him of the pleasure!
of society, he left Paris for Boulogne-sur-mer, in the ca-.
ihedral of which one of bis sons held a canonry: and al-
though of ao adyaQced age, Le Sage left the metropolian ^f
SAGE. 3^
taste, literature, and gaiety, with considerable regret. He
did not enjoy his retirement long, being cut off by a severe
illness, Nov. 17, 1747, in his eightieth year. He was in-
ttrred at Boulogne, with the following epitaph :
** Sous ce tombeau git Le Sage, abattu
Par le ciseau de la Parque importune :
S*il ne fut pas ami de la Fortune, ^
II fut toq^ours ami de la Vertu."
His character is said to have been truly amiable, and his
conduct strictly moral and correct, free from ambition, and
one who courted fortune no farther than was necessary to
enjoy the pleasures and quiet of a literary life.
' Of all his works, his '* Gil Blas^* is by far the most po-
pular, and' deservedly ranks very high among the produc-
tions of historical fancy. It has been, we believe, trans-
lated into every European language, iind received in all
nations, as a faithful portrait of human nature. Few books
have been so frequently quoted, as affording happy illus-
trations of general manners, and of the common caprices
and infirmities incident to man. Le Sage, says Dr. Moore,
proves himself to have been intimately acquainted with
human nature. And asjthe moral tendency of the character
of Gil Bias has been sometimes questioned, the same au-
thor very properly remarks that he never intended that
character as a model of imitation. His object seems to
have been to exhibit men as they are, not as they ought to
be : for this purpose he chooses a youth of no extraordi-*
nary talents, and without steady principles, open to be
duped by knavery, and perverted by example. He sends
him like a spaniel, through the open fields, the coverts,
the giddy heights, and latent tracts of life,* to raise the
game at which he wishes to shoot ; and few moral bunts-
men ever afforded more entertaining sport.
The popularity of this novel, which equals that of almost
any of our own most favourite productions, may afford a
lesson to the writers of fiction, who are ambitious that their
works may live. Had Le Sage drawn those extravagant
and distorted characters which are so common in the novels
published within the last twenty years, he could not have
expected that they would outlive the novelty of a first pe-
rusal ; but, depicting nature, and nature only, as he found
her in men of all ranks apd stations, he knew that what
would please now would please for ever, and that he was ^
speaking a ian|[uage that would be understood in every
»
38 SAGE
spot of- the globe. The artifices of refined and highly po*
lished society may introduce variations and disguises
which give an air of novelty, to the actions of men ; but
original manners and caprices, such as Le Sage has describ-
ed, will perhaps at all times be acknowledged to be just,
natural, and faithful, whether we apply the test of self-
exafpination, or have recourse to the more easy practice of
remarking the conduct of those with whom we associate.^
SAGE (John), a bishop of the old episcopal church of
Scotland, a man of great learning and worth, and an able
Controversial writer in defence of the church to which he
belonged, was born in 1652. He was the son of captain
Sage, a gentleman of Fifeshire in Scotland, and an officer
of merit in lord DufFus's regiment, who fought on the side
'of the royalists when Monk stormed Dundee in 1651. Al-
' though, like many other royalists, he was scantily rewarded
for his services, he was able to give his son a liberal edu-
cation at school, and at the university of St. Andrew's,
where he tooH his degree of master of arts in 1672. He
passed some years afterwards as schoolmaster of the pa*
rishes of Bingry in Fifeshire, and of Tippermoor in Perth-
shire, and as private tutor to the sons of a gentleman of
focjtune, whom he attended at school, and accompanied to
the university of St. Andrew's. Jn 1684, when his pupils
left him, he removed from St. Andrew's, and when uncer-
tain what course to pursue, was recommended to archbishop
Hose, who gave him priest's orders, and advised him to
officiate at Glasgow. Here be continued to display his
talents till the revolution in 1638, when the presbyterian
form of church government was established, and then went
to Edinburgh. He preached in this city a while, but re-
fusing to take the oaths of allegiance, was obliged to de-
sist, and found an asylum in the house of sir William
Bruce, the sheriff of Kinross, who approved his principles,
and admired bis virtues. Returning to Edinburgh in 1695^
where he appears to have written some defences of the
church to which he belonged, he was observed, and obliged
again to retire. At length he found a safe retreat with
the countess of Caliendar, who employed him as chaplain,
and tutor to her sons, and afterwards he lived with sir John
Steuart of GarntuUy as chaplain, until Jan. 25, 1705, when
1 Diet Hist — Moore's Life of Smollett.— Blair's Lectares,— BeaUie's Disser*
tatiODS, p. 570.
SAGE. 89
be was consecrated a. bishop. In the folio wing year his.
health began to decay, and after trying the waters of Bath,
in 1709, and change of air in other places, without much
benefit, he died at Edinburgh June 7, 1711.
Bishop Sage was a man profoundly skilled in all the an-
cient languages, which gate him an eminent advantage
over his adTersaries, the most distinguished of whom was
Mr. Gilbert Rule, principal of the college of Edinburgh,
who, with mneh zeal^ and no mean abilities, was over-
matched by the superior learning and historical knowledge
of his antagonist. Sage wrote the second and third letters^
concerning the persecution of the episcopal clergy in Scot*
land, which were printed at London, in 1689, the rev.-
Thomas Merer having written the first, and professor
Monro the fourth'. 2. ** An account of the late establish"
ment of Presbyterian Government by the parliament of
Scotland in 1690,'* Lond. 1693. 3. '< The fundamental
charter of Presbytery,'\ibid. 1695. 4. "The principles of
the Cyprianic age — with regard to episcopal power and
jurisdiction," ibid. 1695. 5. "A Vindication** of the pre-'
ceding, ibid. 1701. 6. ^VSome remarks on a Letter from
a gentleman in the city, to a minister in the country, on
Mr. David Williamson's sermon before, the General As-
sembly,'* Edin. 1703. 7. ^^A brief ' examination of some
things in Mr. Meldrum's sermon, preached May 16, 1705,
against a toleration to those of the episcopal persuasion,"
ibid. 1703. 8. << The reasonableness of a * toleration of
those of the Episcopal persuasion inquired into purely on
chnreh principles,'* ibid. 1704; 9. ^'The Life of Gawin
Douglas," bishop of Dunkeld, prefixed to Ituddiman*s edi-
tion of ^* Douglas's Virgil,** 1710. 10. '^ An Introduction to
Drummond's History of the Five James*s,** Edio. 1711, with
notes by Ruddiman, who always spoke highly of Sage as
a scholar and companion.^
SAGITTARIUS (Gaspar), an eminent Lutheran divine,
historian to the duke of Saxony, and prpfessor of history
at Halley was bom Sept. 23, 1643, at Lunenburg. He stu«
died in, or visited the greatest part of the German univer-
sities, where he was much esteemed for his extensive know«
ledge of history and antiquities. He died March 9, 1694,
* Life of Sage, anoninaouSy but written by. Mr. Jobn Gillan, a bishop of the
same churchy Lond. 1714, 8vo.— Chalmers's Life of Raddiman, p. 54.— Tytler*!
Life of Kaimes.— Gillan's Life of Sage is scaree ^ but an ample abridgment may
be Men in the Encyclopedia Britannica.
40 SAGITTARIUS.
r
leaving nearly TO yolumes of dissertationsi principally en
historical subjects ; on oracles ; on the gates of the an-
cients; ^^Tfae succession of the Princes of Orange/' 4to;
** History of the City of Herderwich ;" a life of St Norbert,
1683 ; ^^Tractatus varii de historia legenda/' 4to ; ** His-
toria antiqua Noribergse/' 4to; '^ Origin of the Dukes of
Brunswick ;" " History of Lubec ;" " Antiquities of the
kingdom of Thuringia ;*' " History of the Marquises and
Electors of Brandenburg/' and many others, enumerated by
Niceron. His life was written by Schmid, and published
in 1713, 8vo.'
SAINCTES (Claudius de), in Latin Sanctesius, was
. born in 1525, at Perche. He entered as a regular canon
in the abbey de St. Cheron, nea^ Chartres ; at the age of
fifteen was admitted doctor of the Sorbonne, 1555, and re^
sided afterwards in the house of cardinal de LoiYaine, who
employed him at the conference of Poissy, in 1561, and
persuaded king. Charles IX. to send him to the council of
Trent, with eleven other doctors. In 1566 De Sainctes,
with Simon Vigor, afterwards archbishop of Narbonne, dis-
puted against two protestant ministers, at the house of the
duke de Nevers, and published the records of this con-
ference two years after, and had also a controversy with
Sadeel, as we have recently noticed in his article. He
became so celebrated for his writings, sermons, and zeal
against the protestants, as to be promoted to the bishopric
of Evreux in 1575. The following year he attended the
states of Blois, and in 1581, the council of Rouen; but
having afterwards joined the most violent among the
Leaguers^ was seized at Louviers by Henry IVth^s party,
who found a writing among his papers, in which he pre-
tended to justify the assassination of Henry III. and de-
clared that the present king deserved the same treatment.
Being carried as a prisoner to Caen, he would there have
received the punishment due to his attempt, had. not car-
dinal de Bourbon, and some other prelates, interceded that
his punishment should be perpetual imprisonment. He
vas accordingly confined in the castle de Crevecoeur, in
the diocese 4f LisieUx, where he died in 1591. De Sainctea
left many learned works, the largest and most scarce among
' which is a " Treatise on the Eucharist,^' in Latin, folio, au
edition of St. James's, St. Basil's, and St. Chrysostom^s
1 NioeroDy toI. IV.— Mortrl— Diet* Hitt.
SAINCTES. 41
<(
Liturgies," Antwerp, 1560, 8vo, afterwards reprinted,
bat this is the only edition that is valued.'
ST. ALDEGONDE. See MARNIX.
ST. AMAND (James), a classical scholar and critic, was
probably the descendant of a French family^ but we find no
mentbn of him in any French biographical work, and are
unable to say much of his early history. In 1705, he was
a student at Lincoln college, Oxford, but made no long
stay there. His passion for Greek literature, but particu*
lariy for acquiring materials towards a new edition of Theo»
critus, led him to Italy, where, though yoi:^ng, for he was
scarce twenty, he obtained a distinguished reputation for
learning, and became acquainted with men of the first
erudition, among whom were Gravina, Fontanini, and
others. By their acquaintance he was easily introduced
into the best libraries ; and at Florence in particular, he
was favoured with the friendship of the learned professor
Salvini, who furnished him with several materials relating
to Theocritus from the Laurentian library and St. Mary's
monastery of Benedictines. The patronage and friendship
of Mr. Newton too, the English ambassador at the grand
duke's court, were of signal service to him. After spend-
ing some time with these and other learned men, in a mu--
tual exchange of literary treasures and observations, he
returned to England by way of Geneva and Paris, and died,
not about 1750, as Mr. Warton says, but Sept. 5, 1754, at
his house in Red-lion-square, leaving the valuable collec-
tion of books and MSS. he had made abroad to the Bodleian
library, and the duplicates of his books to Lincoln college.
Of the MSS. Mr. Warton availed himself in his edition
of Theocritus. Mr. St. Amand left also 8006/. to Christ's
hospital^ and other legacies, which shew that he was a man
of considerable opulence.*
ST« AM ANT (Mark-Anthony- Gerard, sieur de), a
French poet, was born at Roan in Normandy in 1594. In
the epistle dedicatory to the third part of his works, he tells
us, that his father commanded a squadron of ships in the
service of Elizabeth queen of England for twenty-two'
years, and that he was for three yeass prisoner in the Black
Tower at Constantinople. He mentions also, that two
brothers of , bis had been killed in an engagement against
1 Gen. Diet. art. Sabctesiut.— Moreri.
• Warton's Preface to bii Tbeocritas.— Gent, Mag. Tol. XXIV.— Wood*t Col«
Icf 61 and Ball8» and Annali*
v/.r.
42 ST. A M A N T.
the Tiirks. His own life was spent in a continual succes-
sion of travels, which were of no advaiftage to his fortune.
There are miscellaneous poems of this author, the greatest
part of which are of the comic or burlesque, and the ama-
tory kind. The first volume was printed at Paris in 1627,
the second in 1643, and the third in 1649, and they bare
been reprinted several times. " Solitude, an ode," which
is one of the first of them, is his best piece in the opinion
of Mr. Boileau. In 1650 he published <^ Stances sur la
grossesse de la reine de Pologne et de Suede.'* In 1654
he printed his ^< Moise sauv6, idylle heroique," Leyden ;
which had at first many admirers: Chapelain called it a
"speaking picture ; but it has not preserved its reputation.
St. Amant wrote also a very devout piece, entitled " Stances
it M. Corneilie, sur son imitation de Jesus Christ,^' Paris,
1656. Mr. Brossette says that he wrote also a poem upon
the moon, in which he introduced a compliment to Lewis
XIV. upon his skill in swimming, an amusement he often
took when young in the river Seine ; but the king's dislike
to this poem is said to have affected the author to such a
degree, that he did not survive it long. He died in 1661,
aged sixty-seven. He was admitted a member of the
French academy, when first founded by cardinal Bichelieu,
in 1633; and Mr. Pelisson informs us, that, in 1637, at
his own desire, he was excused from the obligation of
making a speech in his turn, on condition that he would
compile the comic part of the dictionary which the academy
had undertaken, and collect the burlesque terms. This
was a task well suited to him ; for it appears by his writings
that he was extremely conversant in these terms, of which
he seems to have made a complete collection from the
markets and other places where the lower people resort.^
ST. AMOUR (William de), doctor of the Sorbonne,
and one of the greatest ornaments of Christianity which
appeared in the Romish communion in the thirteenth cen-
tury, had his name from St Amour in Franche Compt6,
where he was born about the, commencement of that cen-
tury. The zeal which he showed against the new institu-
tion of mendicant friars, both in his sen^pns, and as theo-
logical professor, induced the university of Paris to make
choice of him to defend their interests against the Domini-
cans and Franciscans, who wished to engross the power and
1 Gen. Diet*— -Aforeri.
ST. A M O U »• 43
influence of tbe unirersity to themselves. In 1255, the de-
bate was brought before the pope Alexander IV. who^-with
intolerable arrogance, ordered the university not only to
restore the Dominicans to their former station, but also to
grant them as many professorships as they should require.
The magistrates of Paris, at first, were disposed to protect
the university ; but the terror of the papal edicts reduced
them at length to silence; and not only the Dominicans,
but also the Franciscans, assumed whatever power they
pleased in that famous seminary, and knew no other restric-
tions than what the pope imposed upon them. St. Amour,
however^ wrote several treatises against the mendicant or-
ders, and particularly, in 1255, or 1256, his famous book,
*^ Perils des derniers temps," concerning the ^^ perils of
the latter days," in which he maintained that St. Paul's
prophecy of the latter times (2 Tim. iii. 1.) was fulfilling in
the abominations of the friars, and laid down thirty-nine
marks of false teachers.
Some years before the pope had decided in favour of the
mendicants, a fanatical book under the title of' an *' Intro-
duction to the Everlasting Gospel" was published by a
Franciscan^ who exalted St. Francis above Jesus Christ,
and arrogated to his order the glory of reforming mankind
by a new gospel. The universal ferment, excited by thrs
impious book, obliged Alexander IV. to suppress it, but he
ordered it to be burnt in secret, being willing to spare the
reputation of the mendicants. The university of Paris,
however, insisted upon a public condemnation of the book ;
and Alexander, great as he was in power, was obliged to
submit. He then took revenge by condemning St. Amour*s
work to be burnt, and the author to be banished from
France. St. Amour retired to his native place, and was
Hot permitted to return to Paris until the pontificate of Cle-
ment IV. He died at Paris in 1272* His works were pub-
lished there in T632, 4to. He was a man of learning and
correct manners, of great zeal, and, in the opinion of a
late writer, wanted only a more favourable soil, in which
he might bring to maturity the fruits of those protestant
principles, the seeds of which he nourished in bis breast.^
SAINT-ANDRE' (NathaNAEL), an anatomist, well
known in this country on account of the imposture of the
> Biog. Uttiv. art. Amoar*— Milaer't Eccl. Hist. toI. IV. p. 20.— Dapin.—
Moiliciin.
*4 S A 1 N T - A N D R E'.
RabbiUwoman^ and for various eccentricities of conduct,
was a native of Switzerland, but, on coming over to Eng-
land, was placed by some friends under a surgeon of emi-
nence, in which profession be became skilful. , He, for a
time, read public lectures on anatomy, and obtained con*
siderable reputation ; which was ruined by the part he took
in the affair of Mary Tofts, as well as by many other irre^*
gularities of character. He died in 1776, after having
been for many, years the subject of more curiosity and con-
versation than any of his contemporaries, though without
eny extraordinary-talents, or claims to distinction. They
'who are curious to know more of his character may have
their curiosity gratified in the ^^ Ane'cdotes of HogarthV by
Nichols.*
f ST. EVREMOND. See EVREMOND.
ST. GERMAN, or SEINTGERMAN (Christopher),
90 English lawyer and law-writer of the sixkeenthcentury^
is supposed to have been born at Skilton, near Coventry,
ia Warwickshire, and educated for some time at Oxford,
' whence he removed to the Inner Temple for the study of the
law. After being admitted to the bar, he became'an emi-
nent counsellor, and we should suppose a very popular one,
as he frequently refused or returned his fees. What he
" go^ by honourable practice and #ome paternal estate, he
expended in the purchase of books, and gathered a very
fine library, which was all the property he left to his heirs.
Besides his legal knowledge, be was conversant in philo-
sophy and the divinity of tb^ times, and jirrote on tlie. latter
subject with so much freedom as to render his sentiments
suspected, for which reason Bale has given him a very adi*
vaQtageous character. He is jcommended too for bis pietjr,
ivnd pious ordering of his family, to whom he xead .every'
night a chapter in the Bible, and expounded it. He died
Sept. 28, 1540, and npt 1539, as Bale states. He was
^ buried in the church. of St. Alphage,. within Cripplegate,
London. It appears by his will that be was a considerable
l^enefactor to Skilton church, where bis father sir Henry
St. German, knt. and his mother lie buried, and to that of
. Laleford. St. German has immortalized his name by his
valuable and well-known work, which bears the title of
^VThe Doctor and Student, or Dialogues between. a. doctor
•f divinity, and a student in the laws of England, concern-
0 «
I Nichols's Hogarth.
ST. GERMAN. 4B
log the grounds of those liws,** first printed by Rastell, in
Latin, 1523, 12mo, and reprinted in 1528. ]i|r* Bridgoian
eouoierates above twenty editions which followed, the last
in 1787, 8vo,' with questions and cases concerning the
equity of the law, qorret.ted and improved by Wiiliam
Muchall^ or MiirchaU. On the subject of this celebrated
work, A^.iiargrave (in his Law Tract8j52 1), has published
•from a 'MS. in the Cotton library, *^ A Replication of a
Seijftante at the Laws of England, to certayne pointes al-
leaged by a student of the said lawes of England, in a Dia*-
logue in Englishe, between a doctor of divinity and the
said student ;" and a little ^* Treatise concerning writs of
Subpoena.'' Two other tracts are attributed by Ames to
.St German, though they bear the name of Thomas God-
frey, viz. ^^ A Treatise concerning the power of the Clergy
and of the lawes of the Realme,'* 12mo, no date ; and ^* A
Treatise concernynge divers of the Constitucyons provya-
cyall and legantines,'' 12mo, no date. Tanner attributes
to him ^< A Treatise concerning the division between the
.Spiritualitie and the Temporaltie," printed by Redman
without date ;. and this seems to be the same work as ** The
•PacyfyeV of the division between the Spiritualitie and Tem«
poraltie,'V printed by . Berthelet, which being remarkable
for impartiality and temperate language, was pointed out
to sir Thomas More^ as an example for him to follow in
his controversial writings. This incited sir Thomas to pub*
lish <^ Ao Apology e made by him, anno 1533, after he had
gevin over th'.'office of lord chancellor of Englande,'' print-
ed by Rastell, 1 5 3 3, ' 1 2 mo. St. German was also proliibly
the author of ^* Newe addicions treating most specially, of
the power of .the Parlyament concernynge the Spiritualitie
and the Spiritual Jurisdiction,'' 1531, 12mo, now reprinted
in all the modern;, editions of the ** Doctor and Student.'^
He had a. controversy with sir Thomas More, which pro-
duced ^^ Salem and 6i:Saucej being a dialogue between two
Englishmen, one called Salem, and llie other Bizance,*'
1533, 8vo. This wa^ written in answer to More's ^^ Apo-
logye" above mentioned ; and sir Thomas replied in the
'^Debellation of Salem and Bisance," by Rastell, in 153S(«
Jvo.'
SAINT-JOHN (Henry), lord viscount Bolingbroke, au
Eminent statesman atid writer^ >yas descended from an
^ T^if^.-T'Bale.— Ath. Ox. vol. I.-'Bridsman's Legal Bibliography.
W S A IN T- J OH N;
ancient and noble family, and born, as all his biographers
say, in 16]g, but it appears by the register of Battersea
parish that he was baptised Oct. 10, 1678. Hisfather, sir
Henry St. John, son of sir Waiter St. John, died at Bat-
tersea, his family-seat, July 3, 1708, in his eighty-seventh
year : his mother was lady Mary, second daughter and co-
heiress of Robert Rich, earl of Warwick. He was bred
up, with great care, under the inspection of bis grand-
father, as well as his father, who neglected no means to
cultivate bis mipd. It was once noticed in parliament that
he was educated in dissenting principles, and it is very
certain that the first director of his studies was the famous
I>aniel Burgess, who, with all his oddities (See BuROESS)
was frequently employed s^ tutor tct the sons of men of
rank. Goldsmith seems desirous to impute Bolingbroke^s
infidelity to this divine, and to his being obliged to read
Manton's Sermons on the 1 19th Psalm ; but such an opi-
nion is as dangerous as it is absurd. From Bui^ss or
Manton, he could have imbibed owiy a higher reverence
for religion than was to be expected from a lively youth ;
end as to the disgust he felt, to which his biographer
seems inclined to trace his infidelity, it is probable that a
boy would not have entertained much less dislike to a vo*'
luminous history of England, if pbliged to read it when he
wished to be idle. But, whatever instruction he might re-
ceive from his first tutors, it is very certain, that he had |i
regular and liberal education. He was sent to Eton,
where he had for his companion and rival sit* Robert Wal-
poldb " The parts of Mr. St. John,*' says Coxe, *• w^re
more lively and brilliant, those of Walpole'more steady
and solid. Walpole was industrious and diligent, because
his talents required, application ; St. John was negligent,
because >his quickness of apprehension rendered labour
less necessary.'* These characteristics prevailed in both
throughout life. From £ton Mr. St. John was removed to
ChrisJ^churcb, Oxford, where he made a shining figure<aa
a polite scholar, and when he left the university, he was
considered las a youth highly accomplished for public life.
His person was agreeable, and he had a dignity mixed with
sweetness in his looks, and a manner very prepossessing,
and, as some of his contemporaries said, irresistible* He
bad much acuteness, great judgment, and a prodigious
memory. Whatever he read he retained so as to make
it entirely hi3 own ^ but in youth, he was not in general
S A I N T . J O H N. 47
much given either to reading or reflection. With great
parts, be had, as it usually happens, great -passions;
which hurried him into those indiscretions and follies that
distinguish the libertine. He does not, however, appear
to have been without his serious moments, nor always un-
willing to listen to the voice of conscience. ^' There has
been something always," says he, ^^ ready to whisper in
my ear, while I ran the course of pleasure and of business^
f Solve senescentem mature sanas equum;* ^ and while 'tis
well, release thy aged horse.* But my genius, unlike the
demon of Socrates, whispered so softly, that very often I
heard him not, in the hurry of those passions with which I
was transported. Some calmer hours there were ; in them
I hearkened to him. Reflection had often its turn ; and
the love of study and 'the desire of knowledge have never
quite abandt>ned me« I am not, therefore^ entirely unpre-
pared for the life I will lead ; and it is not without reason
that I promise myself more satisfaction in the latter part of
it than I ever knew in the former.**
As these youthful extravagances involved him in discre-
dit, bis parents were very desirous to reclaim bim. With
this view, when in his twenty-second year, they married
him toi the daughter and coheire;ss of sir Henry Winche-
pomb of Bucklebury, in the county of Berks, hart.; and
upon this marriage a large settlement was made, which
proved very serviceable to him in his old age, though a
great part of what his lady brought was taken from him, in
consequence of his attainder. The union in other respects
was not much to his liking. . The same year he was elected
for the borough of Wotton^Basset, and sat in the fifth
pariiament of king William, which met Feb. 10, 1700;
and in which Robert Harley, esq. afterwarda earl of Ox-
ford, was chosen for the first time speaker. Of this short
pariiament, which ended June 24^ 1701, the business waa
the impeachment of the king's ministers, who wer^^ con-
cerned in the conclusion of the two partition-treaties ; and^
Mr. St. John siding with the majority, who were then con-
sidered as tories, ought to be looked upon a» commencing
his politicid career in that character. He sat also in the
next, which was the last parliament in the reign of William,
and the first in that of Anne. He was charged, sfo early
as 1710, with having voted this year against the succes-
sion in the House bf Hanover ; but this he has peremp-
tiprily. denied^ becfiuse in 1701 a bill wa» brought into par-
« SAIN T.JOHN*
Jiament, by sir Charles Hedges and himself^ entitled ** A
Bill for tte farther security of bis majesty's person, and
the succession of the crown in the Protestant line, and
extinguishing the hopes of the pretended prince of Wale?,
«nd all other pretenders, and their open and secret abet*-
•tors." In July 1702,' upon the dissolution of the second
parliament, the queen making a tour from Windsor to
Bath, by way of Oxford, Mr. St. John attended her; and,
at that university, with several persons of the highest dis-
tinction, had the degree of doctor of laws conferred upon
him.
Persevering steadily in the same tory-connections, to
which he adhered against the whig principles of his faniily,
.his fathe^ and grandfather being both of that party, be
gained such au influence in the house, that on April 10^
1704, be was appointed secretary pf war, and of the ma-
rines. As this post required a constant correspondency
with the duke of Marlborough, it appears to have been the
principal foundation of the rumours raised many ye^ra
after, that he was in a particular manner attached to the
duke. It is certain, that he knew his worth, and was a
Mncere admirer of him ; but he always denied apy particu*
lar connection ; nor was he ever charged by the duke or
duchess with ingratitude or breach of engagement to them;
In all political measures, Mr. St. John acted with Mr.
Harley : and, therefore, when this minister was removed
from the seals in 1 707, Mr. St. John chose to follow his for-
tune, and the next day resigned his place. He was not
returned in the subsequent parliament ; but, upon the dis-^
solution of it in 1710, Harley being made chancellor and
under^treasurei^ of the Exchequer, the post of secretary of
state was given to St. John. About the same time he wrote
the famous *^ Letter to the Examiner,^ to be found among
the first of those papers : it was then universally ascribed
to him, and gave no inconsiderable proofs of his abilities
as a writer ; for in this single short paper are comprehended
the outlines of that design on which Swift employed him-
self for near a twelvemonth.
Upon the calling of a new parliament in November, he
was chosen knight of the shire for the county of Berks^
and also burgess for Wotton-Basset; but made bis election-
for the former. He appeared now upon a scene of action^'
which called forth all his abilities. He sustained almost
tbe whole-weight of the business of the peace of Utrecht,
S A I NT- J O H N. 49
which bovtfwer he vras not supposed to negotiate to the
adiracitage of his country: and therefore bad an ample
abare of the censure bestowed on that treaty ever since.
The real^ state of the case is, that '^ the two parties/' as
be bioiseif owns, ** were become factions in tbe strict sense .
of the word." He was of that which prevailed for peace,
againsv those who delighted in war ; for this was the Ian-*
guage of the times : and, a peace being resolved on by the
English ministers at all risk^, it is no wonder if it was made
with less advantage to the nation. He owns this, yet justi^
fies the peace in general : '< Though it was a duty,'* saya
he, '* that we owed to our country, to deliver her from the
necessity of bearing any longer so uneqtol a part in so
unneoessary a war, yet was there some degree of merit in
performing it, I think so strongly in this manner, I am
so incorrigible, that, if I could be placed in tlie same cir<»
camstances again, I would take the same resolution, and
act the same part. Age and experience might enable me
to act with more abili^and greater skill; but all I have
suffered sipce the death of the queen should not hinder me
froin acting. Notwithstanding this, I shall not be surprised
if you think that the peace of Utrecht was not answerable'
to the success of the war, nor to the e({brts made in it. I
think so myself; and Have always owned, even when it
was making and made, that I thottght so. Since we had
committed a successinl folly, we ought to have reaped
more advantage from it than we did."
In July 1712, be was created baron St. John of Lediard*
Tregoze in Wiltshire, and viscount Bolingbroke ; and was
also, the same year, appointed lord-lieutenant of tbe county
of Essex. Biii^ these honours not coming up to the mea-
sure of his mtibitionl, he meditated supplanting Harley,
now earl of Oxford, who had ofiended' him, even in the
matter of tbe peerage. Paulet St. John, the last earl of
Bolingbroke, died the 5th of October preceding his crea--
tion ; and the earldon^ became extinct by bis decease, add
this honour had been proudised to him; but, bis presence
in the House of Cottkmons being so necesf^a^y at that tiine^
Barley prevailed upon him to remain there daring that
session; with an assurance, that bis rank should be pre-^
served for him. But, whe» be expected t heboid title should'
have been renewed in his favour, be received only that of
viscount; which he resented as an intended alfr^nt on the
part of Harley, who had got an earldom for himself. " I
Vol. XXVII. E
50 S A I N T - J O H N;
eontinuecl>*' says Bolingblroke, <^ in the House of Com*'
mons during that important session which preceded the
peace; and which, by the spirit shewn through the whole
course of it, and by the resolutions taken in it, rendered
the conclusion of the treaties practicable. After this, I
was dragged into the House of Lc^rds in such a manner as
to make my promotipn a punishment, not a reward*; and
was there left to defend the treaties alone. It would not
have been hard," continues he, *^ to have forced the earl
of Oxford to use me better. His good intentions began to
be very much doubted of: the truth is, no opinion of his
sincerity had ever taken root in the party; and, which
was worse for a man in his stiation, the opinion of his
capacity began to fall apace. 1 began in my heart to re-
nounce the friendship which, till that time, I had preserved
inviolable for Oxford. I was not aware of all his treachery,
nor of the base and little' means which he employed then,
' and continued to employ afterwards, to ruin me in the
opinion of the queen, and every where else. I saw, how-
ever, that he bad no friendship for any body; and that, with
respect to me, instead of having the ability to render that
merit, which I endeavoured to acquire, an addition of
strength to himself, it became the object of his jealousy,
and a reason for undermining me.'^ There was also ano-
ther transaction, .which passed not long after lord Boling-
broke^s being laised to the peerage, SLud which aggravated
bis animosity to that minister. In a few weeks after his
return from France, her majesty bestowed the vacant rib-
bons of the order of the garter upon the dukes Hamilton,
Beaufort, and Kent, and the earls Powlet, Oxford, and
Strafford. Bolingbroke thought himself here again ijl
used, having an ambiuon, as the minister Well knewy to
receive such an instance as this was of his mistress's grace
and favour. Indignant at all these circunxstances, we are
told that Bolingbroke, when the treasurer's staff was taken
from Oxford, expressed his joy by entertaining that very
day, July 7, 1714, at dinner, the general Stanhope, Ca-
dogan, and Palmer, sir William Wyndham, Mr. Craggs,
and other gentlemen. Oxford said upon his going out,
that *^ some of them would smart for it ;'' and Bolingbroke
was far from being insensible of the danger to which he
stood eicposed ; yet he was not without hopes still of se-
curing himself, by making his court to the whigs ; audit
is certain, that a little before. this he had proposed to bring
SAINT- JOHN. 51
in a bill to the House of Lords, to make it treason to' enlist
soldiers for the Pretender, which was passed into an act.
Soon^ however, after the accession of king George L in
1714, the seals were taken from him, and all the papers
in his office securedi During the short session of parlia-
ment at this juncture, he applied himself with his usual
industry and vigour to keep up the spirits of the friends to
the late administration, without omitting* any proper occa-
sion of testifying his reapect and duty to his majesty, by
assisting in settling the civil list, and other necessary
points. But, when after the meeting of the new parlia-
ment, his danger became more imminent, be withdrew
privately to France^ in March 1715. It is said, by the
continuator of Rapines history, that bis heart began to fail
him as soon as he heard that Prior was landed at Dover,
and had promised to reveal all he knew. Accordingly that
evening his lordship^ who had the night before iappeared
at the play-^house in Drury-lane, and bespoke another play
for the next night, and subscribed to a new opera that was
to be acted some time after, .went off to Dover in disguise,
as a servant to Le Vigne/one of the French king's messen-^
gers. His lordship, however/ al\^ays affirmed that he took
this step upon certain and repeated informations, that a
resolution was taken, by tbe men in power, not only to
prosecute, but to pursue him to the scaffold.
Upon his arrival at Paris^ he received an invitation from
the Pretender, then at Barr, to engage in his service :
which he at first absolutely refused, and thought it wiser
to make tbe best application, that his present circumstances
would admit, to prevent the progress of his prosecution in
England. While this was in doubt, he retired into Dau^
phio£, where he continued till the beginning of July ; and
then, upon receiving unfavourable news from some oif his
party in England, he complied with a second invitation
from tbe Pretender; and, taking the seals of tbe secretary's
office at Commercy, set out with them |br Paris, and ar»
rived thither the latter end of the same month, in order to
procure from that court tbe necessary succours for his new
master^s intended invasion of England. The vote for im-
peaching him of . high treason bad passed in the House 6i
Commons .the June preceding;' and six articles were
brought into the house, and read by VV^alpole^ August 4^
1715, which were in substance as follows: 1. ^^ That
whereas he had assured the ministers oC tfa^Stat^s General,
52 S A I N T - J O H N.
by order from her majesty in 1711) that she would make
no peace but in concert with them ; yet be sent Mr. Prior
to France, that same year, with proposals for a treaty of
peace with that monarch, without the consent of the allies.''
2. ** That he advised and promoted the making of a sepa-
rate treaty or convention, with France, which was signed
in September/' 3. ** That he disclosed to M. Mesnager,
the French minister at London, this convention, which was '
the preliminary instruction to her majesty's plenipotenti'
aries at Utrecht, in October." 4. ^^ That her majesty's
final instructions to her said plenipotentiaries were disclosed
by him to the abbot Gualtier, an emissary of France." 5.
** That he disclosed to the French the manner how Tour*
nay in Flanders might be gained by them." 6. ^< That be
advised and promoted the yielding up of Spain and the
West-Indies to the duke of Anjou, then an enemy to her
majesty." These articles were sent up to the Lords in
August; in consequence of which, he stood attainted of
high-treason, September the 10th of the same year.
In the mean time, his new engagements with the Pre*
tender were so unsuccessful as to bring on him a similar
disgrace; for the year 1715 was scarcely expired, when
the seals and papers of his new secretary's office were de«
manded, and given up ; and this was soon followed by an
accusation branched into seven articles, in which be was
impeached of treachery, incapacity, and neglect. Thus
discarded, he turned his thoughts once more to a reconci*
liation with his country, and in a short time, by that cha-
racteristic activity with which he prosecuted all his designs,
he procured, through the mediation of the earl of Stair,
then the British ambassador at the French court, a promise
of pardon, upon certain conditions, from the king, who,
in July 1716, created his father baron of Battersea and vis*
count St. John. In the mean time these vicissitudes had
thrown Jiim into a state of reflection ; and this produced,
by way of relief, a <^ Consolatio Philosophica," which he
wrote the same year, under the title of *^ Reflections upon
Exile." In this piece he has drawn the picture of his own
exile ; which, being represented as a violence, proceeding
solely from the malice of his persecutors, to one who had
served his country with ability and integrity, is by the
magic of his p^n converted not only into a tolerable, but
what appears tb be an honourable, station. He bad ats^
this year writtei,^ several letters, in answer to the charge
brought against him by the Pretender and his adherents,
^
SAINT- JOHN. 53
wbicb were primted at London in 1735, 8vo, together with
answers to them by Mr. James Murray, afterwards made
earl of Dunbar by the Pretender ; but, being then imme-
diately suppressed, are reprinted in ^' Tindal's Contii^a-
tion of Rapin's History of England." The following year,
be drew up a vindication of his whole conduct with respect
to the tories, in the form of *a letter to sir William Wynd-
ham, which was printed in 1753, 8vo. It is written with
the utmost elegance and address, and abounds with interest-
ing and entertaining anecdotes.
His first lady being dead, be espoused about this time,
17 16, a second of great merit and accomplishments-, niece
to madam de Maintenon, and widow of the marquis de
Villette ; with whom he had a very large fortune, encum-
bered, however, with a long and troublesome law-suit. In
the company and conversation of this lady, be passed &is
time in France, sometimes in the country, and sometimes
at the capita], till 1723; when the king was pleased to
grant him a full and .free pardon. Upon the first notice of
this favour, the expectation of which had been the govern-
ing principle of his political conduct for several years, he
returned to his native country. It is observable, that bi-
shop Atterbury was banished >at this very juncture ; and
happening, on his being set ashore at Calais, to hear that
lord Bolingbroke was there, he said, ^* Then I am ex-
changed V* His lordship having obtained, about two years
after his return, an act of parliament to restore him to his
family-inheritance, and to enable him to possess any pur-
chase he sjiiould make, chose a seat of lord Tankerville, at
Dawley near Uxbridge in Middlesex"; where he settled
with his lad}^ and gratified his taste by improving it into a
aiost elegant villa. Here he amused himself with rural
employments, and with corresponding and conversing with
Pope, Swift, and other friends ; but was by no means sa-
tisfied within : for he was yet no more than a mere titular
lord, and stood excluded from a seat in the House of Peers.
Inflamed with this taint that yet remained, in his blood, he
entered again, in 1726, upon the public stage; and, dis-
avowing ail obligations to the minister Wal|!)ole, to whose
secret enmity he imputed his not having received the full
effects of the royal mercy intended, he embarked in the op-
position, and distinguished himself by a multitude of pieces,
written during the short remainder of that reign, and for
ome years upder the following, with great boldness against
^ measures that were then pursued. Besides his papers
/
54 SAINT- JOHN,
in the ^* Craftsman^^' which were the most popular in that
celebrated collection, he published several pamphlets,
which were afterwards reprinted in the second edition of
h\^*^ Political Tracts/' and in the authorized edition of
his works.
Having carried on his part of the siege against the mini*
ster with inimitable spirit for ten years, he laid down hit
pen, owing to a disagreement with his principal coadju-
tors; and, in 1735, retired to France, with a full resolu-
tion never to engage more in public business. Swift, who
knew that this retreat was the effect of disdain, vexa-
tion, ^l\d disappointment, that his lordship's passions ran
high, anci'that his attainder unreversed still tingled in his
veins, cpncluded him certainly gone once more to;tfae Pre-
tender, as bi^ enemies gave out ; but he was rebuked for
this by Pope, who assured him, that it was absolutely un-
true in every circumstance, that he had fixed in a very
agreeable retirement near Fontaiobleau, and made it his
whole business vacate lileris. He had now passed the 60th.
year of his age ; and through a greater variety of scenes^
both of pleasure and business, than any of his contempo-
raries. He had gone as far towards reinstating himself in
the full possession of his former honours as great parts and
great application could go ; and seemed at last to think,
that the door was finally shut against him. He had not
been long in his retreat, when he began a course of ** Letf
ters on the study and use of History," for the use of lord
Cornbury, to whom they are addressed. They were pub-
lished in 1752 ; and, though they are drawn up, as all his
works are, in . an elegant and masterly style, and abound
with just reflections, yet, on account of some freedoms
taken with ecclesiastical history, they exposed him to much
censure. Subjoined to these letters are, his piece *'upon
Exile," and a letter to lord Bathurst ^' on the true use of
study and Retirement."
Upon the death of his father, who lived to be extremely
old, he settled at Battersea, the ancient seat of the family,
where he passed the remainder of his life. His age, his
genius, perfected by long experience and much retiection,
gave him a superiority over most of bis contemporaries,
which his works have not altogether preserved. Pope and
Swift, however, were among his most ardent admirers;
and it is well known, that the former received from him
the materials for his ** Essay on Man." Yet, even in thi'
SAIN T-J O H N
S5
retirement, he did not neglect the consideration of pnbhc
affairs ; for, after the conclusion of the war in 1747, upoti»
measures being taken which did not agree with his notions
of political prudence, he began «' Some Reflections on
the present sute of the nation, principaUy with regard to
her taxes and debts, and on the causes and consequences
of them :'* but he did not finish them. In 1749, came out
his « Letters on the spirit of Patriotism, on the idea of a
Patriot King, and on the state of parties ^t the accession of
king George I ;" with a preface in which Pope's conduct,
with regard to that piece, is represented as an inexcusabla
act of treachery to him. Of this subject wc have already
taken sufficient notice in our accounts of Mallet and Pope.
Bolingbroke was now approaching his end. For some Ume
a cancerous humour in his face bad made considerable pro-
greds, and he was persuaded to apply an empirical remedy,
which exposed him to the most excruciating tortures. Lord
Chesterfield saw him, for the last time, the day before
these tortures began. Bolingbroke, when they parted,
embraced his old friend with tenderness, and said "God,
who placed me here, will do ^vhat he pleases with me h»e-
after, and he knows best what to do. May he t^less you !
About a fortnight after be died, at his house at >attersca,
Nov. 15, 1751, nearly eighty years old, if the date usually
assigned to his birth be correct. His corpse was interred
with those of his ancestors in that church, where there is a
marble monument erected to his memory.
His lordship's estate and honours descended to his ne-
phew; the care and profits of his manuscripts he left to
Mallet, who published them, together with his works already
printed, in 1754, 5 vols. 4to. They may be divided into
political and philosophical works : the former of which have
been mentioned already, and consist of « Letters upon
History," " Letterto Wyndham," " Letters on Patriotism,
and papers in the " Craftsman;'' which had been sepa-
rately printed in 8 vols. 8vo, under the title of '' Disserta^
tion upon Parties," '' Remarks on thie History of England,"
and « Political Tracts." His philosophical works consist
of, " The substance of some letters written originally m
French kbout 1720 to Mr. de Pouilly ; letter occasioned by
one of abp. Tillotson's sermons ; and letters or essays ad-
dressed to Alexander Pope, esq." As Mallet had published
an 8vo edition of the " Letters on History," and the '^ Let-
ter to Wyndham," before the 4to edition of the works
56 SAIN T-J O H N,
came out, he afterwards pabHsbed separately tbe pUlos^r
pbical writings, 5 vols. Bvo. These esyajrs, addressed to
Pope, on philosophy and religion, contain iqany tbingf
which deny o^ ridicule the great truths of revelation ; and^
on this account, not only exposed the deceased author tp
the just animadversions of several writers, but occasionecl.
also a presentment of his works by the grand jmy of West-»
minster ; but the sale of them was very slow, and of li^e
years they are perhaps still less consulted. An edition,
however, was published in 1809, in 8 vols. Svo, with many
additions, from subsequent authorities, to the l^ of Boling-^
broke, which was written by Dr. Goldsmith. Soine tintie
before this, a valuable collection of lord BohDgbroke^s po-r
litical correspondence was published in 4to,and 4 vols. Svo,
by the rev. Gilbert iParke, which contains mocli inforana*
tiqn respecting the memorable peace of Utrecht. His cha*
looter has been (Irawn by various able pens, by Chestei^M,
Mrs. Cockburn, Ruffbead (under the guidance of Warbur*
ton), lord Walpole, Horace Walpole, lord Orrery, Ac. &c.
and although they differ in some points, coincide in proving
that lord Bolingbroke was cpnsidiered by all as a politician
of an impqttant class ; that those who have been at most
pains to dl'^ame him as an enemy, would ^hav4e been very
desirous to secure him as a friend., and that they may be
credited in every thing sooner than in their affecting to
undervalue his talents. Ambition and immorality consti-
tute the great objections tp his public and private charac-
ter. His infidel principles were not much known before his
death, except to his friends. Like Chesterfield and Hume,
be left something behind him worse than be had prodiicea
in bis life-time, and subjected himself to accusations to
which he could no longer reply. In his character since, he
has suffered equally by tbe just resentment of piety, and
By the unforgiving prejudices qf party ; and an impartial
history of his conduct and opinions is perhaps yet a desir
deratum.^
ST. LAMBERT {Charles Francis de), fiwrmerly a
member of the French academy, was born in Nancy, Dee.
16, 17 17, of a family of Lorrain. He was educated amoag
tbe Jesuits at the college of Pont-a-Moussori, but in early
1 Life by Goldsmith, io edit. 1909.— Biog. Brit.— Swill's Works.— Po|ie'|
Works by Bowles. — Coxe's Waljjolt* .-:-LysoDs'* Environs, vol. I.-— Royal and
Nebl« Authors by Park.— Chesterfield's Memoirs and Letters.— Leiand'sOteisti •
cal Wffkera. — Warburton^s LeUerif to Q[ard, ^c* l^c.
ST. L A M B E E T. 57
life eintered into the army^ which be qaitted at the peace
of Aix^ia-Cbapelle in 1748, and joined the gay party as- .
sembled by Stanislaus, king of Poland, at Luneville. There
be becaaae an admirer of Madame de Cbatelet, who return-
ed his attachment He was afterwards intimate with, and
the egregious, flatterer of Voltaire. It is not said what
part he took in the revolution, but he escaped its dangers,
and died at Paris Feb. 9, 1805. He was a man of genius,
but his steps in the literary career were rather slow, afid in-
commensurate with the actitity of his genius; for his first
poetical work, ^^ Les F£tes de 1' Amour et de P Hymen,** a
theatrical performance, was published about 1760, when
be was already turned of forty years of age. His poem
entitled ^' Les quatres parties du jour" appeared in 1764,
and soon ranked him unong the greatest poets of his age.
The composition was acknowledged to possess novelty in
the descriptions, interest iu the details, and elegance in
the style ; although, on the other side, it was charged with
coldness, want of unity, and monotonous episodes. The
same year he published his *' Essai sur le luxe," 8vo. His
next, abd jut»tly celebrated, poetical performance, ** Les
Saisons,*' which was published in 176d, raised him to the
highest degree of reputation. It was generally admitted
that he exhibited here a large share of ingenuity and inven-
tion, by introducing pastoral poetry into a composition of
a different sort, making it still preserve its native simplicity,
and yet associate naturally with more elevated subjects.
An additional merit was discovered, with regard to this
elegant work, in the motive of the author ; as his professed
design was to inspire the great proprietors of land with an
incliiiation to live on their manors, and contribute to the
happiness of the cultivators.
In 1772, he published his '< Fables Orientales," which
did little either to increase or to diminish his poetical fame :
and many years after he produced his ^^ Consolation de la
Vieillesse," a proof that his talents had suffered no dimi-
nution from age or infirmity. The last publication of Saint
Lambert is a philosophical work in prose. It appeared in
1798, in 3 vols. 8vo, under the title of ^^ Catecfaisme Uni-
versel.'^ It was intended to exhibit a system of morals
grounded on human nature; and the favourite object of
the author was to confute the doctrine of a moral sense,
which has been supported by many eminent metaphysicians,
ever since the writings of Shaftesbury and of Hutcheson.
58 S T. L A M B E R T.
This work was justly denominated ^by some French critics,
alluding to the age of the author, Le soir i^un beau jour
(the evening of a beautiful day !) He wrote also some ar-
ticles for the £ncyclopedie, and many fugitive pieces in
the literary journals.'
SAINTE-MARTHE, in Latin Sammarthanus, is the
name of a family in France, which produced many men of let-
ters. The first, Gaucher de SAinte-Marthe, had a son
Charles, born in 1512, who became physician to Francis 11.
and was remarkable for his eloquence. Queen Margaret of
Navarre and the duchess of Vendome honoured him with
their particular esteem ; and when they died in 1550, he
testified his grief by a funeral oration upon each, published
the same year. That upon the queen was in Latin, the
Other in French. There is also some Latin and French
poetry of bis in being. He died in 1555. — Scevole,' or
ScAVOLA, the nephew of Charles, was born at Loudun in.
I5.S6, and became very distinguished both in learning and
business. He loved letters from his infancy, attained an
intimate acquaintance with the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew
tongues ; and became an orator, a lawyer, a poet, and an
historian; he, is also represented as a good friend, zealous
for his country, and of inviolable fidelity to his prince. He
bad, in the reigns of Henry IIL and Henry IV. several con*
siderable employments, which he filled with great reputa-
tion. In 1579, he was governor of Poitiers, and afterwards
treasurer of France for this district. In 1593 and 1S94, he
exercised the office of intendant of the finances, in the
army of Bretagne, commanded by the duke de Montpen-
sier : aud, in the latter of these years, he reduced Poitiers
to the subjectioQ of Henry IV. Some time after, he con-
ceived thoughts of retiring to his own country, and de«
voting the remainder of his life to contemplation : but was
again made governor of Poitiers, in so honourable a man-
ner that he could not decline it. Upon the expiration of
this office^ he went to Paris, and thence to, Loudun, where
he passed the rest of his days ^' in otio cum dignitate."
This town had been often protected from ruin in the civil
wars merely by his credit, and therefore regarded him as
its protector. He died there in 1623, universally regretted ;
and his funeral oration was pronounced by the famous
Urban Grandier. He was the author of ** La loUange de
1 Diet. Uist.— Baldwin's Literary Journal.
SAINT E*M A R T H K S9
laville de jPoitiers," 157S; ** Opera Poetica,*' consisting
of odesy elegies, epigrams, and sacred poems, in French
and Latin^ 1575; ^< Galiorum dootrina illustrium elogia/*
1598 :'' bat his chief work, and that which keeps his naine
still alive in the republic of letters, is bis work called ** Ps*
dotrophia, sea de puerorum educattone,*' printed in 1584,
and dedicated to Henry III. This poem went through tea
editions in the author's life -time, and hath gone through as
many since* It was neatly printed at London in 1708, in
12mo, together with tlie^^ Callip^dia^' of Quillet. It is,
also printed with a complete edition of his and his son
Abel's works, under the title ^^ Sammarthanorum patris et
filii opera Latina et Gallica, turn soluta oratione, tum versa
schpta," ,Paris^ 1633, 4to. Scevole left several sons; of
whom Ab£L, the eldest, born at Loudun in 1570, applied
himself, like his father, to literature. He cultivated
French and Latin poetry ; the latter^ were printed with
those of his father in the edition just mentioned, but are
inferior to them. Lewis XIII. settled on him a pension,,
for the services he had done him, and made him a coun*
sailor of state. In 1627, he was made librarian to the
king at Fontainebleau ; and had after that other commis-
sions of importance. He died at Poitiers in 1652, where
his ^^ Opuscula Varia^' were printed in 1645^ 8vo. This
Abel had a son of his own name, bom in 1630, and after-
wards distinguished by his learning. He succeeded his fa-
ther as librarian at Fontainebleau, and in that quality pre-
sented to Lewis XIV. in 1668, ^' Un Discours pour le r£-
tablissemeot de cette Bibliotheque." He died in 1706.
Scevole's second and third sons, Scevole and Lewis,.
were born in 1571. They were twin-brothers, of the same
temper, genius, and studies ; with this difference only^
that Scevole continued alayman, aiid married, while Lewis
embraced the ecclesiastical state. They spent tbeir lives
together in perfect union, and were occupied in the same
labours. They were both counsellors to tiie king, and his-
toriographers of France. They were both interred at St.
Severin in Paris, in the same grave ; though Scevole died
in 1650, and Lewis did not die till 1656. They distin-
guished themselves by their knowledge, and in conjunc-
tion composed the '^ Gallia Christiana, seu series omnium
Episc. &6. Francia;,*' of which there is an edition in 13.
vols, folio, 1715 — 1786, but three more volumes are yet
necessary to complete it.
$0 SAINT E-M A R T H EL
Besides these, there were Denis, Pet^e Scevole^
' Abel Lewis, and Claude, ]>e Saikte-Marthe, all men
of learning, and who distinguished themselves by various
publicaUons ; but their works are not of a natare to make
a particular enumeration of them necessary here.'
ST, PALAY£ (John Baptist de la Cuane de), an in^
genious French writer, was borp at Auxerre in 1697. TIm
only information we have of his early life is restricted to a^
notice of the affection which subsiatwi between him and his
twin-brother M. de la Corne. It appears that he devoted
himself to researches into the language and antiquities of.
bis country, and was admitted a member of the French
academy, and that of inscriptions. In all his labours he
was assisted by his brother, who liv^ with him, and was
his inseparable associate in lus studies, and even in his
amusements; St. Palaye died in 1781. La Harpe haa
published some spirited verses which he addressed in his
eightieth year to a lady who had embroidered a weistcoat
for him ; but he is chiefly known as an author by . '^ Me*
moires sur FAncienne Chevalerie,*^ 3 vols. ISmo, in which
he paints in very Hvely colours the manners and customs
of diat institmion. Mrs. Dobscm published an English
translation of this in 1784. After his decease the afebd
Mijlot drew up, from his papers, ^* L'Histoire des Trouba-
dours,'' in 3 vols. 12mo. St. Palaye had meditated on an
*^ Universal French Glossary," which was to be more co-
pious than that of Du Cange, and left two works in maou-*
script, one a history of the variations that have taken place
in the French language, the other a Dictionary of French
antiquities.'
ST. PAVIN (Dennis Sanguin de), a French poet of
the seventeenth century, was born at Paris, and studied
with a view to the ecclesiastical profession, but his private
attachment was wholly to the belles lettres and poetry,
which he diligently cultivated. He spent the greatest part
of 'his life at Livri, of which he was abbot, though no cre-
dit to the order, for he lived in a voluptuous, indolent
style, circulating and practising the pernicious maxims he
had learnt from hts master, tbue poet Theophile, and to
which. he was so strongly attached, that Boileau in his first
satire places St Pavin's conversion among things morally
impossible. The story of his having been converted by
> Moreri.^Dict. Hist. — Dupio. ^ Diet. Hist.
S T P A V I N $1!
hearing a terrible voice at the time Theopbile died^ in
162S, is entirely without foundation, for his conversion
preceded his own death but a very short time. He died in
1670, leaving several poems not inelegantly written, which
form part of vol. IV. of Barbin's collection ; and a collec-
tion of bis Works was published In 1759, 12mo, with Charle-
va), Lalaiie, and Montplaisir He was related to Claudius
Saogain, steward of the household to the king and the
duke of Orleans, who published ** Les HeurW in French
verse, Paris, 1660, 4ta, in which the whole Psalter is trans-
latedi^
ST. PIERRE (Charles Irenes Castel de), a French
moral and potitical writer, was born in 1658, of a noble
fiunily, at Saint-Pierre- in Normandy. He studied at the
college of Caen^ and was brought up to the church, and
obtained some preferment ; but was more distinguished for
his political knowledge. Previous to his appearing in po-
litical life,^ he wrote some observations on philosophical
grammar, in consequence of which he was admitted a mem-
ber of the academy in 1695. His political fame induced
the cardinal Polignac to take him with him to the confer-
ences for the peace of Utrecht ; and here he appears to
have announced one of his favourite projects, the establish-
ment of a kind of European diet, in order to secure a per-
petual peace, which cardinal Fleury received with good
humour, but saw at once its practical difficulties. Such
indeed was the case with most of the schemes he published
in bis works, which are now nearly forgotten. He cer-
tainly, however, had the merit of discovering the defects
of the government of Louis XIV. a^d pleaded the cause of
a more free constitution with much boldness. One of his
best works was *^ A Memorial on the establishment of a
proportional Taille," which is said to have n>eltorated the
state of taxation in France. He died in 1743, aged eighty-
five. After the death of Louis XIV. he published some of
bis spirited sentiments of that monarch in a pamphlet en-
titled *^ La Polysynodie,^' or the plurality of councils, for
which he was expelled the French academy, Fontenelle
only giving a vote in his favour. An edition of his works
was published in Holland, 1744, 18 vols. l2mo.'
ST. REAL (Casar Vichard de), a polite French writer,
was the son of a counsellor to the senate of Chamberri in
1 Moreri.— Diet. Hist * Eloges by D'Alemb«rt.— Diet. Hist.
62 S T. R E A X.
S4v6y,' where he was bom, bat it is hot mentioned in wba€
year. He came very young to France, was some time A
disciple of M. de Variilas, and afterwards distinguished
himself at Paris by several ingenious productions. In 1675^
be returned- to Chamberri, and went thence to England
with the duchess of Ma2arin ; but soon after came back to
Paris^ where he lived a long time, without title or dignity/
intent upon literary pursuits. He returned a second time
to Chamberri in 1692, and died there the same year, ad«
vanced in years, but not in the best circumstances. He
was a man of great parts and penetration, a lover of the
sciences, and particularly foud of history, which he wished
to have studied, not as a bare recital of facts and speeches,
but as a picture of human nature philosophically contem-
plated. He wrote a piece, with this view, ^^ De I'Usage
de PHistoire,^' Paris, 1672, 12mo, which is full of sensible
and judicious reflections. In L674, he published " Con-
juration des Espaguols centre la R^publique de Venise en
1618," 12mo, in a style which Voltaire compares to that of
Sallust ; but what he gained in reputation by this, he is said
to have lost by his '^ La Vie de J6sus Christ,^' pablbhed
four years after. He wrote many other things : some to
illustrate the Roman history, which he had made his parti-
cular study; some upon subjects of philosophy, politics,
and morals ; and notes upon the first two books of Tully's
** Letters to Atticus,'^ of which he made a French transla-
tion. A neat edition of his works was published at the
Hague in 1722, in 5 vols. i2mo, without the letters /to At-
ticus; which, however, were printed in the edition of Paris,
1745, in 3 vols. 4to, and six 12iho.''
ST. SIMON (Louis de Rouvroi, duke OF),a French wri-
ter of memoirs, was the son of a duke of the same title, born
June 16,1 67.5, and was introduced at the court of Louis XIV.
in his fifteenth year, but bad been educated in virtuous prin-
ciples, and never departed from them, either at court or
in the army, in which he served till 1697. In 1721 he was
appointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of Spain^
for the purpose of soliciting the infanta in marriage for
Louis XV. After being for some time confidential adviser to
the regent, duke of Orleans, he retired' to his estate, and
passed most of his time in his library, where he read in-
cessantly and forgot nothing. The marshal de Belle-Isle
^ Niceron, vol. lU
S T. S I M O N. 6S
used to say that he was the most interesting and agreeable
dictionary be had ever consulted. At fourscore be enjoyed
all his faculties as perfect as at forty : the precise time o^
his death is hot mentioned, but it appears to have taken
place about 1757. He composed '^ Memoii^ of the reign
of Louis XIV. and the Regency," which consist of a va-
riety of anecdotes relative to the courts of Louis XIV. and
XV. which are told in an elegant style, but his manner is
often sarcastic, although his justice has never been called
in question. M. Anquetil has made this nobleman's me-
moirs the basis of his history of ^' Louis XIV. his Court and
the Regent.^' Some of the editions of these Memoirs have
been mutilated, but the most complete was printed at Stras-
burg, in 1791, 13 vols. 8 vo."
SALDEN (Wzluam), a learned writei' in the sixteenth
century, born at Utrecht, was successively minister of se-
veral churches in Holland, and lastly at the Hague, where
he died in 16d4. .Hi^ most knpwn and valuable works are,
" Otia Theologica,'' 4to, containing dissertations on diffe-
rent subjects, from the Old and New Testament ; '< Con-
cionator Saper,'' 12mo; and ^' De Libris varioque eorum
usu et.abusu,V Amsterdam, 1668, 12mo.'.
SALE (G£ORG£)y a learned Eaglisbman, who died at
London in 1736, was a man who did much service to the
republic of letters, but of his private history we have no
account. He had a hand in the ^' Universal History,"' and
executed the cosmogony and a part of the history follow-
ing. He was also engaged in other publications ; but his
capital work is ^^ The Koran, commonly called the Alcoran
of Mohammed^* translated into English immediately from
the original .Arabic ; with explanatory notes taken from the
most approved commentators. To which is prefixed, a
preliminary Discourse,*' 1734, 4to. The preliminary dis-
course consists of 1S6 pages, and is divided. into eight sec-
tions, which treat of the following particulars: Sect. 1.
'^ Of the Arabs before Mohammed, or, as they express it,
in the 'time of ignorance ;' their history, religion, learning,-
and customs." Sect. 2. *^ Of the state of Christianity, par-
ticularly of the Eastern Churches, and of Judaism, at the
^ time of Mohammed's appearance ; and of the methods
taken by him for establishing his rehgion, and the circum-
stances which concurred thereto." Sect. 3. '^ Of the Ko-
^ Anquetily ubi supra.— Diet. Hist. * Burman Traj. Eradit. — Moreri.
64 8 A L-t£«
ran itself^ the peculiarities of that book, tbe maoiH^ of its
being writteo and published, and tbe general design of it.'*
Sect. 4« ^' Of the doctrines and positive precepts of the
Koran, which relate to futh and religious duties.'* Sect. S.
" Of certain negative precepts in the Koran.** Sect. 6.
*^ Of the institutions of tbe Koran in civil affairs.** Sect.
7. '* Of the noontbs commanded by the Koran to be kept
S9cred, and of the setting apart of Friday for the especial
service of God.'* Sect. 8. " Of the principal sects among
the Mohammedans; and of those who have pretended to
prophesy among the Arabs in or since the time of Moham-
med.*' This preliminary discourse, as should seem, might
deserve to be published separately from the Koran. Mr.
Sale was also one of the membsers of the society fbr the en-
couragement of learning, begua in 1736, but as be died
in that year, could not have eujpyed the promised advan-
tages of it. He was oiie of the authors of the ^^ General
Dictionary," to which w^ so often refer, which includes a
translation . of Bziyle, 10 vols, follo^ Mr. Sale left a son,
who was fellow of New college, Oxford, where be took bis
degree of M. A. in 1756.. He was afterwards a fellow of
Winchester college, in 1765, and died a short time after.*
SALIAN^ or SALLIAN (Jam^s),. a. learned Jesuit of
Avignon, where he was born in 1557^ entered into that
society in 1578, and became anoted tuton He was. after-
wards made rector of the college of Besangon^ and. died at
Parisian. 23, 1640, in the eighty-third year of his' age.
He wrote some pious tracts, but is principally known for
bis <^ Annals of the Old Testament/' published in 161 Si — 24,
6 vols, folio. As this wotk' appeared too voluminous for
geueral use, M«deSponde,. bishop of Paniiers, requested
leave to publish an abridgment in the manner of his abridg-
ment of Baronius ; but Salian> co«s<;iogs how much origi-^
nais suffer by abridgments^ refused this truest with much
politeness; and when induo^ at last to make an abridg-*
meat himself, contrived to do it in such a laaanec as. to
render the original almost indispensable to his readers.' .
SALISBURY (John of), one of the greatest ornaments
of the twelfth centucy^iwas born at Old Sarum, whence he
derived the name of Sa&ISJSURI£nsis^ about 1116. After
he had gone through a course of education in England, he
went to the university of Paris in i 136, and attended upon
> Gent Mag.; seelD^ex. — BosweH's Life of Johusoo. * Moreri.— Alegambe.
S A L I S B U R Y. 65
the lectures of Abelard land ottier masters, with such in-
dustry and success, that he acquired an uncommon share of
knowledge both in philosophy and letters. At an early
period of life, his poverty obliged him to undertake the
office of preceptor ; yet amidst engagements of this kind,
be found leisure to acquire a competent knowledge of dia-
lectics, physics, and morals, as well as an acquaintance
with the Greek, and (what was at that time a rare accom-
plisbment) with the Hebrew, languages. He may justly
be ranked among the first scholars of his age. After many
years had elapsed, he resolved to revisit the companions
of his early studies on Mount St. Genevieve, in order to
Confei* with them on the topics on which they had formerly
disputed. His account of this visit affords a striking pic-
ture of the philosophical character of this age. ^* I found
them,^' says he, *^ the same men, and in the same place ;
Bor had they advanced a single step towards resolving our
antient questions, nor added a single proposition, how-
ever stnati, to their stock of knowledge. Whence 1 in*
ferred, what indeed it was easy to collect, that dialectic
studies, however useful they may be when connected wrth
other branches of learning, are in tbemselven barren and
uselesa.*' Speaking in another place of the philosophers
of his time, be eomplains, that they collected auditors
solely for the ostentation of science, and designedly ren-
dered their discourses obscure, that they might appear
loaded with the mysteries of wisdom ; and that though all
professed to follow Aristotle, they were so ignorant of hisr
true doctrine, that in attempting to explain his meaning,
they often advanced a Platonic notion, or some erroneous
tenet equally distant from the true system of Aristotle and
of Platx>. From these observations, and firom many similar
passaged to be found in his writings, it appears, that John
of Salisbury was aware of the trifling character. both of the
philosoph)^ hnd the philosophers of hts age ; owing, pro-
bably, to the^iinoommon share ofgood sense which he pos-
sessed, a^' well as to the' unusual extent and variety of his
learning. ^ Throughout his writings there are evident traces
of a frttiifoV genius', of sotihd understanding, of various
emdftidn, and, with due allowance for the age in^ which he
Kwd^ : of correct taste,
• At 'Bi« rblurm into 'England', after bis first visit to Paris,
be studi4sd'lh^ clvfl law ondcft V««afius, who taught Witb^
gr^at^^pkube at03^ford4i¥>i449. ' fitabmaeing tb^ monsi*
Vol. XXVIL F
65 8ALISBU R Y;
tic Irfe at Canterbury, he became the diief confidant of
two successive archbishops of that see, Theobald and
Tbonias a Becket. To the last of these he dedicnted his
celebrated work " Polycraticon, or De nugis curialiiim, et
vestigiis philosophorum/* a very curious and valuable mo*
nuoient of the literature of bis times. Although he did
not approve some p^rt of the conduct of Becket, he sub-
mitted to Henry the Second^s sentence of banishment, and-
remained in exile for seven years, rather than give up the
•party of the archbishop, which was the condition on wbich^
he might have been permitted to return. In negotiating
Becket's affairs, he performed no less than ten jour|[i4^».
into Italy. In one of these journeys, he obtained familiar
uitercourse witti pope Adrian IV. his countryman, who.
having asked him what the world said of bitn and of the:^
Roman church, John returned such an answer as might?
have been, e^ipected from the boldest of the reformers' in>
the sixteenth centcrry, telUng his holiness, among other-
thi^igs, that the world 6aid, ** the pope liimseM^ was a bUr*>
then to Christendom which is scarcely to be borne." The
whole of this curious dialogue may be seen. in the fM>rk'
above mentioned, *
At length he was permitted to return to England in 1171, «
9nd was a spectator of the murder of Us friend Becket,
from whom he endeavoured to ward off one of the bhiWs,<
and received it on bis arm, which was seriously hurt. In
1172 be was promoted to the French bishopric of Char*
tres, in the province of Sens, which he held ten years,
dying in 1182. He composed many other works besides
the *' Polycraticon," whibh is written in a plain concise
style, and is an excellent treatise upon the employmems^^
occupations, duties, virtues, and vices, of great men, tod^
contains a number of moral reflections, passages from au«
thors, examples, apologues, pieces of history, and eom-<
ii)on-pIaces. His familiar acquaintance with the classics
aj>pears, not only from the happy facility of his ianguage^^
but from the many citations of the purest Roman authors^
with which his wor^ are perpetually inteilqpersed. . Mom-
£lucon says, that some part of the supplement to Petronios,)
{|iib)ished as a genuine and valuable discovery a few yetfra
ago, but since supposed to l^e spurious, is quoted in the^
^^ Potg^QnatlciMi." It was pul;^iisbed at Paris in 1519, and
at Ley den lo li693. Sire; and a French translation of it»,
entitled *< Les Vanitez de la^^r/' at Pari^» 1640^ in*4tOjH
• » rfk » Jt . ^ ^
S A L I S B U H Y. 67
with a: life of the HUtbor prefixed. Among his othtv inror^
ftre a volume of /^ Letters/^ published, at Paris in 1611^
for which bis stjle seems best adapted^ anfl^bis corre-
spondents were some of the first personages of the ase*
Their cooteots, as detailing important occurrences, are in-
terestingy and their ti^rn of expression sometimes elegant.
Another of his works was a learned defence of grarpmar,
riietoric, and logic, against one whom he calls pornificius,
which cqntains a most curious account of tlie state of these
vciences at this period. '
SALISBURY, or SALESBURV (William), a Welsh'
aoiiqoary, was born of an ancient family in Denbighshire,
and studied for some time at Oxford, ,wb,ence he removed
to Thaives-Inn, London. Here he applied to the law, but
does not appear to have risen to any eminence, as Wood
speaks of himi as living in bis latter days ii> the house of
a bookselier in St. Paul's church-yard. His principal ob-
ject appears to have been the cultivation of the Welsh
laof^uage, askd the translation into it of the Bible, &c. It
)voald appear that queen Elizabeth gave him a patent, for
seven years, for printing in A^elsh th^ Bible, Common-
Prayer, and ^* Administration of the Sacraments/' Hp
compiled ^^A Qictipoary in. .j^pgUsh and Welsh," Lond.
1547, 4to. ' *>.A Littl/s Xireatise pf the English pronunci- .
atiou of the Letters." ^^^pl^n apd familiar introduction'*
to tbe^ame, Lopd. 1350, 4tQ. <* 9attery of the Pope's
Botterepix,. commonly csdjied t;he High- Altar," ibid. i550|^
8vo. *< The Laws of Howell Dha." " A Welsh Eheto-
rick," revised, enlarged, &c. by Henry Perry, B. D.
The period of his death is uncertain, but ho was living in
i5«.,« ',..-.:"
SALISBURY. See CECIL.
S4LL£NCK^ (Albert H^nry de), an ingenious and
laborious writer^ was born at the Hague in 1694. His
father was receiver-general of Walloon Flanders, and of
aa ancient and considerable family. He was'educated with-
great care, and sent at a pi*oper age to Leyden ; where he
studied history., iinder Perjzonius, philosophy under Bet*
nard, and law under Voetius and Noodt. Having finished
his academical studies with honour, he returned to his pa-
vers.at the Hague, and was admitted an advocate in the
' , • • .•
— lBerrtogtiMi>9^t^aiy History of the MMdie
^ ath. Os. XMW edit. vol. L
F2
«&
S A L L E N G R E.
court of Holland After the peace of Utrecht in 171 3, be
went to France ; ^nd spent some time at Paris in vifitiiig
libraries, and in cultivating friendships with learned men^
In 1716, he was made counsellor to the princess of Nas-
sau ;>«nd, the year a/ter, commissary of the finances of
the States General. He went again to France in 1717;
and two years after to England, where he was elected fel-
low of the Royal Society, in the list of which he is called
*• Auditor-Surveyor of the Bank of Holland.'* He was au-
• thor of several publications, which shewed parts, learning,
and industry ; and without doubt woilld, if he had lived,
have been of great use and ornament to the republic of
letters'; btit, catphing the smalUpox, he died in 1725, in
his thiitieth year.
He was for some time editor of the ^^ Literary Journal,'*
which began at the Hague in 1713. His pait eonsists of
four volumes, 1715 — 1717, The eontimKition waa by
Desmolets and Gouget. In 1714, he published ** L'Elog^
dei'Yvresse,^' a piece of much spirit and gaiety <; in 1715,
^* Histoire de Pierre de Montmaur,'' 2 vols. Svo, a collec-
tion of all the pieces written against that sHigubrchavac-
t&vK In 1716, '< Commentaires sur les Epitres d'Ovide
par M. de Meziriac,'* with a discourse upon the lifeand
works of Meziriac ; the same year, <^ t^o^si'es de M» de la
Monnoye;*Mn 1716^ 1718, 171&I ^^NovusTbesaurus Anti-
quitatuhi tlomanarum," a Supplement to Gravius'a co)-
' lection, in *Z vols, folio; in 1718, '^Huetti de rebus ad
* PettT de MoDtmatir was a Jesuit
f)f the ^ev^at^enib century, nho was
sent ID early life by bis order to Rome,
aud there be tao^bt grammar w!thcre«
dit during tbree years. He afterwarcfs
' \th tt)e, Jesuits, and set tip as a drug-
' fist at Avignohi wbicb situation proredf
vefy profitable to bim» Than^oing ta
. Paf is, |ie ^attend^d the bar, wbich he
quitted to devote himself to poetry,
displaying bis taste chiefly in- ana-
^ grsnas, and puns. This did not, bQw-
, ^yer, jpreyeu^ his succeeding Ooulu as
regius professor of Oreek, from whence
-he was sunrmimedMontmaur the Grebiaiw
> liis eon^taqt pfaotice i^as to ridicule
, m^ , of learning by satires ahd sar-
^catmis; freqiieDtiy making aUmtons- 1»
their names, taken fromi Greek and
'l4iii«, which Vert! tailed MoJatiqauir-
kms. Hence a warfare .«esnn««c«4
whiehdoas not appear to kave re*
dpuoded much to the cieifit of f itbfr
party» Among other expedientH they
accused Montm'aur of having killed the
porter of the college of Boncourt, on
which he was seht to prison^ a^nd scarce
cleared of this imaginary crime, befora
they accused him of tothers more iofa-
moas* Varioi)^ attfmpta we^e also
made to render him ridiculous. ' Me-
nage set the fiisbion by a fictitious
** Life of Monttnaur,** mblch he poh-
liahed in Latin, 1636, under the toame
of " G argil lus Mamurra.'* Others fol-
lowed his' example,, and |f. de Sallen-
gre publiahed tlie work ^boye-mtn..
tioned, which forms a curious and ea-^
tertainihg <^ollection. Moptioaar wftt
certatnlji a^badjpoct, but in other re-
spects was not so despicable «s most
authors repreietit him. Ut 4it4 im
X^^», 9(f«ifev«^rr«Mif.
S A L i, E IS G-R E. 69
enm pertinentibus Coaiinentarius,*' with a preface written
hff biiDseif. About the time of his death he was engaged
io writiog '< A History of the United Provinces from 1609,
to the conclusion of the peace of Munster in 164S/' which
was published at the Hague in 1728, with this title, <<£s-»
sai d'une Histoire des Provinces Unies pour Tann^e 1621,
ou la Treve finit, et le Guerre recommence avec TEs-
pagne/* 4to. *
SALLO (Denis de), a French writer, the first projector
of literary journals, was descended from an ancient and .
noble family, and born at Paris in 1626. During his edu-
cation, he gave no proofs of precocious talent, and afforded
little hope of much progress in letters or science. But this,
seems to have been the effect rather of indolence than in-
capacity, for he afterwards became an accomplished Greek;
and Latin scholar, and maintained public theses in philoso-
phy with the greatest applause. He then studied* the law,
and was admitted a counsellor in the parliament of Paris in
1652. This, however, did not seem so much to his taste
as general imjuiries into literary history and knowledge^
and desultory reading. It is said that he occasionally
perused all kinds of books, made curious researches, and
kept a person always near him to take down his reflections,,
and to make abstracts. In 1664, he formed the project of
the/' Journal des ^gavans;'* and, the year following, be-
gan to publish it under the name of Sieur de Hedouville,
which was that of his valet de chambre ; but the severity of
his censures gave offence to many who were able to make,
reprisals. Menage's ^* Amoenitates Juris Civilis'' was one
%of the first of those works which fell under Sallows cogni-
zance, and his mode of treating it provoked Menage to
return his abuse with equal severity in his preface to the
works of Malherbe, printed in 1666. Charles Patin'a
** Introduction a la connoissance des M^dailles*' was ano-
ther work with which he made free, and incurred a severe
retaliation. This warfare soon proved too much for his
courage; and therefore, after having published his third
journal, he turned the work over to the Abb£ Gallois, who
dropped all criticism, and merely gave titles and extracts.
The plan^ however, in one shape or other, was soon adopt-
ed iti most parts of Europe, and continues until this day,
whether with real advantage to literature, has never been
A Niceron^ volt. !• and ;S.— Moifri*
70 S A L t O.
folly discussed. Voltiaire, after mentioning Sallo as the in-
ventor of this kind of writing, says, with a justice appl^
cable in our" own days, that Sallows attempt " was after*
wat'ds dishonoured by other journals, which were published
at the desire of avaricious booksellers, and written by ob-
scure men, who filled them with erroneous extracts, f6Hies,
and lies. Things,** he adds, " are come to that pass, that
praise.and censure are all made a public traffic, especfatly
in periodical papers ; and letters have fallen into disgrace
by the management and conduct of these infamous scrib*
bliers.** On the pther hand, the advantages arising froth
such journals, when under the management of men of can-
dour and independence, will scarcely admit of a doubt.
Sallo died in 1669; and, although be published a piece or
two^of his own, yet is now remembered only for his plan
of a literary journal, or review.'
SAIXUSTiUS (Gaius Grispus), sfn eminent Rotnart
historian, was born at Amiternum in 8^ B. C. The rank
of his ancestors is iincertain, but from some circumstances
in his writings, it is not improbable that his family was
plebeian. Having passed bis more early years at bis native
town, he was removed to Kome, where he bad the advan-
tage of profiting by the lessons of Atticus Pratextatu^,
surnamed Philologus, a grammarian and rhetoriciai^ of
great celebrity. Under this teacher be applied to learning
^yith diligence, and made uncommon progress. It appears
that he had turned his thoughts in his younger days to the
writing of history, for which he had unquestionably great
talents ; but, as he himself intimates' in bis preface to the
history of Catiline^s conspiracy, he was diverted fr6m this
pursuit by the workings of ambition. His ^arly life too,
appears to have been stained by vice, which the gross enor-
mities of his more advanced years render highly probable.
In this respect he has found an able advocate in his late
learned translator and commentator; but although Dr.
Steuart's researches have removed some part of the rii-
proaches of ancient authors^ enough remains to shew that
Sallust partook largely of the corruption of the age in
tvhicb he lived, and added to it by bis own example. The
istory of bis having been detected in an adulterous inter-
course with the wife of Milo, who, after a severe whipping,
iliade him pay a handsome sum of money, may rest upon
I NiceroD, vol. IX.— Moieri.
S A L t U S T I U S; 7i
Httle aiitbority, at may be altogether discarded as a fiction,
l^ot the. general conduct of Sallust shows that the noble
sentiments in his works bad no influence on bis conduct.
He appears to have been advanced to the office of quaes*
tor in the year of Rome 693, and in 701 was made tri«.
bune.of the people. It was now that he employed all the
arts of Action to inflame the minds of the people against
Milo, the murderer of Clodi us; and those biographers 'wbd
admit the fact of his being disgraced by Milo, as we bav^
above related, impute. to him motives of revenge only; and
he. was equally industrious in raising a clamour against
Cicero, in order to deter bim from pleading Milo's cause.
In 70S be was expelled the senate by the then censors,
Appiua Claiadkis and Calphurnius Piso, on account of bis
profligacy, hnt restored in the following year by' Julius
Caesar, and was likewise made quaestor, an oJBce wliich
beemployed in aceumulating riches by ievery corrupt mea^
lure. During Cassar^s second dictatorship he was made
praetor, and when Caesar went into Africa^ with part of his
army,: be took Sallust with htm, who performed some im-
porxant services, in return for which Caesar made him go-
vernor of Numidia. It is here that bis public character
appears most atrocious and indefensible, fie seems to
have considered this province as a fund destined to the im-
provement of bis private fortune, and plundered it in the
most inboman manner. In vain did tbe oppressed Numi*
dians -exclaim against his rapacity, and commence a prose*^
.GUtion against him. His wealth was a sufficient guard
agaia9t tbe arm of jiistioe, and by sharing with Caesar a
.part of the i^ils, he easily baiBed all inquiry into his pfo*
viitcial administration^ On bis return, laden with fhis
wealiSi, be purchased a country bouse at Tivoli, and one
of tbe noblest dwellings in Rome on the Quirinal mount;
with beautiful gardens, which to this day are called the
.gardens of Sallust. In this situation it is supposed that he
wrote his account of ^^ Cat^liue^s conspiracy," and the
f* Jugurthine war,'* and that larger history, the loss of
,wbicb there is so much reason to deplore. He died at tbe
'^9^ of fifiy-one, Q. C. 35. Having no children of:bis
<Miif% bi^ ample possessions passed to the grandson of his
jAst^; and the family flourished, with undiminished splen-
4oiit*, to a late aera of the Roman empre.
Whatever objections may be made to Sallust's character
as amani he has ever been justly admired as a historian.
7« 8 A t I, U S T I V »•
He U equally perspicuous and instiluctive : lus style is ^aV
ah^ nexvousy bis descriplion^, rieflectionsy speeches, and
ch9.racter8y all sbevtr the hand of a master. Biiit bis paurtia*
lity may be blamed with equal justice, and even soQ[ia of
bis most virtuous sentiments and bitter invectives agaiiwt
corruption in public, men .may be traced rather to party
spirit, than to a genuine abhorrence of corruption, wbicb^
indeed, in one who bad practised it so extensively, coul4
not be expected, unless the result of a penitence we no
where read of. His attachment to Caasar, and bis di&re«
spect for Cicero, are two glaring defects in bis merit as a
faithful historian^
. Of Sallust there are many excellent editions* His worka
were first printed at Venice, in 1470, and reprinted thirty,
times, before the conclusion of that century, but tbesd
editions are of gr^tat rarity. The best of the more modem
are the Aldus of i521, 8vo, the Variorum of 1690, Svo,
Wasse's excellent edition, printed. at Cambridge in 1710^
4to; Cortius's edition,. 1724, 4to; Havercamp's, J 742,
2 vols. 4to; the prize edition of Edinburgh, . 1753, 12ma;
the fiipont, 1779, bvo^ that very accurate one by Mr,
Homer, Lond. 1789, 8vo; and one by Uarles, J799, BvQ»
The late Dr. Rose of Chiswick, published a very eorrect
translation of Salhist in 1751, 8vo, with Cicero's Four
Orations against Catiline ; and more recently Sallust baa
found a translator, and an acute and learned commentator
and advocate, iu Henry Steuart, LL,D. F. R. S. and S. A.EL
Hvho published ini 1806,. in, 2 vols. 4to, ** The Works of
£allust. To which, are prefixed, two Essays on the Life»
literary character, and writings of the historian ; with
' notes historical, bjographicaJ, ,and critical.'^ '
SALMASIUS, or SAUMAiSE (Claude), one of tim
post learned men of the seventeenth century, and wbom
JBaillet has with great propriety classed among his *' £n£uis
celebres par les etudes,*' was born at Semur-en-Auxois, in
Burgundy.. His family . was ancient aud noble, and bis fa«
Iber, an eminent lawyer, and a member of tl>e f^rliament
of Burgnnd}', was. a man of worth and learning. Respect*'
ing the time of his birth, all his bio&^raphers diffen Peter*
Burman,. who has compared their differences, justly thkika
it very strange that so many persons who were bis eontani-^
poraries and knew him intimately, should not b»veaseer««
> Life by Dr. Steuart,— and by Dr. Host .— Dibdin't ClaisiCi.
S A L M A S I U S. IS
ibrittted^e etCBct dales either of his birtfa or death. The
foroier^ boweveri we presooae may be fixed either in 1 593
or 4694; He was educated at first solely by bis fatberi
wfao'taoght hion Latin and Greek with astonishing saccess.
Attbe jage of ten he wa:> able to trknslate Pindar very cor-^
rectly, and wrote Greek and Latin verses. At the age of
eleven, bii father wished to send him for farther education'
tatbeJesotts'* college at EHjon, not to board there,' but to
attend tessons twice a day, and'icDprove tlieni at hit lodg^
ings. Inthis scheme^ however, he was disappointed. His
Hiotbery who w^as a procestaiit, had not only inspired Claude ^
with a hatred of. the Jesnits, but encouraged him to write
satires against the order, which he did both in Greek abd
Latin, and entertained indeed tiiroughont life the same
aversion to them. Having refused therefore to comply
with bis father's request in this respect, his mother proposed
to. send him to Paris, where her secret wish was that he
should be confirmed in her religion. This being complied
with, he soon formed an acquaintance with Casaubon and
some other learned men in that metropolis, who were astor
nished to find sdeh talents and . erudition in a mere boy.
During his residence here he conversed much with the
clergy ^f the reformed cfaurchj and being at length deter-
milled to mdie an open aVdwal of bis attachment to protes-
tantism, he ai^ed leave of his father to go to Heideibergi
partly that he: might apply to the study of the law, but
prilictpaliy f but be might be more at his freedom in reli-
{[ious matters. Baillet calls this a trick of his new precep-
tors, who willed to persuade Salmasiiis^s fatbier that Paris,
with respect to the study of the \Mi^ was not equal to Hei««
delberg, where was the celebrated Oenis Godefroi^ and an
exeellent library.
Salnmsios^s father hesitated long about thta proposition.
As yet be did not know that his son n^ai so far gone in a
thsmge of religion, but still did not choose that he ahould
be eent to a place which swarmed with protestants. He
therefore wished his son would prefer Tbuloose, where
were at that time aome eminent law professors; but
Claude refused, and some unpleasant correspondence took
plaee between the father and the son, as appeatis by the
words in ^hich^the former at lait granted bis permission—*
^ Go tben^ I wiih to «how how much more I am of an in-
dulgent father than you are of aU. obedient son.*^ The son
indeed in this manifested a little of that conceit and arro«
T4 S A UM A 5 1 US.
gance which sppwred in' many instances in his fotilre life,
and unmoved by the kindness be bad just received^ refused to
%mfe\ by the way of Dijon, as his fether desired, but joined
some merchants who were going to Francfort fiiir, and ar-
rived at Heidelberg in Oct. 1606, or rather 1607, when
he was only in his .-fourteenth year. Whatever may be
thought of his temper, we need no other proof that he wa8>
•ne of the most extraordinary youths of this age that the
world ever knew, than the letters addressed to him at this
time . by Jungerman and others on topics of philology.
They afford an idea of Us eruditi<Mi, says Burman, wbiefa
could only be heightened by the production of his answevs.
To Heideft>^g he brought letters of recommendation
from Gasaubon, which introduced him to Godefroi, Gruter,
and Lingelsheim, and. his uncommon merit soon improved
this into an intimacy. Under Godefroi he applied to the
BiuAy of civil'law with that intenseness with which he ap-
plied to every thing, but as he now had an opportunity of
indulging his taste for the belles lettres, and was admitted
to make researches among the treasures of the Palatine li«»
brary, he spent much of bis time here, abridging' hims^f
even of sleep. By such extraordinary diligence, he accu-
SDuli^ted a vast fund of general knowledge, but in some
measure injured his health, and bfooght on an illness which
laaled above a year, and from which he recovered with diU
ficulty. ' i
. With an insatiable thirst for knowledge, Salma^«ts had
an early and strong passion for fame. He commenced au-
thor when between sixteen and seventeen years of age, by
publishing^ aa edition of ^' Nili, archiepiscopi Tbessaloni-*
Csensis, de primatu papie Romani, libri duo, item Barlaam
monacbus, cum interpretatione Latina : CI. Salmasii opera
Qt studio, cam' qusdem in utrumque notis," Hanover, 160S,
and Heidelberg, 1608 and 16 IS, 8vo. By this publicatioa
against the authority :of the pope, he seemed determined
to make a more public avowal of his sentiments than be had
yet done, and to shew his zeal for the protestants, by coiik
secrating bis first labours as an author to their service. In
1609 appeared his edition of << Floras,'' printed at Pari%
Svo, and dedicated to Gruter, whose notes are given along
with those of Sahnasius. This was reprinted in 1636, and
in 1638, to which last be added << Lucii Ampelii libelhis
memorialis ad Macrinum,'' which bad never before ap*
peured*
S A L M A ff I U S. 15
: In 1^10, he returned, home and was admtHed ao adro-*
eate, but bad no intention to follow: that profession, and*
preferred lileratare and criticism as the sole empioynient
of his life, and derived the highest reputation thateradi*
tion can confer. Such was hb reputation, that he began
to be courted by foreign princes, and universities. The
Venetians thought his residence apnong them would be such*
an honour, .that they offered him a prodigious stipend ; aad^
with this condition, that he should not be obliged to read
lectures above three times a year. We are tok), that our
university of Oxford made some . attempts to get him over
into Engiaod ; and it is certain, that the pope made similar,
overtures, though Salmasius bad not only .deserted. his re-
ligion, and renounced his authority, but had actiiaily writ*
ten against the papacy itself. He withstood,. ^ however, all
these solicitations ; but at last, in 1632, complied .with an
inntation from Holland, and went with his wife^ whom he
had married in 1621, to Leyden. He did not go there to
be professor, or honorary professor; but, as Vorstius in hisi
*^ Funeral Oration^' expresses it,, *< to honour the university*'
by his name, his writings, and his presence.*'
Upon the death of bis fath^, in. 1640^ he returned for
a time into France ; and, on going to Paris, wasmuchca-
ressed by cardinal Richelieu, who. used all possible means
to detain . him, and even offered him his own terms ; but
could not prevail. The obligation he had to the States of
Holland, the love of freedom and independence, and the
necessity of a privileged plaee, in order to publish such
^ings as he was then meditating, were the reasons .whioh
enabled him to withstand the cardinal. Salmasius also re«
fused the large pension, which the cardinal offered bim^
to write his history, because in such a work he thought he
must either ^ive offencoy or advance.many, things contrary
to his own principles, and to truth. Wbiletllewas in Bor^
gundy.to settle family affiEiirs, the cardinal died, and was
succeeded by Maeariu, who, upon our authpf a retora to
Paris^ honoured him with the same solitcitations as his vpro)*
decessor haddoiie. Salmaaius, however, declined this of*
fers, and after about three years absence, returned to HoU
iand : whence, though attempts were afterwards made to
drawfhim back to France, it does not appear; that he ever
entertained the least thought of removing. In the summer
of 1650^ he went to Sweden, to pay queen. Cbrislina a
y'mt, with whom be continued, till the summ^ fodlowkig.
76' S A L M A S I U S.
Tbe recepiion aii^ treatment he met witb^^s it is desdribed
by the writer of his life, is very characteristic of that ex-
traordinary patroness of learned men. '* She performed
for him all offices,*' says he, '< which conld have been ex-
pected even irom an equal. She ordered him to choose
apartments in her palace, for the sake of having him with
her, ' ut lateri adhsBreret,' whenever she would. But Sal-
masius was almost always ill while he stayed in Sweden,
the clioiate being more than his constitution could bear : at
whicb seasons tbe queen would come to tbe &ide of his bed,
hold long discourses with him upon subjects of the highest
concern, and, without any soul present, but with the doors
ail shut, would mend his fire, and do other necessary of-=
fices for Jiim.^ She soon, however, changed her mind
with regard to Salmasius, and praised his antagonist MiU
ion, with whom his celebrated controversy had now begun.
After tbe murder of Charles I., Charles II., now in Hoi-
land, employed Salmasius to write a defence of his father
and of monarchy. Salmasius, says Johnson, was lit this
time a man of skill in languages, knowledge of antiquity,'
and sagacity of emendatory criticism, almost exceeding ail
hope of human attainment; and having, by excessive
praises, been confirmed in great confidence of himself,
though he probably had not much considered the priniciples
erf society or the rights of government, undertook the em-
ployment without distrust of his own qualifications, and, as
his expedition in writing was wonderful, produced in 1649
his ^^ Defensio Regia pro Carolo I. ad Serenissimum Mag-
nte Britannia^ Regem Carolum II. filium nato majorem,
baeredem et successorem legitimom. Sumptibus Regiis,
anno 164^9 .'* Milton, as we have noticed in his life, was
employed, by the Powers then prevailing, to answer this
book of Salmasius, and to obviate the prejudices which
ibe reputation'of his great abilities and learning might raise
against their cause; and he accordingly published in 1651^
a Latin work, entitled ** Defensio pro Popul6 Anglicano
co&tra Claudii Salmasii Defensionem R^iam." Of these
two works Hobbes declared himself unable to decide whose
language was best, or whose arguments were worst, he
might have added, or who was most to blame for scurrility
and personal abuse. Dr. Johnsoli remarks, that Salmasiua
had been so long not only the monarch, but the tyrant of
literature, that almost all mankind were delighted to find
him defied atttf insulted by a new name, not yet considered
S A t M A S I U a. .77
jtt.any one^sVivaL Tbere is no proof, faoweirer, that S
xsasjus's geoeml reputation suifered much from a contest in
whicb be bad not employed the powers wbieh be was ac-
knowledged to possess. His misfortune wits to treat of
.subjects whicb be bad not much studied, and any repulse
to a man so accustomed to admiration, must bave been very
galling. He therefore prepared a reply to Milton, but did
not live to finish it, nor did it appear until, published by his
,son in the year, of the restoration, when the subject, in
.England at least, was no longer fit for discussion. . He
died at the Spa, Sept* 3, .1653, in consequence of an im-
prudent use of the waters; hut as be had reproached Mil-
.toQ with losiug his eyes io tbeir contest, Milton delighted
himself with the belief that he had shortened Salmasius^;^
life. Nothing, however, can be more absurd, if any cre-
dit is to be given to the account which Salmasius's bipgra-
pherp Clement, gives of bis feeble constitution^ and long
illness.
Salmasius, Dr. Johnson has observed, was not only the
monarch, but the tyrant of litera^ture, and it must he alr
lowed that although he had few, if any equals, in extent
of erudition, and therefore little cause of jealousy, be was
impatient of contradiction, and arrogaoiit and supercilious
to those who differed from him in opinion. But bet nvust
have h^d qualities to balaace theae imperfections, before he
could have attained thie very high clu^acter given by the
ipcist learbed men of bis age, by Casaubon, by Hueuus^ by^
Qronovius, by Scioppius, by our Seldeu, by Grotius,
Gruter^i Balzac, Menage, Samvius, Vor^ius, &c. &c. &e.
Those wl^o. have ccitically examined his writiqgs attribute
the impexCeotions occasionally to be found in tbem to the
hasty. j»a«iie|c in which he wrote, >aod a certain hurry and
inipetuosijty of temper when be. took up any subject whicb
engaged. his attenAioe* Gronotius, seems to. think that he
was.sometin^es overwhelmed with the vastness of his erut-
dtlion, . wd knew not bow . to restrain his pen. Hence,
Gjronovius adds, we find so many contradictions in his
mirka, for he employed no ajoaanueiisis, ^d was averse to
the task of revision.
Of bis aume/oua works* we may notice as the moat va-
luable^ 1. ^^ Amict^ ad. amicumii de suburbicariis regionib»a
et ecclesiis suburbicariis, epistola,^' 1619, 8vo, reprinted
more correctly at the end of his epistles in 1G56. Tbi^
was written in consequence of a dispute between Godefroi
7S SAL MA &tV 9,
and fatber Sirmoodv 2. ^' Historise Aiigustfl^' tfcr^ptofM
sex/' Paris^ 1620, fol. 3. '< Sept. Flarentis TerttiHiain
bber de Pallio/* ibid* 1622, Svo, and Leyden, 165G, Sv6.
This involved him in a controversy with Denis Petau, to
whom he published two answers. 4. ^* Piinianr exercita^
tiones in Caii Julii S6lini Poly hist'' &c. ibid. 1629^^ 2 vols,
fol. and Utrecht) 1689, which last edition has another work
edited by Saumaise, *^ De homonymis Hiles iatricse eser-^
citationes ineditae," &c. 5. ** De Usuris/' Leyden, 16S8^
8vov -6. ^^Notae in pervigilium Veneris/' ibid. 1638, 12mo.
7. <^De modo usuranim/' ibid. 1639, Svc 8. '^Disser-
tatio de foenore trapezitieo, in tres libros divlsa,*' ibid. 1640.
9. ** SimpHcii commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti,'' &e.
ibid. 1640, 4to, and Utrecht, 1711. 10. << Achillis Tatii
Alexandrini Eroticon de Clitopbontis et Leueippes amori*
bus, iibri octo,** ibid. 1640, 12mo. 11. ^Mnterpretatio
Hippocratis apborismi 69, sect. iv. de calcolo," &c. ibid.
1640, 8vo. 12. *' De Hellenistica : commentarius contro-
versiam de tiftgaa bellenistica deetdens, et plenissime per-
tractans origines et dialecticos Grsstas linguas," Leydcfrf,
1645. iSv ** Obsenratfones in jus Atticum et Romanum,''
ibid. 1645, 8vo^ &c. &ci with many others on various sub-
jects of philosophy, law, and criticism. A collection ^
bis letters was- published soon after his death byAutoiij^
Clement, 4to, with a life of the author, but many others
are to be found in variotis collections.^
SALMON-(Framgis), a learned doctor and librarian ^
the bouse and society of the Sorbonne, was born of an
opulent family at Paris, in 1677.- He waswell acquainted
wkh itae learned languages, psrticuhtriy Heb? ew, possessed
great literary knowledge^ and discovered much aiiectiotk
for young persons who were fond of study, encMumging
them by his example and advke,'and taking pleattofein
lending them his books. He died suddenly at his country
bouse, at Chaitlot, near Pftris, Sept. 9, 1736, aged fifhr-
nine^ He. published a very useful work illustimcive or a
part of ecclesiastical history, entitled ^ Trait6 de Tetnde
des Conciles,*' with an account of the principal- authors and
works, ^best editions, &c. upon the subject of coonoils^
Paris, 1724, 4to. This has been translated into German,
•and printed at Leipsic, in 1729. He intendedalioto have
. '• *.'.'■♦
> Life by Cleiaent.— Baillet Jagemens.*— Bloaat's Censuis**— MorerU— Bur*
mao's *'Syllo5e."<^Sasii Onomaiticon.
SALMON. 3f
given 'a supplement to <^ Father Labbe*s CoUeotioti of Conn <*
cils^^' : and an ^* Index Sorbonicus,^' or alphabetical library^
in which was^ tobegiv^i, under the namcfs of the respective
authors^ their acts, lives, chronicles, bistones, books, trea«
tiaes, bnlls^ &c. but did not live to oomplete either.* . •
SALMON (Nathaniel), anEoglish antiquary,, was the
aen of the rev. Thomaa Salmon^) M. A. rectpr of Mepsali in
Bedfordahire, by a daughter of the notorious serjeant Brad<^
sha:w. He was admitted of BeoeH college, Cambridigey
June i 1, 1'690, where his tutors were dean Moss and arch*
deacpo Lunn, and took the degree of LL. B. in 1695. Soon
aiievrhe went intO: orders, and , was for scune time curate of
Westmill in. Hertfordshire; but^ although he liad taken
the oaths to king William, be had so many scruples against
taking:«them to his successor, queen Anne^, that he became
e^litatnted to resign the. clerical profession, and with it a
living of. IWL per annum, offered bim in Suffolk. He thea
applied himself to. the study. of -physic, which he practised
first at St. Ives in Huntingdonshire, and afterwards at Bi*
sbq^. Stortfiord^ in the county of Hertford*, His leisure
tioie aqppears to have been employed in studying the hbtoiy
and ajitiquitiesof his country, on which, subjects he pub*
liidiedy 1. ^< A Survey of the Roman Antiquities in the Mid*
land Coualies in England,'^ 1786, 8va 2. i%A Survey of
the Rpmanv Stations in Britain, aocordtng to the Roman
Itinerary 2" 1721, 8vo. 3. ^<The Histoiyof.Hertfordshii^^
descvibing .the county and its.ancient monuments, particu*
lady tbier Roman, with tbe characters of those that have
hMn tknet chief ppssesscMs of the lands, and an account of
llw XQoat imemorable occ»irreAoes/' I728» folio. This was
dfmigned as a. continuation of Gbauncey's History, and was
d^tf3saledL>tQ tbe earl pf Hertford. 4. ^* The Lives of -the
liii^UtthBishops from the Restoration to \he Revolution, fit
t^i^be .opposed to tbe. Aspersions of some late Writers of
SJeeret jUi^tory," 17$3, a work which we have occasionally
found, very useful, although the author^s prejudices, in
Sfsme induces,. appear rather strong. 5. ^<A Survey of
the/Roman Stations in England," 173i, (an improved edi<>*
tion. probably of the first two works above mentioned) 2
Yeb«vd ve* ^ ^. ^ The Antiquities of Surrey^ collected from
tbe: 0iost micient records, add dedicated to Sir John Eve*
lyni bart» with some . Account . of the Present State and
. . • • •
* Moreri.— Pict Hi>t.
•O SALMON:
Natural History of the County/* 1 736, 8tq. 7* ^ The His**
(ory and Antiquities of Essex, from the Collections of Mr«
Strangeman,*^ in folio, with soone notes and luiditions of
hb own ; but death put a stop to thitf work, when he bad
gone through about two thirds of the county; so that the
hundreds of Chelmsford, Hinkford, Lexden, Tendrlng,
and Tburstable, were left unfinished.
Mr. Salmon died April 2, 1742, leaving three daughters.
His elder brother, Thomas, honoured with the name of
the historiographer, is said to have died in 1743, but most
have b6en livlncr some years after this, when he published
bis account of Cambridge, &c. Mr. Cole says, <^ he ivas
brought up to no learued profession, yet had no small turn
for writing, as his many productions shew, most of whtdi
w^e written when be resided at Cambridge, where at last
he kept a coffee-house, but^ not having sufficient custom,
removed to London.^^ He told Mr. Cole tbat h^ had been
much at sea, and had resided in both Indies for some, tiipe.
His best known publication, and that is not much known
now, is hia ^^ Modern History, or Present State of all |>fa«
Ijons,^ published in many volumes, 8vo, about 1731, &c«
and re^ published, if we mistake not, in 3 vols, folio, from
which it was afterwards abridged in 2 vols, and long conti-
nued to be published under various fictitious names* Ha
wrote also *^ Considerations on the k\\\ for a general natu**
ralization,as it may conduce to the. imiprovement ^f oar
manufactures and traffic, and to the stnengthening or eri*
dangering of the constitution, eKemplified in the revolu-
tions that have happened in this kingdom, by inviting over
foreigners to settle among us. With an (nquiiy into the
nature of the British constitution, atid die freedom orser-
^tude of the lower class of people, in the several' changes
it has undergone^" Lend. 1748, 8va '< I'he Foreigner's
Companion through the universities of Oxford and Canoi'*
bridge, and the adjacent counties, describing the several
colleges aiid other public buildings, with an account of their
respective founders, benefactors, bishops, and other emi*
neiit men educated in then),'* ibid. 1748, 8vo. This title
ttre( give from Cole, as we have not seen the work» Pievt«*
ousiy. to this, Mr. Salmon intended to write ^' The present
state of the Universides, and of the five adjacctfit: ooundes
of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Bedford, Bocks^ and Oxibid/*
but published only the first volume, 1744, 8vo, which con-
tains the history of Oxford, county and university. To
is X t Al 0 JJ; »i
tHts afe added some shrewd remarks on universrty ddlica-*
tion, and a college life, with the cxpences attending it*
In the preface he speaks of a " Greneral Description of En-*
giand, and particularly of London the metropolis," in 2
Vbls. which he had published. His name is also, to a ** Geo-
graphical Grammar,^' an ** Examination of Burnet's History
of his own Tinies,** and other works. The " New Histori-
cal account of St. George for England, and the original of
this order,** Lond. J 704, is ascribed by Mr. Gough to
Mr. Tfabmas Salmon, the father, who, it may noiv be meifl- •
tioned, was distinguished as a musical theorist^ and wrota '
** An Essay to the Advancement of Music, by casting away
the Perplexity of different Cliffs ; and uniting all sorts of-
Music, Lute, Viols, Violins, Organ, Harpsichord, Voices '
^c. in one universal Character, by Thomas Salmon,* ArM. '
of Tfinity College, Oxford,*' London, 167J^. This book,
bays Dr. Burney, "is well written, and/ though very illl- •
berally treated by Lock, Play ford,' and some oiher profes-^
sors, contains nothing that is either absurd or impracticable;
tior could we discover any solid objection to its doctrines
bieing adopted, besides the effect it would have upon old
music, by soon renderiiig it unintelligible. At present the
tenor def alone is thought an insuperable difficulty in out
country, by dilettanti performers on the harpsichord ; but *
if Salmon's simple and easy musical alphabet were chiefly
in use, the bass clef would likewise be soon rendered as
obsolete and difficult as the tenof ; so that two parts of
clefs out of three, in present use, wpuld become unintel^
ligible.*'**^ -
-SALTER (Samuel), a learned English divine, was th«
eldest son of Dr. Samuiel Salter, prebendary of Norwidh,
and archdeacon of Norfolk, by x\nne-Penelope, the daugh-
tap of Dr. Johrt Jeffery, archdeacon of Norwich. ' He was
educate^d fof some time in the free-school of that city,
whence he removed to that of the Charter-house, and was
* There iras m WitiUM Salmon, larg^ Herbal,'' folt which Dr. Pol^nejr
Whether related to the above family is mentions wiih some degree of resf>eet.
uncertain, a noted empirii:, who prac- His *• Polygraph ice*' has sold better
tiaed phj^ic with various success for a than all the rest of his ^orJu ; the
long oaatie of years. He published a tenth edition of it is dated Lond. 17Q1, ,
oohsideraDle nupber of medical boolcs, He lived about the latter end of the
the cAiief of wtiidiis his '* Complete aeventeenth ceatury aiid beginning of *
Pt^ieian, otfDcoKgist'iSbopopetied^'^ the eighteeiitb. , '.
a thick octavo of 1207 pages; " A ., ' > ,
* 'Ma8ters*8 WisU of C. C. C, C— Cole's MS Athenas Cantab, in Brit i^fus.^
^iotogh't Topograph V, &c,—G«Dt» Mag. vol. LXVf.* -
Vol. XXVII. G
I
\
ag; SALTER.
a4niitted oC BeneUi-cpHe^e, Cambridge, June 30, 1730#»
. under the tuition of Mr. Cherries Skottqwe. Sooo aft^r bi^
taking tl^e degree of B. A* in 17^3, he was c^i^sen iuto a.
fi^lQwsbip, ai^d topk bis masffr's d^gre^ in 1737. His na«
taraV aD4 a^cqtiired abilities rfscoo^ipend^d bim to sir Pbjlip.
Xorke> tb^p lord-qluef-justipe of ^be Kiog^s^hc^nch, and
afterwards ^rL of Hardwicke, for the instructipn. of his .
e|4e|^tsoD the second ^arl, whq, with, three of his brothei7»y
ip eqmpU^ent toabp. H^rrii^^g, was educated at that col-,
lege. As soon as that eminent lawyer was i^ade lord^
chanCiel)or, he appointed. Mi;. Salter his don^e^iq chaplain,
and gave him a prebend in,thje church, of Glojuf^est^r, wbicb
bfs .afterwards exchanged for one in that of N(orwich. Ai^out
the tiiK\e of bis quitting Cambridge^ he was on^ of the^writeVs
in th§ " Atb^niat^ Letters.'* Soon after the chancellor gave .
Mr. Si^Uer the reptpry of B,urton Coggles, in the county of
I^ncoint in 1740^ where be went to r^tde soon after^ and,
niarryipg Miss Seeker, a relation of the then bishop, of .
Oxford, continued there till 17]5,0, when he wa$ noininated ,
nqiinister of Qr^ Yarmouth by the de^n and <:hapter of'
Norwich. Hj^re. be performed tl^ duties of tb^t large,
parish with great, diligence, till his prp^np.tiph to the
preacbership at the Cbarter^bpuse in Japuary 1754, som^
time before which (in Jpiy, 175J), abp. Herring had ho-
noured him with tbe| degree; of D. D. at Lambetb* In 1756, .
h^' was. presented by the iprd-chaDcelio^ to th^. rectory of
St, E|artholomew near the I^yal Exchange> wbicb was tbe
laj;t ecclesiastical pref^r^^ent he obtained j; but id Nov.
1761, he succeeded Dr. Bearcroft as master of the Cbgr^ ,
ter-'kou^e, who had been bispreil^ecessor in the preiacher- '
ship. While he was- a member, of Bene't eollege, Ire \
printed Greek Pindaric odes on the nuptials pf the princes ,
of Orange and Wales, and a copy of Latin verses on the
death of queei) Caroline. Besides a sermon. preached on .
occasion of a nvusic- meeting at Gloucester, anojjifr before
ihe lord-mayor, Sept. 2, 1740, on the anniversary of the *
fire of London, a third before tbe sons of the clergy, 1755,
which was much noticed at tbe time, and underwent seve^ '
ral alteratidns before it was printed ; and one before the
House of Commons, Jan. 30, 1762; he published' "A '
complete CQUection of Sermons and Tracts'' of his. grand-
father Dr. Jeffery, 1751, in 2 vols. 8vo, with bis life pre-*^^
fixed, and a new edition of '^ Moral add. Religious Apho«f >
fisms,'^ by Dr. WhicbcQte, with large additions of some >
S A L TE ft. 83
letters that passed between him and Dr. Tucktiey, ^' con-
cerning the Use of Reason in Religion/' &c. and a bio*
gfapfaic^l preface, 1751, 8v6. To these may be added,
^* Some Queries relative to the Jevirs, odcasidned by a lat0
sermon,'* with some other papers occasioned by, the
'^Queries,'* published the same yeac In 1 773 and 1774,
he revised through the press seven of the celebrated .
" Letter^ of Ben Mordec^i ;*' written by .the rev. Henry
l^aylor, of Crawley in Hants: In .1776, Dr. Salterprinted
for private use, *^ The first 106 lines of the First Cfook of
the Itiad * ; nearly as written in Homer^s Time and Coun-
try;** and printed also in that year, ** Extract from, the
Statutes of the House^ and Orders of the Governors, re-
specting the Pensioners or poor Brethren" (of the Charter-^
house), a large single sheet in folio ; in 1777, he corrected
the proof-sheets of Bentley*s *^ Dissertation on Pbalaris;**
and ndt long before bis death, which happened May 2,
177S, he printed also an inscription to the memory of his .
parents, an account of all which may be seen in the
*VAnecdote8 of Bowyer.** Dr. Salter was buried, by his
own express direption, in the most private manner, in the
commbn buriaUground belohgfing to the brethren of the
Charter-house.
In' the discussion of philological subjects. Dr. Salter
proved himself a very accurate. Greek scholar; his reading,
was universal, and extended through the whole circle of
ancient literature ; he Was acquainted with the poets, bis-
toriansy orators, philosophers, and critics, of Greece and
Rdme ; his memory was naturally tenacious, and it bad
aciouiredfreat artificial powers, if such an expression be
allowable, by using no notes when he delivered his sermons.
t\> extempore preaching he had accustomed hiniself for a
lon^ course of years. So retentiveindeed were his faculties,
that, .till a few years before bis deatb^ he could quote long
pasfages from almost every author whose works he had
periised, even with a critical exactness. Nor were his
studies cpn6n.ed.to the writesrs of. antiquity; be was eijually
coij^ersiht with English liters ture^^ and with the languages*^
and productions of the learned and v ingenious in variou3\
parts of Europe. In his earlier Ufe he had be^en acquainted
* Theie (with Dr. Salter's lenti- '* Daw.e9'i Miscellanea Critica/* 0%9
me»t« on the JDigamnHt) baVe hetti ford/l'tSl, 8to; p. 404~r4^,
tiDM copied is iD imjpnrai edltiQiii of
Q 3
ti SALTER.
I
'ivith Bentleyvand cherished his memory with profound
respect. He preserved many anecdotes of this great critic,
which were published from his papers by our learned
English printer, Bowyer. * -
SALUTATO. See COLUCCIO.
SALVATOR ROSA. See ROSA.
SALVIAN, orSALVIANUS, an elegant and beautiful
writer,, was one of those who are usually calledfathers of the
^ church, and began to be distinguished about 440. The
time and place of his birth cannot be settled with any ex-
actness. Some have supposed him to have been an Afri- .
can, but without any reasonable foundation : while others
have concluded, with more probability, that be was a Gaul^
frbm his calling Gallia his " solum patrium f though per-
haps this may prove no more than that his family came
frpm that country. His editor Baluzius infers from his
first epistle, that be was born at Cologne in Germany ; and
it is known, that he lived a long time at Triers, where he .
inarried a wife who was an heathen, but whom he easily
brought over to the faith. He removed from Trier? into ,
the province of Vienne, and afterwards became a priest of
Marseilles. Some have said, that he was' a bishop ; but
this is a mistake, which arose, as Baluzius very well con-
jectures, from this corrupt passage in Gennadius, ** Ho-
milias scripsit Episcopus multas ;" whereas it should be
tead " Episcopis" instead of ** EpiscopiTs," it being known ;
that he did actually compose many homilies or sermons
for th6 use of some bishops. He died very old towardi '
the end of the fifth century, after writing and publishing a
grefit many works; of which, however, nothing remairis but/
efght books " De Providentia Dei ;'^ four books •* Adver-
8US avaritiam, prsesertim Clericorum et Sacerdotum ;" and
nfne epistles. The best edition of these pieces is that of
Paris 1663, in 8vo, with the notes of Baluzius; re-printed
elegantly in 166.9, 8v6. The " Commonitoriiim"'of Vin*
^entius Lirinensis is published with it,^ with notes also bj
Baluzius.*
SA LVIATI (Francisco Rossi), called II Salviati, front
the favour and patronage of the cardinal Salviati, was the
son of Michelangiolo Rossi, and was born at Florence in
1510. He was first placed as a pupil under Andrea d^^H
• • • ' ■ •
> Nichols'* Bow?er.^Matter8' Hist, of C, C. C. q.
* C%fMt v«L L-«Wofkt by B»lu3itts.r-^Larda«r's Works^— Dupin.
S A L V I A T I. 85
•
Sanpi ^nd afterwards, with far more' advantage, with Bac-
cio Baiidinelii. Here he had for his fellow pupil, Vasar^,
who afterwards pronounced him the greatest painter thep
in Rothe. His employment kept pace with his reputation,
-and,' among other beneficial orders, he was engaged by
'bis patron, the cardinal, to adorn his chapel with a series
of frescoes, the subjects being taken from the life of Sw
John Baptist. He produced a set of cartoons of the historjr
of Alexander, as patterns for tapestries ; and, in conjunc-
tion with Vasari, ornamented the apartments of the Can-
celtaria with paintings in fresco. From Rome he went to
Venice^ where he painted many pictures, both for public
edifices and private collections, particularly the history of
•Psyche for the Palazzo Grimaldi. He afterwards travelleii
through Lombardy, and made some stay at Mantua, studyr
ing with much delight the works of Julio Romano. At
Florence, he was employed by the grand-duke to adorn the
Palazzo Vecchio : in one of the saloons he represented the
victory and triumph of Furius Camillus, a work greatly ad-
mired for the truth and taste of the imitation, and the vi-
<gour and spirit df the composition.
A restless habit, and a disposition to rove, led Salviati
to accept an invitation to France, from the cardinal d^
Lorraine in the name of Francis I., then engaged in con-
structing and adorning his palace at Fontainebleau ; ancl
during his «tay here, he painted a fine picture for th«
church of the Ceiestioes at Paris, of the taking down from
the Cross. He soon after returned to Italy, where tha
iarbulence of his temper and his continual disputes wiia
his brethren shortened tiis days. Such continual agitatiQii
of mifid brou^t on a fever, of which he died in 1^63, at
the age of fifty-three.*
• SALVINI (Antonio Maria), a learned Italian, was born
at Florence in 1654, where he afterwards became professor
of Greek, which he understood critically. He has the
leredit of having contributed much to the promotion of
good, taste in Italy, chiefly by his translations, which com-
prize the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer; Hesiod ; Theocri-
tus ; Anacreon ; and many of liie minor poets and epi*
grammatfsts: the Clouds and Plutus of Aristophanes; parts
of Horace ^and Ovid; Persius; part of the Book of Job
Atidthe Lamentations; Boileau's^^Art Poetique;" Addison's
} Argeuville^ vpL L— Pilkiogtoii.— ^Reel's Cyclopedia* ., .;
.86 S A I, V I N I.
" CatoV and "Letters from Italy/* and other piieces.AU
these are literally translated, which obliged him to in^ro*
duce into the Tuscan language a .multitiide of new coa|«
pound tern^s. He wrote, also '^ Spnnet9 and other.origiml
Toems/* 4to,; « Tuscan pro^e,*' 1715, 2iroU.. 4to; *VA
hundred Academical Discpurses f * ^^ A funeral Oration fqr
Antonio Magliabecchi,'^ apd pth.^r works, fie died in I72£f.
'The Salvinia, in bptaqy, wa^ so ,naa^pd in complimoat %p
faim, but of his bptapical talents we have no informatipo*
Salvini also belonged to the academy i>f De la Crusca,fand
\iras particularly iustruqDenta,l in the cpmpletipa of that ce«
lebrated Dictionary, tleh^d aypunger brother^ a.c^non
of Florence, who died at an adviinaedage in .1751. H^a
yas also a distinguished ,inan of letters, and published |i
' work, entitled '^ Fasti consplari delle^ Acadf^mia F^pren*
jtina,*' and the Lives of Magalptti apd Migliocucci/
SAMBUCUS (JohnJ, ap'^minept physician, and one qf
the most learned writefrs in the sixteenth century, vfMs born
in 1531, at Tirnau in Hungary. Qe v^ited t^e universities
of Germany, Italy, and Fran.ce, ^iid applied with alau>&t
equal success to the stu4y of ^ledicine, the beUea lettrea^
poetry, history, and .antiquities, flis learning ai^d r^pu-
tatipn introduced him with great a^antage at tb^ courts .<]^
the emperprs Maximilian IL and ^qdolphus IJ. to w^oi^
he bjecame counsellor ai)d historiographer* l^ambucus died
of an apoplexy at Vienna in Austria, June 13^ ^584, .#g^d
fifty-three, leaving an excellent ** History of Hungary,'*
in the German histories publishjed by Schardius.; " Livejs
of the Roman Emperors f ' l4tjtui translations of f' liiesiQ/d,
'Theophylact, and part of Plato, Ovid,, and Thupydide^ ;'*
^* Commentaries on Horace's Art of Poetry ;'\ nptes op s^
veral Greek and Latin authors; .'Mcones D^edicprum,''
Antwerp, 1603, fol.; '^EmbleinaW A^^twerp, l^TC, l^to,
and several other works in verse and prose«5
SAMPSON (Thomas), an eminpnjt puritan diyipte, W3|^
according to Strype, born a( Play ford in Suffolk, ai^]^;^
.a fellow pf Pembroke- hall> Cambridge. Woofl s^yi( be
Was bom, in 1517, without specifying where; bp| a^ds,
that he was educated ac, Oxford, .which seeqas mpst probar
1>le, as tha^ university was the. scene of much of his future
life. He. appears to have, imbibed the principles of thf
> VabroBi Viie 1t|iloniin,-.*Moreri.-*-Saxii Onomasdcon.
s BuUait't Academic des Scieaces.i^BlouQi*ii C«ii»ura.-«'Moreri«— *SflX]i 0«mi-
msftioon.
k ■
\
S A M P S O N. si
irfffolrmtitlon ftt a very early period^ aiid becamb sueli an
Adtit^ rea^oner thlit Wood informs us he was the means of
cbbvertiiig Jobh Bradford, the famous martyr. He began
Kfce^ii^e very earty to entertain those prejudfces agarnst
die habits wbioh occasioned so much mischief in tlie diarcb,
zhd which were confirmed in him, and many others, by
aiisocia^ing with the Geneva reformers during their exile
m the time bf queen Mary. He was ordained by arch-
bishop .Cranmer and bishop Ridley, who, at liis request,
dbpensed with the habits, to which now, and eVer after,
be a^tacbed the idea of idolatry. He wks chaplain in^ tbe
alrtify of lord Rustel in bits exjpedition against tbef Scots.
In 1551, be was prisfer'red to the rectory of Allhaflow^',
Breadvstre^9 Loi^on, which he resigned in 1553, ahd the
year following to the deanery of ChicKestler. Odring the
reign of EdwaH VI. lie was accounted one of the ablest
and most tiaeful preachers in confirming the peopte in the
d^btrims of tbe reformation. On the accession of queeh
Maiy he cobbeiled biinserlf for some time ; but having been
active in collecting money forthe Support df poor ^cholar^
in tb^ two universities, harrbwiy escarped being apprehended,
and was obliged to go -abroad, where he resided chiefly at
Strasburgh^ wfth tbe other JEngKsb eiiles, and bad s6md
band in the Geneva translation of the Bible.
On the accession of queen- Elizabeth he' returhedi hbme^
liotdnly confirmed' in his aversion to the Habits, but wrth a
dislike^ it would iappear, to the wholeofthe'hierarchy, and
refused tbe bishopric of Norwich because disisatislied with
the fiatur6 of tbi^ dfBce. He continued, however, to |)reacfa«.
particularly at Paul's cross, wher^ his wohderfiil m^inpiy
and feloquenice ^tre very much admired ; and in September
t5B6 he was mkde a prebendary of Durham'. In Micbief*
toi»'4erm 1561^ be Was installed deaii of Christ- church,
Oxford. On this occa^ioti sonfe members of that society,
wbb' ribfcommended bini fdr the situation, said, that ^"^ it
Wkk veiry doubtful, whether there was a better niah, a
||^feati§r*lingbist, a ibofe complete scholar, or a ibore pro-
Uiisttid (tlvineV and it is certai^i that for some years Be and
Dr. Eawrence Humphrey were the only protestant preacher^
Kt Oxford of any celebrity. In 1 562, he resigned bis pre-
l^^d'bf Dttrham, and became so open and zealous in his
invectives against the. babits^^ that gf^er considerably fpr-
fiearance, be was cite£f, with Dr. Hurophreyy before the
bigb commission court at Lambeth, and Sampson was
^ M SAM P S O N.
deprived of his deanery, and for some time imprisonlKl^
Notwithstanding bis nonconformity, however, he was pre-r
sented, in 1568, to th^ mastership of Wigston^ho^pital,
at Leicester, and had likewise, according to Wood, a pre-
bend in St. Paul's. He went to ^reside at Leicester, and
continued ther^ until his death, April 9, 1589. He mar,-*-
ried bishop Lattmer*s niece, by whom h« had two son^y
John. and Nathaniel, who erected a monument to his m^^
mory, with a Latin inscription, in the chapel of the hos^
pital at Leicester, where he was buried. His works are
lew : 1. "Letter to the professors of Christ's Gospel, in tb^
parish of AUhallows in Breadstreet,'' Strasburgb,1554, 8vo^
which is reprinted in the appendix to StrypeV^' £(;cles4-
astical Memorials," vol. III. 2. ^^ A Warning to take heed
of « Fowler's Ps^lterV' Lond, 1576 and 1578, 8vo. .ThU
was a popish psalter published by John Fowler, on^ce a
Fellow of New-qoUege, Oxford, but who went abroad,
turned printer, and printed the popish controversial works
for some years. . 3^ *^ 3rief Collection of th^ Church and
Ceremonies thereof," LQnd,.l58l, 8vo, 4. " Prayer^ and
Meditations Apostolike ; gathered and frained out of the
Epistles of the Apostles," kc ibid. 159^, 16mo, He was
also editor of two sermons of his friend ^ohn Bradford, on
Tepentance and the Lord's-supper, Lond, 1574, 1581, and
1589, 8vo. Baker ascribes to him, a translation of '^aSjsr-
mon^ of John Chrysostpmey of P^cienc^» of the end of the
world, and the- last judgment,'' ,1550, 8 vo; and of " Arx
Homelye of the. Resurrection of Christ," by John Brenuus,
.1550, 8vo. Other works, or papers in which be was con-r
cerned, may be seen in our authorities^'
. S ANADON (NoEi^- Stepren), a learned Jesuit of France,
was born f^t lioueit in 1^76. He taught polite literature
witk distinguished reputation at Caen, where he contracted
an intimate friendship with Huet, bishop of Avranche.; A
taste for poetry is said to have been the principal bond of
their union. He afterwards professed rhetoric at Paris..; and
^as for some time charged with the education of the. prince
of Conti. He was librarian to the king when he died, Sepr
tember 21, 173$, He published separately various Latin
poems, whicli are reckoned anriong the purest of modern
times ; and also published them in a collected form, f^ ,Cajr-^
I Ath. Ox. new edit vol. I. — Strype*i AddaI'v -^ Slryoe's ^iife Qf Parker.
fp.l69, 184, 186, 243, [448], 468,
S A N A D O N. S»
mintiin Rbri quatuor,'' Paris, 1715, \2tnOy and various tbesea
and philological dissertations ; but is best known by bis
translation of tbe works of Horace with notes; a work
which has been very well received. Tbe satires and
epistles are -ably translated ; but the odes are rather
weakened by a languid paraphrase than a version answerable
to the original. His notes are learned, and many of them
very useful for understanding his author ; but there are also
marks of a falsely delicate and fastidious taste, not unconi-p
mon among French critics. The best editions of his Ho«
race are those of Paris, 1728, 2 vols. 4tQ, aild 1756, 8
vols, 12mo. ' •
SANCHES (Antonio Nunes Ribeiro), a learned phy«
sician, was born March 7, 1766, at Penna-Macor, in Por<r
tugaL His father, who was an opulent merchant, and in«
tended him for tbe bar, gave him a liberal education ;
but, bein^ displeased at finding him, at the age of eighteen^
obstinately bent on the profession of physic, withdrew his
protection, and he was indebted to Dr. .Nun^s Hibeiro^
his motber^s brother, who was sr physician of considerable
repute at Lisbon, for tbe means of prosecuting his medical
studies, which he did, first at Coimbra, and afterwards at
Salamanca, : where he took the degree of 'M. D. in 1724;
and the year following procured the appointment of phy-«'
sician to the town of Benevente in Portugal ; for which,
as is the Custom of that country, be had a small pension.
His stay at this place, however, was but short. He was
desirous of seeing more of the world, and of improving
himself in his profession. With this view he came and
passed two years in London, and had even {in intention
of fixing there ; but a bad state of health, which he attri<^
"buted to the climate, induced him to return to the conti^
nent Soon after, we find him prosecuting, his medical
studies at Leyden, under the celebrated Boerhaave^ and
it will be a sufficient proof of his diligence:and merit .ta
observe, that in 1731, when the Empress, of Russia (Anne)
requested Boerhaave to recommend -to her three physt^^
cians, the f^rofessor immediately fixed upon Dr. Sanch^s
to be one of the number. Just as he was setting out for
llussia, be was informed that his father was lately dead ;
and that his mother, in an unsucce^isful law*auit with the
1 Haries (who has a high opiaion of jSaoailon) De v\iis ^hj)ofQ^tuof^ ▼^f <iyV
vrMorerJ.^iFsiDict. ni»t.
W RANCHES.
i€«e admiraltjr, had-lbtit the gfeater.psrt 'of ^ber for^
tiine< He iminediiitely ^assigned orerbb bwn little'ctaitns
find expectations in Portugal fdr her stipporu Soon aftfr
bb arrival al8t. PeiJerfbuiig, Dr. Bidloo '(son ef'ttevfa-*
moaS'pbjtioian of tliat name), Who wtis at that timt first
pbyaician to the empress, gave bioi an appbintdfient in the
hospital at Moacow^, where be refii^iined fill 1734, when htf
«?ia employed as physician to the arnty, in which capacity
be was preseiit «t the siege ofAsoph, wherb be was at->
tacked with. a dangerous fev^r, and, when be begMto re^
tover, Cmhh) himself in a Vent, abandoned by bis atten^
dants, and plundered of bis papers and effects. In 1740^
be was appointed one of the physicians to the donrt, and
consulted by tbeein][)^ess, iivho bad for eight years beeit
labouring under a disease, the cauiTe of which l^d bevef'
been .satisfactorily ascertained. Dr. Sancb^s, in a cbnVer-^
sation with the pritfie minister, gave it as bis opinion/ tluct
the complaint originated from a stone in ^le of the Ifid-
fieys, and admitted only of paliiatiM. At the end <H^ six
months the ebpress died, and the truib of his opinion waa
confirmed by dissection. Soon afteir the death hf the ettk*
press, Dn S«incb^s Wilis advanced by the I'ej^eht to the of&
fico of first physician ; but the revolution of 1742^ wbteli
placed Elizabeth Peurownid on the throne, deprived birt of
all his appointments. Hardly a day passed that he did ti^t
bear of someof bis friends perishing on*tbe s^caffold; iLnd
it was not without much difficulty that he obtained leave
to retire from Russia. His library, which had cost bilh
1.200 pounds sterling, he disposed of to the adLdetny of St*
Petersburg, of which he was ah honorary membi^r ; and}
in return, tikey agreed to give him a pensioh of fort^
pounds per anoom. During his residence in Russia, hi^ -
iiad availed himself of bis situation ^t court, to establilb A
eorrespoudence with the Jesoits in China, wfad, ih returfi
for books of astronomy and other pfie^ents, sent biin seed^
br platits, together with other articles of n^toral history. It
was from Dr* 8aiicbi6s that the late Mr. Peter Coilitisim first
received the seeds of the true rhubarb, but the plants\4rere
destroyed by some accident; and it was not till several
years afterwai^s that rhubarb was cultivated with soccesk '
m this cbimtry, tvom seeds sent over* by the Ifttb fM
Mounsey. In 1747, he went to reside at Paris, where he
remained till bis death. He enjoyed the friendship df the
most celebrated physicians and pbilosopbeirs of that capi
« A N € H £ «. »l
tB^j at the^innkiHtonof aRoyidMedicfKl Societjry'lie was
choseo a foreign associate* He was likewise a ineinber 0f
,tbe royal »cadeiqy of Lisbon, lo the establishment €»f whioh
bXs advice had .probably contributed, as be drew up, at
the deiiire of the court of Portugal, aeveral memorials on
tbp plans nex^e&sary to be adopted forr the eocout^agemeat
of science. Some of these papers, relative to the esm-
.blis)in)ent of an university, were printed during his life-
time in, Portuguese, find the rest have been foand among
'his manuscripts^ .His services in Russia remained for aia*
teen years unnotified; hilt, when the hite empress Catbe«
rine ascended .the thrpoe, Or. Sanch6s was net foi^oitea.
..He bad attended h^r in a ds^i^rous illness wbeu sfa«was
very ypung ; and ^he now rewardeid him with a 'pension ef
a thou^nd roubles, which was punctually paid tifU bis deatb«
He likewise received a pension from the court of 'Porlugal,
and aooU^r from prince GaUitzin. A great part of bhts
income be employed in acts of benevolence. Of jthe libe-
rality with w;ith he a4ministeced to the wants of bis rela-
lions and friends, several striking instances, which our
limits vvili not permit us to insert, have been relatetl fay
lyir. de Mag.dlan. He was naturally of an infirm habit of
body, and, during the sbst thirty years of his life, ire*
gueo^tly voided small stones with his urine. The disposi-
lion CO this disease increased as he advanced in years, i^nd
for a considerable time before his death, he was confined
to jtiis aparUnepts. The last visit he made was, in 17Sd, to
ith^, grand duke of Russia^ whp was then at Paris. In Sep*
tember 1733, he perceived that his end was appvoaebtng,
an4 be 4ie4 on the 14th of October following* His library,
.which was A:pnsiderable, he bequeathed to his brother. Dr.
Marcello Sanch^s, who was likewise a pupil of Boerbaave,
apd.wlfo resided at Naples. His manuscripts (among which,
,biesid^ a cQqstderabl^ number of papers on medical sub-
jects^ are letters written by him to Boerbaa%'e, Van 8wie-
ten, Gaubius, Haller, Werlbof, Pringle, Foihergill^ and
other learned naen). are in the possession of Dr. Andry,
His printed wprks, on the origin of the venereii dises^s^
and other subjects, are well known to medical readers;
bjit his knowledge, it seeip^f was not confined to his own
,pcp£assion ; be possessed a fund of general learning, and
is said to haye been profoundly versed io politica.'
Sop^l^weiit to the edit, of Uiis Diet. 178>, Uqv^ the LQadon M^^icftl Jouraal.
ti
« A N CHE Z.
SANCHEZ (Francis), or SANCTIUS BROCENSIS;
an eminent classical scholar of the sixteenth centurv, was
born at Las Brocas^ in the' province of Cstremaduras in
iSpain, in 1523. His principal residence appears to have
been at Salamanca, where he was professor of rhetoric, and
taught Greet and Latin with the highest reputation, de-
rived from the originality of his criticisms and remarks oh
-the classics. Justus Lipisius; Scioppius, and others, seem
at a loss for language to express their admiration of bis ta-
•lents and learning. Lipsius bestows the epithets ** divine**
and " admirable ;'*^ and Scioppius says he ought to be con^^*
eidered as ^'communis literatorum oninium pater et doc-^
tor.*' Sanchez died in 1600, in the seventy-seventh year
of his age. He publisfied a great many works on subjects
of classical criticism, and was the editor of Persius, Pon)-
poi^ius Mela, Politian's ** Sylvae," Alciat's emblems, Vir-
gil's Bucolics, and Horace's Art of Poetry, He published
also two Greek grammars, and some other pieces on grant-
mar and rhetoric ; but the work which has perpetuated his
reputation is bis " Minerva, de causis linguae Latinse," Sa-
lamanca, 1587, 8vo, which was often reprinted. In more
i^odern times, an edition was published at Amsterdam, in
. 1754, or 1761, 8vo, with a supplement by Scioppius, and
notes by Perizonius. This was reprinted with farther inr^-
provements by Scheidius, at Utrecht, in 1795, 8vo ; and
.again by Bauer, at Leipsic, in 1804, 2 vols. 8vo.*
SANCHEZ (Gaspaji), a learned Jesuit, was born dt
-Cifuentes, in New Castile, about [553. According to tbe
practice of the society, with such young men as have distin*
guished themselves in their studies, he was appointed tb
teach the learned languages and the belles lettres in the
Jesuits* colleges at Oropesa, Madrid, and other places, and
was at last chosen professor of divinity at Alcala. Here he
spent thirteen years in commenting on the Scriptures, tba
result of which h& published in various volumes in folio, at
different times. It is perhaps no inconsiderable proof df
their merit that Poole has made frequent references to theih
in his " Synopsis Criticorum.'* He died in 1628."
SANCHEZ (Peter Anthony), a learned Spanish ec-
clesiastic, was born at Vigo in Gallicia in 1740. Aft€lr
the preparatory studies of divinity, &c. he entered into the
church, and obtained a tanonry in the cathedral of St.
I AnL l^ihl Hisp.^Siuii Onomast. ' Antonio Btbl. Hisp.-^Dict. Hist!
\
\
SANCHEZ. as
3^eSy and ^aa likewise appointed professor of divinity in
that city. His fame procured him admission into many
learned societies, and he became one of. the most cele-
brated preachers of the last century, nor was he less ad->
mired for his benevolence. He obtained the honourable
title of the father of the unfortunate, among whom he spent
the whole profits of his c^nonry, and at bis death in 1 806,
left no more than was barely sufficient to defray. the ex-
pences of his funeral. The leisure be could sfpare from.hi^
professional duties was employed in the study of the eccle-
siastical history of his country, which produced several
wprks that are highly esteemed in Spain. Some of them
were written in Latin, and some probably in Spanish, but
our authority does not specify which. Among them.are^
1. '^ Summa theologiae sacrae/' Madrid^ 1789, 4 vols. 4to.
2, « Annales sacri," ibid. 1784, 2 vols. 8vo. 3, " History
of the church of Africa/' ibid. 1784, Svo, a work aboundr
ing in learned research. 4. " A treatise on Toleration in
matters of I{ejigion,** ibid. 1785, 3 vols. 4to, rather a sin*
gular subject for a Spanish divine. 5. *^ An essay on the
eloquence of the pulpit in Spain,*' ibid. 1778, 8vo. 7*his
is. a history of sacred oratory in that country in various ages^
with the names of those who yvere th^ best models of iL
The restoration of a true taste in thi^ species of eloquence
be attributes to his countrymen becoming acquainted with
the works of those eminent French preachers Bossuet, Mas-
sillon^ fioordaloue, &c. 6. *^ A collection of )iis Sermons,'*
ibid. 3 vols. 4to. These were much admired in Spain, and
w^re the same year translated into Italian, and printed at
Venice in 4 vols. 4to. 7. '* A paper read in the Patriotia
Society .of Madrid in 1782, on the means of encouraging
industry in Gal licia,*' ibid. 1782, Hvo. This being his na-
tive country. Dr. Sanchez had Iqng laboured to introduce
kabits of industry, and had influence enough to procure a
repeal of some oppressive laws which retarded an object of
iQ o^ucfa importance^
.SANCHEZ, SANCTIUS, or SANCIO (Roderigo), a
Spanish prelate, admired for his writings in the fifteenth
c<;ntury, was born atJSanta Maria de Nieva, in the diocese
of Segovia, in 1.404.. After being instructed in classical
learning, and having studied. the.canon law for ten years at
Silamancf, be was honoured with the degree oT doctos in
*' • • ' •» Diet. Wst: Supptem^nt. • • '
94 V S>ANCttE2.
that factiUy; but afterwards embraced the ecct^sia^leral *
profession, recmed priest's orders^ and was mAde sncces-^ '
stveiy archdeacon of Trevino in tbediocese of Btirgos; dean
of Leon and d^an of Seville. Tbe fir^t preferment b4 held '
twetHy yelkrsi the second seveni' and the third two years. '
Abont 1440^ John II. king of Castille, appointed him en-^
Toy to the emperor Frederick III. and he was also after- '
war<is employed in aimilar commissions or embassies to -
other <rrowned beads^ When Caliittus* III. became pope; *
Henry lY. king of Castitle^ sent him td congratoliate bis '
hirfiness^ which occasioned bim to take tip bis residence at'
Rt>Q)e. In all- his embassies, be ixiade harangues to the '
difleirdfit princes ta. whom be was senty wbicb areiitiH pre^
served in MS. in tbe Vaticati library; On tbe accession of '
pope Patil IL be made Sanchez governor 6f tbe- castle of ^
St Angelo, and keeper of the jewels and treasures of tbe ^
Roman cfanrchi and afterwards^ promoted him* to the
bisboprics of Zamora, Calaborra^ and Pdlencia^ Tbeselast
appointments, however, were little more than aineipures, a^ "
he n^ever quilted Rome, and employed what time be 'could*'
spare from bis official duties in that city.in cortiposing h
great many works, of which a list of iv^enty-niiie. may be^
seen in oar-aotboritios. He died at Rome Oct. 4j'147D'^ '
and was interred in the church of St; JAmes of Sptiin. AU .
though so voluminous a writer^ by far the greater part of '
his works remain in MS. in the VaticaTi and other libraries ;
wetknow of three only which were published/ 1. bis bistory '
of Spain, ** Historise Hispauiie partes quatuor." This Mar- *
chand seems to think was published separately; but it waa '
added to tbe *' Hispania Illu8trata'*of Bel and Scbott, pub-
lished at'Francfort in 1579, and again in J 603. 2. " Spe-
culum vita? butnanae, in quo de omnibus omnium vitsD or-
dinom ae conditionumcommodis ac incommodis tr^ctatur,^^
Rome, l^SHj folioj which, with three subsequent editions,
is accumtely described in tbe'**'Bibliotheca Spenceriana.** *
This work contains so many severe reflections on the clergy '
of the autfabr^s timej that some protestant writers have been
disposed to consider bim as a brother in" disguise* It is ^
certainly singular that he could- hazard ^^o much ' poitit^d ^ '
censure in such an ag^. 3. ^* Epistola- de^ expugnatione ^
Nigropontis," folio, without date, but probably beford'the *
attihor'a lieatb. A- copy of this likewi^ occurs in ttaer"^
'^ Bibl. Spenceriana." Those who are desirous of farther
information respecting Sanchez or his wotks may be amply
S A N C R £ Z. 98'
grstifted in liiarehand, who ha* a ppolix article on the sob«
SANCHEZ (Thomas Anthomv), a learned Spaniard,
and librarian ta the Iiing^ was born in 17^0, and dtstin-*
guished himself by bi$ researcbea into the literary history
of his country, aqd^ bysome editions of its ablest authors,
which be illustrated with very valuable notes. Our autho-
rity, however, conveys ve^y little informauon respecting ^
bis personal history or his works, and does not even men-
tion the. concern be had in the new and much improved '
edition, of^ Antonio^s <^Bibl. HispaiMu'' He died at Ma-
drid ia 1 793^. Has most celebrated work 'is bis ^* Collection '
of Castii Han- poetry anterior to the fifteenth century, to
wfaicb are prefixed menioifs of the first nisrquis^ off SaiitiU
lane, and. a letter addressed to the.constable of Portugal,
oO'tfaeorigjn of Spanish poetry/' Madrid, 1779«-^1 782,
5-voIsi 8vo. This history is now. preferred to that of father
San»ie^oto,i wlucb formerly eojoyed < such reputatio.^i.
Sanchez also wrote ^^ An Apology for Cervantes/* te ans-
wer to a letter published in the Madrid Courier; and *' A '
Letter to Don Joseph Berni, oq his defence of Peter the
C^4i«I," ibid. 17 7 8, 8to.«
SANCHO' (Ignatius), an ^ctraordinary ' Negro, was ^
bora, in fl^9f on board a ship in tbe skve^trade, a few
days after it bad quitted the coasts of Gkiinea for the Spa«»
nish West Indies i and at Car^hagena, received baptism
from tbe<haiid of the bishop, and tlie name of Ignatius. He
lost, his parents in his infancy, a diseaseof the new climate
havingiputaffveariy period to his mother's esistence; while
his father -defeated tbe miseries of slavery by aa act of *
suicide* At little rmore than two years old, his master
broiight him to England^ and gave him to three maiden -
sisters, resident at Greenwich ; who thought^ agceeabJetd
prejudices not uncommon at that time, that ignorance was
the^nly security for his obedienee, and that to enlarge his
mind wodld go near to^mancipate bis person;. By them
he was sumuned Sancho, from a fancied resemblance to
th^'lS4|iHre of Don Quixote. While in tbb aituatiou, the
duke of Montagu, who lived^dn Blackbeatb, accidentally *
saW9^9>o4 adfuired in hiip a native frankness of manner, as
yet .untoftykeft in servitude, and unrefined by education ;
broughtbimfrei^ently bom,e to the duchess; indulged bis
• , V. • >
» Karchaod's Diet. Hist.~;^fit<wio Bibl. Hf^- V^^jSj, new^cjjit.
»6 S A N C H 0.
turn (or readiitg'Witb presents of booksi and strongly rcl>
commended to his mistresses the duty of cultivating a gc*
nhis of such' apparent fertility. His mistresses, however^
i^ere inflexible^ and even threatened on angry occasions
to return Sancho to his African slavery. The love of free-
dom bad increased with years^ and began to beat hi^h in >
his bosom« Indignation^ ami the dread of constant re- '
proach arising from the detection of an amour, finally de-
termmed him to abandon the family, and as his noble pa->
tron was recently dead, he flew to the. duchess for protec- '
tion, who dismissed him with reproof.- She at length, bow,-*'
ever, consented to admit him into her household, where he.
remained as butler till her death, when he found hioiserf^
by her grace^s bequest and his own ceconomy, possessed of
seventy pounds in money, and an annuity of thirty. Free-
dom, riches, and leisure^ naturally led a disposition of «
African texture into indulgences; and that %vhtch dissi- .
pated the mind of Ignatius completely drained the purse.
C^rds had formerly seduced him ; but an unsuccessful corv>
test at cribbage with a Jew, who won his clothes, had der'
termined him to abjure the propensity which appears to be
innate among his countrymen. Ignatius loved the theatre^
and had been even induced to consider it as a resource in
the hour of adversity^ and his complexion sugg^^ted an ^
offer to the manager of attempting Othello and Oroonoko^ >
but a defective and incorrigible articula^on rendered this >
abortive. He turned his mind once more to service^ and
was retained a few months by the chaplain at Montagu-^
house. That roof had been ever auspicious to him ; and
the last d\ike soon placed him about bis person, where ha-^
biiual regularity of life led him to think of a matrimonial
connexion, and he formed one accordingly with a v!ery de-«
sQrviog young woman of West India origin. Towards the
cipse of 1773, repeated attacks of the gout and a coostitu^
tional corpulence rendered him incapable of farther. attend-'
ance in the dpke^s family. At this crisis, the wonificence •
which had protected him through various yicissitudes did
not Tail to e?cert itself; with the.result of bis own frOgality^
it enabled him and his wife to settle themselves in a shop
of grocery, where mutual and rigid jirndustry dc>;enUy.
maintained a numerous family of childrefi, and yvh^ithii life,
of domestic virtue engaged private patronage, ?nd merited
public imitation. He died Dec. 15, 1780,' of a series of
complicated disorders.
S A N C B O. ^t
Mr J^^U remarks diat, of a negro, a batter^ and a
grocer, there are but slender anecdotes to animate' the page
of the biographeri yet it has been held necessary to give
vome sketch of the very singular man, whose letters, with
all their imperfections on their head, have given such ge-
neral satisfaction to the public^. * The display which those
writings exhibit of epistolary talent, rapid -and just con«
'ception, of mild patriotism, and of universal philanthropy,
attracted' the protection of the great, and the friendship of
the learned. A commerce with the Muses was supported
amid the trivial and momentary interruptions of a shop ;
the poets were studied, and even imitated with some suc-
cess ; two pieces were constructed for the stage ; the theory
bf music was discussed, published, and dedicated to the
Princess royal'; and painting was so much within the circle
of Ignatius Sanch'o's judgment and criticism, that several
artists paid great deference to his opihion.
' Such was the man whose species philosophers and ana-
t6mist8 have endeavoiired to degrade as a deterioration of
the human ; and such was the man whom Fuller, with a
benevolence and quaintness of phrase peculiarly his own^
accounted ^' God's image, though cut in ebqny.'* To the
harsh definition of the naturalist, oppressions political and
legislative were once added, but the abolition of the slave
trade has now swept away every engine of that tyranny.
Sancho'left a widow, who is, we believe, since dead ; and
a son, who carried on the business of a bookseller for some
years, and died very lately.^
SANCHONIATHON, is the name of a reputed Phoe-
nician author, as old as the Trojan war, about 1274 B. C.
* Th« fint «ditioft wat patipnized ori^iDally written with m Tiew to pabli-
hj a BubtcripUoo not known since the cation. She declared, therefore, *' that
days of the Spectator. T^e work was no such id^a was ever expressed by
pabiished Ibr tbe benefit of the author*! Mr. Sancho ; and that not a iiii^e let^
family, bf Miss Crewe, an amiable ter was. printed from any duplioat*
young lady, to whom many of the let- preserved by himself, but all were col-
ters are addressed, and who is since lected from the various friends to whom
married to John Phillipa, esq. surgeon they were addressed.*' Her reasons
of the household to the Prince of Wales, for publishing them were •* the desire
Prom the profits of the first edition, and of shewing that an untutored African
A sum paid by the booksellers for li* may possess abilities equal to an Eu«
lierty to. print a. second edition, Mrs, ropean.; and the still superior- motive
Sancho, we are well assured, received of wishing to serve his worthy family .
more thaA 500/. The editor did- not And she was happy,'* she declared;
featitrsrtd gire'them to the pobUo till ** in pubUd^ acknowledgiag she had
she bad obviated an objection which not found the world inattentive to the
kad been tnggested, that they were voice of obscure merit.*'
'.* ' 1 Letters; \1Hi 2 vob. Sto, with a life by Joseph Jekyll, esq.
Vol, XXVIL H
98 S A N C P O N I A T H O N.
and of great reputation for diligence and faithfulness. 'He
is said to have collected out of the most authentic records
be could procure, the ^' Antiquities o( Phcenicia^'^ with the
help of some memoirs which came from Hierombaaly [Hief
jrobaaly or Gideon,] a priest of the God Jeuo or Jao. He
wrote several things also relating to the Jews. Thes^
*J Antiquities of the Phcenicians/' Philo-Bjblius, in the
same Phoenicia, in the days of Adrian, translated inta
Greek ; and Athenseus soon afterward reckoned him among
the Phoenician writers. A large and noble fragment of
this work, Eusebius has given us, verbatim, in his firs);
book of '^ Evangelical Preparation,^' cap. ix. x. and has
produced the strong attestation of Porphjry, the most
learned heathen of that age, to its authenticity. Upon
these authorities, many learned men have concluded that
the genuine writings of Sanchoniathon were translated by
Pbilo-Byblius, and that Sanchoniathon derived a great
part of his information from the books of Moses, nay, some
have supposed that Thoth^ called by the Greeks, Hermes^
and by the Romans^ Mercury, was only another name. for
Moses ; but the inconsistencies, chiefly Chronological, which
the learned have detected in these accounts, and especially
the silence of the ancients concerning this historian, who,
if he bad deserved the character given him by Porphyry,
could not have been entirely Over«looked, create a just
ground of suspicion, either against Porphyry or Pbilor
Byblius. It seems most probable, that Philo-Byblius fa«
bricated the work from the ancient cosmogonies, pretend*
ing to have translated it from the Phcenicianj in order to
provide the Gentiles with an account of the origin of th^
world, which might be set in opposition to that of Moses^
Eusebius and Theodoret, indeed, who, like the rest of the
fathers, were too credulous in matters of this kind^ and
after them some eminent modern writers, have ima-»
gined, that they have discovered a resemblance between
Sanchoniathon^s account of the formation of the world and
that of Moses. But an accurate examination of the doc<*
trine of Sanchoniathon, as it appears in the fragment pre«
served by Eusebius, will convince the unprejudiced reader,
that the Phoenician philosophy, if indeed it be Phoenician,
is directly opposite to the Mosaic. Sanchoniathon teaches^
that, from the necessary energy of an eternal principle,
active but without intelligence, upon an eternal passive
chaotic masSy or Mot^ arose the visible world -, a doctrine,
t
9 A i^.C H O N;I A T H O N. 9>
^f which there are . sopad' ajipearatices in 'the aiKsieilt ^os*
mogonieS) and which was not without its patrons among
the Greeks. . It is therefore not unreasonable to conjec-»
tare, that tbd work wds forged iil opposition to the Jewish
Cosmogony^ and that tbiswas the circumstance which' ren-*
dered it so acceptable to Porphyry. Such is the opiaioii
ofBrucker on this history; and Bod well and Dupin, th6
former. in an express treatisci have also endeavoured to
invalidate its authenticity.^
SANCROFT (Dr. Willum)> an eminent English pre-
late, was borii at Fresingfield^ in Suffolk, Jan. 30, 1616,
tad educated in.grammar^learningat St. Edmund's Bury^
where he was equally remarkable for diligent application
to bis studies, and a piou» disposition ^. In July 1634, he
was sent to EmanUel college in Cambridge,^ where he be-
came very accomplished in all branches of literature, took
his degree of B. A. in 1637, and that of M. A. in 1641, and
was in 1642 chosen fellow of his college. His favourite
studies were theology, criticism, history, and poetry ft but
in all hi& acquirements he was bumble and unostentatious.
In I64d he took the degree of B. D. It is supposed he neyec
sabscribed the covenant^ and that this was connived at, he^^
cause be continued unmolested in his fellowship till 1649 i>
at which time, refusing the engagement^ be was ejected.
Upon this he went abroad, and became acquainted with the
most considerable of the loyal English exiles; and^ it i»
* Among bishop l^aoner^s MSSi in bnt chiefly retigions, exactly and e1«t
the Bodlieian library id the following: gantly transcribed with his own hand,
letter from him to his father, dated while a fellow of Emanuel. Some ot
Sept. 10, 1^1. ** T have lately of- these are from the first edition of MiU
fered up to God the first fruits of that tbn^s lesser poems, which Mr. Warton
csllingr which t intend, baring com- ebserres is perhaps the only instance
moD-placed twice in the chapel ; and on record of their having received for
if through your prayers and God's almost seventy years, any slight mark
blessing upon my endeavours, 1 may of attention or notice. Sancroft, adds
become an inittrament in any measure Mr. Warton, even to his matureryean,
fitted to bear his name before his peo- retained his strong early predilection
pie, it shall be my joy, and the crown to poUte literature, which he still con-
of my rejoicing in the Lord. I am tinued to cultivate ; and from these '
persuaded that for tl^i» end I was sent and other remains of his studies in that,
into the world, and therefore, if God pursuit, now preserved in the Bodleian
lends me life and abilities,'! shall be library, it appears that he was a dili**
villing to spend myself and to be spent gent reader of the poetry of his timea^'
upon the work." both in English and Latin.—- Warton't
f Among his papers at Oxford is a edftion of Milton s Poems, 1785, pre» .
ttry coasiflerable collection of poetry, face, p. v. , . • /
> Vosstus de Hist. Grsec.— Moreri. — Brucker.-*Dod well's ^* Disoonrse eoflh* '
eeraing the Phoniciaa History of Sant'honiathon/*, add<:d to the second edition >
of bis «'Two Letters of Advice,*' 1681. —Gebelin'i «* AUegori^i OnenUlfa^"'
Fftria, 1779, 4to»-^omberlaiid't *< Sanchoniatl|0B.» . ^
H8
100 BANCROFT.
said, be was at Rome when Charles II. was restored. Ht
immediately returned to England, and was made chaplain
to Cosin, bishop of Durham, who collated him to the rec<*
tory of Houghton-ie-Spring, and to the ninth prebeiid
of Durham in March 1661. In the same year he assisted
in reviewing the 'Liturgy, particularly in rectifying the
Kalendar and Rubric. In 1662 he was created, by mafi«
damus, D. D. at Cambridge, and elected master of Ema«
nuel college, which he governed with great prudence. Iii
1^64 he was promoted to the deanery of York, which aU
thdugh he held but a few months, he expended on the
buildings, about 200/. more than he had received. Upon
the ddath of Dr. John Barwick he was removed to the
deanery of St* Paul-s ; soon after which, he resigned the
mastership of Emanuel college, and the rectory of Hough-
ton. On' his coming to St. PauPs he set himself most di*
ligently to repair that cathedral, which had suffered greatly
from the savage zeal of the republican fanatics in the civil
wars, till the dreadful fire in 1666 suggested the more noble
undertaking of rebuilding it. Towards this he gave 1400if.
besides what he procured by his interest and solicitations
Among his private friends, and in parliament, where he
obtained the act for laying a duty on coals for the rebuild-
ing of the cathedral. He also rebuilt the ^eanery, and
improved the revenues of it. In Oct. 1668, he was ad-
Kiitted archdeacon of Canterbury, on the king's presenta*
tion, which be resigned in 1670. He was also prolocutor
of the lower house of convocation ; and was in t,hat station
when Charles II. in 1677, advanced him, contrary to his
knowledge or inclination, to the arcKiepiscopal see of Can-
terbury, In 1678 he p^ibtisbed some useful directions con-
cerning letters testimonial to candidates for holy orders.
He was himself very conscientious in the admission ta or-
ders or the disposal of livings, always preferring men of
approved abilities, great learning, and exemplary life. He
attended king Charles upon his death-bed, and made a very
weighty exhortation to him, in which he is said to hav^
used a good deal of freedom. In 1686 he was named the
first in JaimesII.^s commission for ecclesiastical affairs; but
he refused to act in it. About the same time he suspended
Wood, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, for residing out
of and neglecting his diocese. As one of the governors of
the Charter-house, he refused to admit as pensioner in
'tkat hospital Andrew Popham, a papist, althougli he came .
S A N C R O. F T; 101
^itfaa nomination Ironi th^ court. In Jagie 1 6&8| be joineil^
with sisc of his brethren the bishops in the famous petition
lo king James, in which they gave their reasons why they
could not cause his declaration for liberty of conscience to
be read in churches. For this petition, which the court
called a libel, they were committed to the Tower ; and,
bejng tried for a misdemeanor on the 29th, were acquitted,
to the great joy of the nation. This year the archbishop
projected, the vain expedient of a comprehension with the
protestant dissenters. We have the following account of
this in the speech of Dr. W, Wake, bishop of Lincoln, in
the house of lords, March 17, 1710, at the opening of the
tkcond article of the impeachment against Dr. Sacheverell:
'* The person,^' says he, *' who first concerted this design
was the late most reverend Dr. Sancroft, then archbishop
of Canterbtu*y. The time was towards the end of that un*^
happy reign /of king James II. Then, when we were in
the height of our labours, defending the Church of Eng-
land against the assaults of popery, and thought of nothing
else, that wise prelate foreseeing some such revolution as
soon after was happily brought about, began to consider
how utterly unprepared they had been at the restoration of
king Charles II. to settle many things to the advantage of
the Church, and what happy opportunity had been lost for
want of such a previous care, as he was therefore desirous
should now be taken, for the better and itiore perfect esta«
blishment of it. It was visible to all the ilation, that the
more moderate dissenters were generally, so well satisfied
with that stand which our divines h&d made against popery,
and the many unanswerable treatises they had published iu
eonfutation of it, as to express an unuisual readinessto
come in to us. And it was therefore thought worth the
while, when they were deliberating about those other mat-/
ters, to consider at the saqie tioke what might be done to
gain, them without doing any prejudice to' ourselves. Tho
scheme. was laid oqt, ^nd the several pans of it were com-
giittfid, .not only with the approbation, but by the direc-
tion of that great prelate, to such of our divines, as were
thought the most proper to be intrusted with it. His grace
tcK^ one part to himself ; another was committed to a then
pious and reverend dean (Dr. Patrick), afterwards a bishop
of oiy church. The reviewing of the daily service of our
Liturgy, and the Communion Book, was referred to a select
number of excellent persons, two of which (archbishop^
101
S A N C K O E T.
Sbarp; and Dr. Moore) are at this time upon oar beneb f
and I am sure will bear witness to the truth of my relatiQUi.
The design was in short this: to improve, and, if possible^
to inforce our discipline ; to review and enlarge our Li^
turgy, by correcting of some things, by adding of others ;
s^nd if it shodid be thought adviseable by authority, when
this matter should come to be legally considered, first in
convocation, then in parliament, by leaving some few cere-r
monies, confessed to be indifferent in their natures as in.<<^
different in their usage, so as not to be nece8sarily>ob8erve4
by those who made a scruple of them, till they should be
able to overcome either their weaknesses or prejudices
and be willing to comply with them/* In October, ac«
companiied with eight of his, brethren the bishops, Sancroft
waited ^pon the king, who. Lad desired' the assistance of
their counsels ; and advised him, among other things, to
annul the ecclesiastical commission, to desist from the ex<fr
ercise of a dispensing power, and to call a free and regular
parlian^ent. A few days after, though earnestly pressed
by his majesty, he refused to sign a (kclaration of abhor «»
rence of the prince of Grangers invasion. In December,
on king James's withdrawing himself, he is said to hava
signed, and concurred with the lords spiritual and temporal,
in a declaration to the prince of Orange, for a free par*
liamenty security of our laws, liberties, properties, and of
tjie church of England in particular, with a due indulgence
to protestant dissenters. Bui in a declaration signed by
him Nov. 3, 1688, he says that "he never gave the prince
any invitation by word, writing, or otherwise;" it mus|
therefore have been in consequence of the abdication that
be joined with the lords in the above declaration. Yet
when the prince came to St. James's, the archbishop n^her
went to wait on him, though he had once agreed to it, nof
did he even send any message^. He absented himself
likewise from the convention, for which he is severely cen«
sured by Burnet, who calls him ^^ a poor-spirited and fear*
f ul man, that acted a very mean part in all this great trans*
* Bishop NicolsoD, in one of his
letters lately published, seems to hint
that Sancroft ^as more active in pro-
moting the revolution than has been
supposed. After ceosuring him for not
paying his' respects to the new king,
Iilicolson says, ** I should rather choose
to follow him in the more frank and
•pen passages of his life> than in this
unaccountably dark and mysterious
instance ; especially, since I had ta-
citly consented to his seizing the Tower
tif Londom, and his address to the prioM
of Orange to accept the government.*^
— NicoUon*s Epistolary Corr^pond*
ence, by Mr. NichoUyS vols. 8yo» 1809*
vol, I. p. U.
BANCROFT; Voi
attioir. 'H«*nesolved," says he, ^'neidier to ECtfbr/nor
against, the king's interest; which, considering his high-
post, was thought very unbecoming. For, if be tbocight,
sffi by his behavionr afterwards it seems he did, that the^
nation was running into treason, rebellion, and perjury, it
was a strange thing to see one who. was at the head of the*
ohttrch to sit silent all the while that this was in debate,
and not once so much as declare his opinion, by speaking,
noting, or protesting, not to mention the other ecclesiastic*-
cal methods that certainly became his character.^'
After William and Mary were settled on the throne, he
and seven other bishops refused to own the established go«<
vemmept, from a conscientious regard to the allegiance
they Had sworn to king James. Refusing likewise to take
the oaths appointed by act of paiiiament, he and they
were suspended Aug. 1, 1689, and deprived the 1st of
l^eb. following. On the nomination of Dr. Tillotson to^
this see, April 23, 1691, our archbishop received an order
from the then queen Mary, May 20, to leave Lambeth*
bouse within ten days. But he, resolving not to stir till
ejected by law, was cited to appear before the barons of
the exchequer on the first day of Trinity-term, June 12,,
1691, to answer a writ of intrusion ; when he appeared by
his attorney; but, avoiding to put in any plea, as the case
stood, judgment passed a^inst him, in the form of law,
Jane 23, and the same evening he took boat in Lambeth-
bridge, and went to a private house in Palsgrave-head*
court, near the Temple. Thence, on Aug. 5, 1691, he
letired to Fresingfield (the place of his birth, and the estate
[50/. a year] and residence of his ancestors above tbre^
hundred years), where he lived in a very private manner^
^ill, being seized with an intermitting fever, Aug. 26, 1693,
be died on Friday morning, Nov. 24, and was buried very
privately, as he himself bad ordered, in Fresingfield cburch-*>
yard. ' Soon after, a tomb was erected over his grave, with
an inscription composed by himself; on the right side of
which there is an account of his age and dying-day in La*
tin; on the left, the following E-nglish : <*' William San-
croft, born in this parish, afterwards by the providence of
God archbishop of Canterbury, at last deprived of all,
which he could not keep with a good conscience, returned
hither to end his life, and professeth here at the foot of his
tomb, that, as naked he came forth, so naked he must re-
ti^Hi : the Lord gave> and the Lord bath f^al^en away (as the
IW
SAN CT O R I U S.
sensible secretions and discharges^ he was enabled to de^'
termine with wonderful exactness the weight or quantity
of insensible perspiration, as well as what kind of food or*
drink increased and diminished it. On these experiments^
he erected a curious system, which was long admired by
the faculty. It was divulged first at Venice-in 1614, under*
the title of ^^ Ars de Statica Medicina/* comprehended in
seven sections of aphorisms ; .and was often reprinted at dif^-
ferent places, with corrections and additions by th^ author.
It was translated into French, and published at Paris 1722 ;
and we had next an English version of it, with large ex-
planations, by Dr. Quincy; to the third edition of which'
in 1723, and perhaps to the former, is added, ^* Dr. James^-
Keil's Medicina Statica Britannica, with comparative re-
' marks and explanations ; as also physico-medical essays on
agues, fevers, on elastic fibre, the gout, the leprosy, king^s->
evil, venereal diseases, by Dr. Qumcy.'*
Sanctorius published other works ; as, ** Method! vitan«
dorum errorum omnium, qui in Arte Medica contingunt,
libri quindecim,*' 1602 ; ** Commentaria in primam sectio*
Item Aphorismorum Hippocratis,'* 1609 ; ^^ Commentaria
in Artem Medicinalem Galeni," 1612 ; ^^ Commentaria in-
primam partem primi libri Canonis Avicenne,'' 1625;
*f De Lithotomia, seu Calculi vesicae sectione, Consulta-
tio,*' 1638. All these, which raised his character very
greatly among his own {Profession, were in 1660 printed
there together in 4 vols. 4to.
Sanctorius unquestionably conferred a benefit on medical
science, by directing the observation 6f medical men to
the functions of the skin ; but unfortunately, the doctrines
were extended much too far ; and, coinciding with the me^
^Aaniitrii/ principles, which were coming into vogue after
the discovery of the circulation, as well as with the cA^mt*
eal notions,*which were not yet exploded, they contributed
to complete the establishment of the humoral pathology^
under the shackles of which the practice of medicine con-
tinued almost to our own times. Sanctorius was also the
author of severd inventions. Besides bis statical chair, he
invented an instrument for measuring the force of the
pulse ; and several new instruments of surgery. He was
the first physician who attempted to measure the heat of
the skin by a thermometer, in different diseases, and at
different periods of the .same disease; and it is to his credit
S A N C T O R I U S, 107
diat he was an airowed enenj to empiridft and empirical
postrums^ as well as to all occult remedies. ^
SANDBY (Paul), an ingenious artist, descended from
ar branch of the family of Saunby, of Bab worth in Notting*-
hamsbire, was born at Nottingham in 17S2. In 1746 he
jcame to London, and having an early predilection; for the
mrts, .procured admission to the drawing room in thie Towef^
where be first studied. In 17.4$, William dukeof Cum^
berland, wishing to have a survey of the Highlands of Scot-
land, which Was the scene of his memorable' campaign in
1745-6, Mr. Sandby was appointed draugbuman, undet
jthe inspection of general David Watson, with whom h6
travelled through the North and Western parts of that
most romantic country, and made many sketches. During
bis ^ay at Edinburgh he made a number of small etchings
from these designs ; which on his return to London wer6
published in a folio volume. But drawing of plans abound-
ing ia straight lines being neither congenial to his taste nor
worthy of his talents, be in 1752 quitted the service of the
survey, afid resided with bis brother, Mr. Thomas Saadby,
at Windsor, and during bis continuance there took more
iban seventy views of Windsor and Eton. The accuracy;
taste, and spirit with which they were in an eminent degree
marked, so forcibly struck sir Joseph Banks, that he pur-
chased them all, and at a very liberal price. Mr< Sandby
liad soon, afterwards the honour ef being one of this gen-
tleman's party in a tour through North and South Wales^
and made a great number of sketches from remarkable
scenes, castles, seats, &c. Under the patronage of the late
sir Watkin Williams Wynne, he afterwards took many more
views from scenes in the same country, which with those
before mentioned he transferred to copper^plales, and madil
several sets of prints in imitation of drawings^ in bister or
Indian ink. The first hint of the process by which thii
effect is given to an engraving, Mr. Sandby is said to have
received from the hon. Charles Greville, a gentleman • of
acknowledged taste and judgment in every branch of polite
art. Profiting by this hint, Mr. Sandby so far improved
upon it as to bring the captivating art of Aquatinta to a
degree of perfection never before known in this country.
About 1753 Mr. Sandby, and several members of aii
acaidemy who met at what had previously been RoubiUiac*]i
1 Elojy Diet. Hut de Medicint.— Btes'a Cyclopsdii
• (
lOS 8. A N D BT. >
ivorksfaoqp,: in St Ma^in^s^lftiie, i^khiog- lo: ejet^pd. tbeir
plan^ and establish a society on a brqader basis^ held sever
jral tastings for the , purpose of makhig new . regulations,
^c. .Concerning these . r^ulations it may naturally be
suppojsed there were variety, of opinionsy but Hogarth, who
waspoe.of ^he members, aqd who dasenredly held a^ery
high rank in the arts, disapproved of the jwhole scheme, and
wished the society to j^main as it then was. He tbpugbt
that enlarging the number of $tudents would induce a^rowd
of young men to quit more profitable . pursuits, neglei^t
what might be. more, suitable tO; their talents^ and.intrc^.upe
to the practice , of the. arts more professors than the arts
would support.' This na^turally involved. him in many dis**
putes, with. his brother artists, and as these disputes were
not always conducted with, philosophic calmness, the sa»
tirist sometimes said things that, his opponents deemed, ra-*
ther too severe for the occasipn. On. the publication.. of
bis ^^Analysis of Beauty V tbey recriminated^ ^ with interest,
Among the prints which were then published to ridicule
his, system, Ijne. of beauty, ,&c. are six or. eight,. that
from, the manner in which they are conceived, and the no-
con^mon . spirit ,^ith which they are etched,, carry., more
than probable marks of the burin of Mr* .Sandby, jvvbo was
then a very young man, but afterwards declared, that if, be
had been more intimatjeiy acquainted with Mr. Hogvtb!s
merit, he would on no account have drawti a hue which
plight tend to his dispr^ise^ . j
. On the institution of the Royal Academy^ Mr. Sandby
was elated ja royal academician. By the recommendation
of the duke of Grafton, the, marquis of Granby in 176S
apppint^d bim chief drawing-master of the Royal Academy
atWoolwicbf which office be held with. gres^t. honour. |q
himself and , advantage, to. the institutiojn ; and saw. many
able and distinguished dra^jghtsmen among the. ofQcefs of
artillery^ and corps of Engineers, formed under bis instruc?
^ions,. . , • ; , ,.^ • . . .i. . I
Mr. .Sapdby died at his house at Paddiugton Nov. 7»
1 809, in .the seventy rseventh year of his age. . He. contrir.
buted.niucb to the. reputation of the Eqgliah school ,ol
landi|icape p^iiHing, and. in many of his exquisite ydj&hne:^
ations, uniting .fidelity with, taste, the. bpautif ill. scenery
for which thi^ .island is so. eminently distinguished, is. <li§£
played as in a mirror. For force, clearness, and transpa-
rency, it may very truly be said that his paintings in water
S A N D B Yi 100
^ouf^ httre not yet been equalled ; the views of castle^^
-ruins, bridges, &c. which are frequently introduced, will
^remain monuments tathe honour of the arts, the artists,
and the country, when the originals from which they are
designed are mouldered into dust^ * -
: SANDEMAN (Robert), from whom a reHgious sect is
generally named, was born at Perth in Scotland in i 723.
Being intended for one of .the learned professions, he
atndied for two years at the university of Edinburgh, but
at the expiration of that time manned, and his fortune
being sdiall, entered into the linen trade at Perth, lyhehce
he removed to Dundee, and afterwards to Edinburgh. * The
lady he inarried was the daughter of the rev. John Olaiss
(See Glass), who founded the sect, at -that time called
from him Glassitts ; and Mr. Sandeman, who was' now an
elder in one of Glass's churches, or congregations, and
bad imbibed all his opinions, published a series of letters
addressed to Mr. Hervey, occasioned by that author's
^ Tberon and Aspasio," in which he endeavours to shew,
that his notion of faith is' contradictory to the scripture ac**
count of it, aiid could only serve to lead men, professedly
holding the doctrines commonly called Calvinisticj to
establish their own righteousness upon their frames, in«-
ward feelings, and various acts of faith. In these letters
Mr. Sandeman attempts to prove, that faith is neither more
nor less than a simple assent to the divine testimony con*
cerning Jesus Christ, recorded in the New Testament ; and
he maintains^ that the word faith, or belief, is constaritly
used by the apostles to signify) what is denoted by it in
common discourse, \xt, a persuasion of the truth of any
proposition, and that there is>no differenc^e between be*
Keving any common testimony, and believing the apostolic
testimony, except that which results itom, the nature of
the testimony itself. This led the way to a controversyy
among Calvinists in Scotland,^ concerning the nature of
justifying faith ; and those who adopted Mr. Sandemah's
notion of it, and who took the denomination of Sandemani'*
anSf formed themselves into church order, in strict fellow-
ship wtthithie church of Scotland,* but holding no kind of
communion with other churches. The chief opinions and
practices in which this sect differs from others, are, their
fleekly administration of the Lord's Supper ; their lovev
^ £ai«]). Mag. for 1796.— Gent. Mag. tcI. UCXII^*
110 j^ANDKMAk
ft
feasts, of wbicb every metnber is not oirly tillowed but re^^
quired to partake, and wfaioh eonsist of their dining togetf
tber «t each other^s booses in the interval between the
SQoming and afternoon service : their kiss of cbarity nsedoR
this occasion, at the admission of a new member^ and at
other times^ when they deem it to be tietessary or prdper ;
theiR weekly collection before the LcMrd's Snpper for tbtl
support of the poor, a;nd defraying other expenoes; mu«
tual exhortation ; abstinence from blood and thmgs strange
led; wasfaiiig each other's feet, the preeept concerning
which, as well as other precepts, they understand literally ^
community of goods so far as that every one is to consider
all that lie- has in his possession and power as liable to tbe
calls of tbe poor and church, and the unlawfulness of lay*
ing up treasures on earth, by setting tbem apart for any
distant, future, and uncertain use. They allow of public
andv private diversions so far as they are not connected with
circumstances really sinful ; but apprehending a lot to be
sacred> disapprove of playing at Cards, dice, &c« They
maintain a plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, in each
church, and the necessity of the presence of two elders in
every act of discipline, and at the administration of the
Lord's Supper. In the choice of these elders, want of
learning, and engagements in trade, &£. are no sufficient
objection ; but second marriages disqualify for the office ;
and they are ordained by prayer and fasting, imposition of
hands, and giving the right hand of fellowship. In their
discipline they are strict and severe, and think themselves
obliged to separate from the communion and* worship of
all such .religious societies as appear to them not to profess
the simple troth for their only ground of hope,, and who
do not walk in obedience to it. We shall otily add, that
in every church transaction, they esteem unanimity to be
absolutely necessary.
In nss -Mr. San deman commenced a correspondence
with Mr. Samuel Pike of London, an independent minis-^
ter; and in 1760 cameiiimself to London, and preached
in various places,, attracting the crowds that usually follow*
novelties. While here be received an invitation to go tot^
America, with which he complied in 1764, and continued
there propagating bis doctrines and discipline in various
places, particularly in New-England, until the politici^l
disputes arose between Great Britain and the colonies,
when he became very obnoxious by taking the part of th^
' S.A.N D E\M A N. Ul
fbrmer; He did not livei howlsreri to witness the unluippy
cooaequences of that coutent,' but died at Danbury^ April
2| 177 i 9 aged fifty-* three. His sect^ altbougb^ not Diiinet*
rou8» s$ill exists, batundeiTarious modidcations, in Scot-
land; and there are a few branches of it in i^^ngland, and
one in PauPs Ailey» Barbican, London, Mr. Sandeman^
besides bis ^^ Letters on Theron and Aspasio,'' published
his correspondence with' Mr. Pike; ^' Thoughts on Chris*
tianity ;*' <* The sign of the prophet Jonah ;'' " The honour
of marriage, opposed to all Impurities;" and ^< On So1q«
snon's Song.'* *
6ANDEKS (Nicholas), a Roman catholic writer of con-
siderable fame, and one of the principal championa of
popery in the sixteenth century, was born about 1527, at
Charlewood in Surrey, and educated at Winchester school,
whence he removed to New college, Oxford. Here he
studied chiefly canon law, and was made fellow of hiseoi-
lege in 1548, and. in 1550, or 1551, took the degree of
bachelor of laws. When queen Mary came to the throne,
be had the offer of being Latin secretary to her majesty^
which he declined for the sake of a studious, academical
life, and remained at Oxford during the whole of her reign.
In 15 57. he was one of the professons of canon law, .and
I'ead what were called the " shaggling lectures," i* e. lee**
tures not endowed, until the accession of queen Elizabeth,
when his principles induced hifti to quit England. He ar-
rived at Rome about the latter end of 1560, and studying
divinity, became doctor in that faculty, and was ordained
priest by Dr. Thomas Goldwell, bishop of St. Asaph, who
at that time resided in the English hospital at Rome. Soon
after, cardinal Hosius, president of the council of Trent,
hearing of his abilities, took him into his family^ andmade
Use of him, as his theologal, in the council. When the
couficil broke up. Dr. Sanders accompanied the cardinal
to Poland, Prussia, and Lithuania, where he was instru*
mental in settling the discipline of the. Romish church; but
his zeal disposing him to think most of his native country,
he returned to Flanders, and was kindly entertained by siif
Francis Englefield, formf>rly privy.-counsellor to queen
Mury, and then in great favour with the court of Spain;
* Wil»on'« His*, of Dissenting Chnrhes— Encyclop. Brit9nutca«— 'The teoeti
•f the »ect were first pablnhed by thf^m* Ives in a tracs :• \h f •' An account tf
UejCtvaman practices obsi'rVtd bf Um CoUrch in St. M^rtiA's-le-Ckaii^/' HStSy
^here ihev Ihcii atiembled.
\
Ua . SAND E R a
through whose hands a great part of those chitAtabieoof^
JectioDs passed, which his catholic majesty-ordered for the
-subsistence of the EogUsh popish exiles. Sanders was<ap-*
.pointed bis assistant, and .being settled at Louvaine, toge^.
;ther,with bis motfaeJr and sister^ be ii^ there twelve yeais^
juid perfofmed many charitable offices to bis indigent coun^
:tryjnen. Much'of this ;tiine lie eiripleyed in- writing in
•defence of popery against Jewdl^ Nowell, and other emi*
iient pro testant divines.
* . Some year^after^ having nscetved an iitvitatioii froortbe
pope, betook ajourney to Rome, whence he was sent as
nuncio 'to the popish ^bisfaops^ abd clergy in Ireland, and
landed there in 1579. At this ttmeOerald-Fit^geraid^^earl
j^ DesaiondyNwas in arms, as be: pretended, in defence of
j:be irberties and religion of his coumr}^ ;. bat in 13U bis
fyarty wsas routed and himself killed. The part Sanders
took in this rebellion is variousiy represeiTted. Camden
says that be; was sent over purpo^ly to encourage* Des*
jmond, and that several companies of Spanisb soldiers went
over wttll liim, and that when their army wassrouted^ be
fled to the woods, and died of hunger. All that the ca-
tholics deny* in this account, is, that Sanders was- sent
purposely i but this they deny very feebly. With, regard
to the manner of Sanders's death, Dodd seems inclined to
prefer Wood^s account, who says that be died of a dysen«>
tery, and Dodd likewise adopts tbe report of Rushton and
Pits, who say that he died at the latter end of 1580, or the
beginning of 1581, because this was long before Desmond*s
defeat, and consequently dissolves in *some measure the
supposed connection between him and Sanders. ' Dodd^
bowever, who is generally impartial, allows that several
catholics, his contemporaries, were pf^ opinion that be was
engaged in the Spanish interest against queen Elizabeth ;
knd his writings prove that he maintained a deposing power
both in tbe church and people, where religion was in dan-
ger. He was, according to all accounts, a man of abilities,
and was -considered as the most acute adversary for tbe
re^establbhment of popery in England,^ which his party
CQuid boast of. He bad, however, to contend with men of
equal ability, who exposed his want of veracity as well as
of argument, and few of his works have survived the times
in which they were written. Among them are, 1. "The.
3ufip^r,of our Lord,' &c." a. defence. of tbe real presence,
being what he calls ^' A confutation of Jewers Apoldgy, a^'
Sanders. ns
i>st)of Alexander Nowel's challenge,'* Louvain, in 1566,
1567, 4to. f2. « Treatise of the Images of Christ and bis
Saints ; being a confutation of Mr. JewePs reply upon that
subject," ibid. 1 567, 8vo. 3. « Tlje Rock of the Church,"
concerning the pritnacy of St. Peter, ibid: 1566, 1567, St
' Omer's, 1 624, 8vo. 4. " A brief treatise on Usury,** ibid.
i566. 5. "De Visibili nionarchia Ecclesiw,*' ibid. 1571,
folio, Antwerp, 1581, Wiceburg, 1592. 6. " De origitie
etpYogressu Schismatis Anglicani," Colon. 1585, Svoj fe-
ptinted at other places in 1586, 1588, and 1590, andtrans^
laced into. French in 1673, with some tracts on the tentts
bf his church, which seem not of the controversial kind.
Mo^ of the former were answered by English divines of
^^:..A^i^ :j -i^j.jy jjjg large volume " ^ ' *' "*
)y Bering, Clerk, anc
may be seen in Stryp<
That on the English schism is refuted, as to bis more im-
portant assertions, in the appendix to Burnet's History of
the BMbrmatibn, vol. IL*
SANDERS (RpBERTJ, an English writer^ wH^se ^istory
maj^ liot be unuseful, was a native of Scotlandf, and born in,
or neafy Breadalbane, about 1727. He was by business a
comb-maker; but not hewing successful in trader and- hav-
ing some taletits, some education, and a good memory, he
commencisd a hackney writer^ and in that capacity pro-
duced some works which have been relished by the lower
"blass of readers. When he came to London is uncertain ;
but, having travelled over most of the northern parts of
these kingdoms, he compiled, from his own survey and the
information of books, an itinerary, entitled '' The Com-
plete English Traveller,** folio. It was published in num-
bers, with th^ fictitious naihe of Spencer, professedly on
the plan oif Fuller*s Worthies^ with biographical notices of
the most eminent men of each county. As the dealers in
this kind of publications thought it too good a thing to be
lost, it has been republished, depriving Mr. Speticer of his
rights, and giving them to three fictitious gentlemen, Mr.
JSurlingion for England, Mr. Murray for Scotland, and
Mr. Llewellyn for Wales. He also compiled, about, 1764,
a work in 5 or 6 voU. 8vo, with cuts, entitled ^' The New-
gate Calendar, or Memoirs of those unfortunate cttlpritt
1 AUi. Ok. vol. L^lMd^ €h. Hitt.— Strype's Parker, p. 377 and 911—*
feumefs tteforinttion.^^'-CoUier'i ficcleiiaiticai l2tfiory«
VouXXVIL I
114 SANDERS.
who fall a sacrifice to the injured laws of their cQuntry, and
thereby make their exit at Tyburn." He was some time
engaged with lord Lyttelton, in assisting his lordship to
compile his ** History of Henry H. ;" and Dr. Johnson, in
his life of that -poetical nobleman, introduces this circum-
stance in no very honourable manner. "When time," says
he, "brought the history to a third edition, Reid (the for-
mer ct)rret;tor) was either dead or discharged ; and the su-
per'mtendence of typography and punctuation was com-
mitted tTt a man originally a comb-maker, but then known
by the style 6i Doctor Sanders, Something uncommon was
probably expected, and something uncommon was at last
done ; for to the doctor'* s edition is appended, what the
world had hardly seen b'efore, a list of errors of nineteen
pages.*' His most considerable work was his " Gaffer
Greybeard," an illiberal piece, in 4 vols. l2mo, in which
the characters of the most eminent dissenting divines, his
contemporaries, are very freely handled. *He had, perhaps
suffered either by the contempt or the refproof of some of
that persuasion, and therefore endeavoured to revenge
himself on the whole, ridiculing, in particular, Dr. Gill
under the name of Dr. Half-pint, and Dr. Gibbons under
that of Dr. Hyitin-maktr, He was also the author of the
notes to a Bible published weekly under the name of the
rev. Henry Southwell : for this he received about twenty-
five or twenty -six shillings per Week, while Dr. Southwell,
the pseudo-commentator, received one htindred guineas
for the use of his name, he having no other recommenda-
tion to the public, b) which he might merit a posthumous
memory, than his livings*. Dr. Sanders also compiled
'* Letter- writers," " Histories of England," and other works
of the paste and scissors kind ; but his " Roman History,"
written in a series of letters from a nobleman to his son, in
2 vols. 12mo, has some merit. Towards the latter end of
his days he projected a general chronology of all nations,
and had already printed some sheets of the work, under
the patronage of lord Hawke, when a disorder upon his
longs put a period to his existence, March 19, 1783. He
' was much indebted to the munificence of Mr. Granville
* Dr. Henry Southwell, who died in rectory of Asterby in Lincolnshire, bnt
3779, was of a good family in Cam- no one that knew him ever suspected
bri(fgc6hire, was eduQjited at Magda- hifflof writing a book.
7en college, Cambridge, and had the
SANDERS. 115
■
Sh&rpk More piartictilars of this man^s history and of the
secrets of Bibk-niaking may be seen in our authority.'
SANDERS. See SAUNDERS.
SANDERSON (Dr. Robert), an eminent English
bishop, was descended from an ancient family, and was
the yoiuigeftt son of Robert Sanderson, of Gilthwaite-hall,
Yorkshire, by Elizabeth, one of the daughters of Richard
Carr, of Batterthwaite-hali, in the parish of Ecclesfield.
He was born at Rotherham, in Yorkshire, Sept. 19, 1587,
and educated in the grammar-school there, where he made
so uncommon a progress in the languages, that, at thirteen,
he was sent to Lincoln college in Oxford. Soon after
taking iAi degree of B. A. his tutor told Dr. Kiibie, the
rector, that his ** pupil Sanderson had a metaphysical
brain, and a matchless memory, and that he thought he
had improved or made the last so by an art of his own in-
vention." While at college, he generally spent eleven
hours a day in study, chiefly of^ philosophy and the clas-
sics. In 1606 he was chosen fellow, and in July 1608,
completed his degree of M. A. In November of the same
year, he was elected logic reader, and re-elected in Nov.
1609. His lectures on this subject were published in 161 5^
and ran through several editions. In 1613, 1614, and
1616, he served the office of sub-rector, and in the latter
of those years, that of proctor. In 1611, he was ordained
deacon and priest by Dr. King, bishop of London, and took
the degree of bachelor of divinity in 1617. In 1618, he
was presented by his cousin sir Nicolas Sanderson, lord
viscount Castleton, to the rectory of Wybberton, near
Boston, in Lincolnshire, but resigned it the year following
on account of the unhealtbiness of its situation } and about
the same time was collated to the rectory of Boothby-Pan-
nell, or Paynel, in the same county, which he enjoyed
above forty years. Having now quitted his fellowship, h^
married Anne, the daughter of Henry Nelson, B. D. rec-
tor of Haugham in the county of Lincoln ; and soon after
was made a prebendary of Southwell, as he was also of
Lincoln in 1629. He continued to attend to his parochial
duties in a very exemplary manner, and particularly la-
boured much to reconcile differences, and prevent law-suits
both in his parish, and in the neighbourhood. He also
often visited sick and disconsolate families, giving advice
1 Gent. M»g. vol. LIIL p. 400, 482.
I 2
ll§ SANDERSON.
and often pecuniary assistance^ or obtaSning tbe latter by
applications to persons of opulence. He was often called
upon to preach at assizes and visitations ; but bis practice
of reading his sermons^ as it Was then not very comnion»
raised some prejudice against him. Walton observes, that
notwithstanding he had an extraordinary memory, he had
such an innate bashfulness and sense of fear, as to render
it of little use in the delivery of his sermons. It was re*
marked, when his sermons were printed in 1632, that ^^ the
best sermons that were ever read, were never preached.**
At the beginning of the reign of Charles I. he was chosen
otie of the clerks in convocation for the diocese of Lincoln ;
and Laud, then bishop. of London, having recommended
him to that king as a man excellently skilled in casuistical
learnings he was appointed chaplain to his majesty in 1631*
When he became known to the king, his majesty put many
cases of conscience tb^him^ and received from him solutions
which gave him so great satisfaction) that at the end of bis
month's attendance, which was in November, the king told
him, that " he should long for next November ; for he re-
solved to have more inward acquaintance with him, when
the month and he returned." The king indeed was never
absent from his sermons, and used to say, that *' be carried
his ears to hear pther preachers, but bis conscience to hear
Mr. Sanderson^'' In 1633 he obtained, through the earl
of Rutland's interest, the rectory of Muston, in Leicester-
shire, which he held eight years. In Aug. 1636, when the
court was entertained at Oxford^ he was, among others,^
created D. D. In 1642, he was proposed by both Houses
of parliament to king Charles, who was then at Oxford, tD
be one of their trustees for the settling of church affairs^
and approved by the king: but that treaty came to no-
thing. The same yean his majesty appointed him regius
professor of divinity at Oxford, with the canonry of Christ
church annexed : but the national calamities hindered him
from entering on it till 1646, and then he did not hold it
undisturbed much more than a year. In 1643, he was no«*
minated by the parliament one of the assembly of divines,
but never sat among them : neither did he take the cavenani
or engage^venty so that his living was sequestered ; but, so
great was his reputation for piety and learning, that he was
not deprived of it. He had the chief hand in drawing up
^* The Reasons of the university of Oxford against the so-
lemn League and Covenant^ the Negative Oath> and lh#
SANDERSON. 117
Ordinances concerning Discipline and Worship :** and,
when the parliament had sent proposals to the king for a
peace in church and state, his majesty desired, that Dr.
Sanderson, with the doctors Hammond, Sheldon, and Mor-
ley^ should attend him, and advise him how far he might
with A good conscience eomply with those proposals. This
request was rejected by the presbyterian party ; but, it be*
log complied with afterwards by the independents, when
his majesty was at Hampton-court, and in-the isle of Wight,
in .1647 and 1648, those divines attended him there. Dr.
Sanderson often preached before him, and had many public
and private conferences with him, to his majesty's great
satisfaction. The king also desired him, at Hampton-court,
since the parliament had proposed the abolishing of episi-
copal government as inconsistent with monarchy, that he
would consider of it, and declare his judgment; and what
be wrote upon that subject was afterwards printed in 1661,
§vo, under this title, '^ Episcopacy, as established by law
in England, not prejudicial to Regal power." At Sander^
son's taking leave of his majesty in this his last attendance
on him, the king requested him to apply himself to the
writing of *^ Cases of Conscience ;" to which his answer
was, that ^' he was now grown old, and unfit to write cases
of conscience." But the king told him plainly, *^ it was
the simplest thing he ever heard from him ; for, no young
man was fit to be a judge, or write cases of conscience."-^
Upon this occasion, Walton relates the following anecdote :
that in one of these conferences the king told Sanderson,
or one of them that then waited with him, that '^ the re-
membrance of two errors did much afflict him, which were,
bis assent to the earl of Strafford's death, and the abolish--
ing of episcopacy in Scotland ; and that, if God ever re-
stored him to the peaceable possession of his crown, he
would demonstrate his repentance by a public confession
and a voluntary penance, by walking barefoot from the
Tower of London, or Whitehall, to St. Paul's church, and
would desire the people to intercede with God for his par-
don." In 1643, Dr. Sanderson was ejected from his pro-
fessorship and canonry in Oxford by the parliamentary vi-
sitors, and retired to his living of Boochby-Pannel. Soon
.after> he. was taken prisoner, and carried to Lincoln, to be
exchanged for one Clarkes a puritan divine, and minister
of Alington, who had been made prisoner by the king'^
D^rty. He was, however^ soon released upon articles, one
118
SANDERSON.
of which was, that the sequestradon of bis living shoiild be
recalled ; by which means he enjoyed a moderate subsist*'
ence for himself, wife, and children, till the restoration.
But, though the articles imported also, that he should Vive
undisturbed, yet he was far from being either qdiet or safe^
being once wounded, and several times plundered ; and
the outrage of the soldiers was ^ucb, that they not only
came into his church, and disturbed him when reading
prayers, but even forced the common prayer book froiii
bim, and tore it to pieces. During this retirement, be re-
ceived a visit from Dr. Hammond, who wanted to discourse
with him upon some points disputed between the Calvinists
and Arminians ; and he was often applied to for resolution
in cases of conscience, several letters upon which subjects
were afterwards printed*. In 1658, the hon. Robert Boyle
sent him a present of 50/. ; his circumstances, as of most of
the royalists at that time, being very low. Boyle had read
bis lectures " De juramenti obligatione,'* published the
preceding year, with great satisfaction ; and asked Barlow,
afterwards bishop of Lincoln, if he thought Sanderson
could be induced to write cases of conscience, provided he
had an honornry pension all6wed, to supply him with books
and an, amanuensis ? But Sanderson told Barlow, ^< that, if
any future tract of his could bring any benefit to mankiitd,
be would readily set about it without a peinsion.*' Upon
this, Boyle sent the above present by the hands of Barlow ;
and Sanderson presently revised, finished, and published,
bis book ^^ De obligatione conscientis," which, as well as
' * While Dr, Hammond was at San-
dersiOD's house, he laboured to per-
suade him to trust to bis excellent
memory, and not to read his sermons.
Dr. Sanderson promised to try the ex-
periment, and having on the Sunday
following, exchanged pulpits with a
neighbouriog clergyman, be gave Dr.
Hammond his sermon, which was a
very short one, intending to preach it
as it was written, but before he bad
gone through a third part, he became
disordered, incoherent, and almost
incapable of finishing. Ou ^heir re-
iocn Dr. Sanderson s^id with much
earnestness, '* Good doctor, give nie
jhy sermon, and know, tiiat neither
you, nor any man liTing, shall ever
persuade me to preach again without
book.*^ Ha'mmond replied, '* 6ood
doctor, be not angry ; for if I ev«r
persuade you to preach again without
book, I will give you leave to tiutu all
those that 1 am master off.*' Dr.
Sanderson on some occasions expresfsed
his sense of the great timidity and
bashfnieess of his temper, and thought
it bad been injurious to him.
■*T^
f Aubrey says, <* When I was a fresh-
man and heard him read his first lec-
ture, he was out in the Lord's prayer.'^
Letters written by Eminent Persons,
|8i3, 3 Tols. Svo. £vcn when *< Pr.
Sanderson was preparing his lectures^
he hesitated so nnch, and repeated 00
often, that at the time of reading, h«
was often forced to produce, not what
was best, but what happened tpt be
at hand." RM&bler, No. 19.
SANDERSON. 119
«
that '* De jurajpa^nti obligatione/' were the substaace of
part of his divinity lectures.
lu Aug. 1660, upon the restoration^ he was restored to
bis profei>sorship and canonry ; and soon after, at the re-
commendation of Sheldon, raised to the bishopric of Lin*
coin, and consecrated Oct, 28. He enjoyed his new dig-
nity but about two years and a quarter : during which time
he did all the good in his power, by repairing tbexpalace at
Bugden, augmenting poor vicarages, &c. notwithstanding
he was old, and had a family ; and when hjs friends sug-
gested a little more attention to them, he replied, tha^ he
Wft them to God, yet hoped he should be able at l\\$ d^atb
tp give them a competency. He died Jan. 29, 1662-3, in
bis seventy-sixth year ; and was buried in the chancel at
Bugden, in the plainest and least expensive manner, ac-
cording to his own directions. Dr. Sanderson was in his
person moderately tall, of a healthy constitution, of a
mild, cheerful, and even temper, and very abstemious. In
his behaviour, he was affable, civil, and obliging, but not
ceremonious. He was a man of great piety, modest}^ learn-
ing and abilities, but not of such universal reading^s might
be supposed. Being asked by a friend, what boo^he stu-
died most, when he laid the fouiidatiou of his great learn-
ing, he answered, that *^ he declined to read many books,
but what be did read were well chosen, and read often ;
and added, that they were chiefly three, Aristotle's ^ Rhe-
toric,' Aquinas's * Secunda Secundae," and TuUy, but espe-
cially his f Offices,' which he had not fead over less than
twenty times, and could even in his old age recite without ^
book." . He ^old him also, the learned civilian Dr. Zouch ^^
had written ^^Elementa JurisprudentisB," which he thought
he could also say w^thqut book, and that no vyise man could
read it too often^gpfeides his great knowledge in the fa-
thers, schoiikliK^iKi casuistical and controversial divi-
nity, JJi^Rs eK^Ctlj^ vefsed in ancient and modem history,
was a good 9<tvtiquary, and indefipLtig^ble searcher into re-
.cprds, and well acquainted with heraldry and gen/ealogies; , ■.,
of which last subject be left 20 vols, in MS. now in the
library of '^ir Joseph Banks. The vorthiest<''and most
learned of l]is contefpporaries speak of him in the most re-
spectful terms : " That stai/J and well-weighed noan Dr.
Sanderson," . says tfamm.Qnd, ^^ .conceives all things deli-
berately, dwells upon them discretely, discerns things that
differ exactly, passeth bis judgment rationally, and ex-
presses it aptly, clearly, and honestly."
129 SANDERSON.
The morial character of this great and good man^ Mc,
Granger observes, has lately been, rashly aod feebly at-
tacked by the author of the '* Confes^ionaJ," and as ably
defended by the author of "A Dialogue between * Isaac
Walton and Homologistes," 1768. Cyery enemy to church
government has been, for the same reason^ an enemy to
bishop Sanderson and every other prelate ; but the upright-
ness and integrity of his heart, as a casuist, was never be-
fore called in question by any man who was not an entir^i
stranger to his character. He saw and deplored, and did
bis utmost, honestly and rationally, to remedy the com^
plicated ills of anarchy in church and state ; when *' every
man projected and reformed, and did what was right in his,
own eyes. No image can better express such a condition,
thau that of a dead animal in a state of putrefaction, when,
instead of one noble creature, as it was, when life held it
together, there are ten thousand little nauseous reptiles
growing out of it, eyery one crawling in a path of its own.'**
We shall now give some account of his writings, which,
for good sense, clear reasoning, and manly style, have
always been much esteemed. In 1615, he published, i.
*' Logicae Artis Compendium,'' ^s we have already men-
tioned. In 1671 appeared, as a posthumous work, hi$
'^ PhysicsB scienties compendium," printed at Oxford. 2.
'^ Sermons,'* preached and printed at different times,
amounting to the number of thirty-six, 1681, folio; with
the author's life by Walton prefixed. 3. ^< Nine Cases of
Conscience resolved;" published at different times, but
first collected in 1678, 8vo. The last of these nine cases
is " Of the use of the Liturgy," the very same tract which
was published by Walton in his Life of Sanderson, 167S,
under the title of ^'Bishop Sanderson's judgment concern-
ing submission to Usurpers." In this tract is given a full
account of the manner in which Dr. Sanderson conducted
himself, in performing the service of the church, in the
times of the usurpation. 4. ^' De Juramenti Obligatione,"
1647, 8vo; reprinted several times since, with, 5. ** De
Obligatione Conscientiae." This last was f^rst printed, as
we have said,' at the request of Mr. Boyle, and dedicated
to him; the former, viz. <' De Juramenti Obligatione,'^'
was translated into English by Charles L, during his con-
finement in the Isle of Wight, and printed at London \i\
^ Madia's Sermons, ScmiOD on the evils of Anarchy, p. 8^
». . .1 ■ •
SANDERSON. 121
l!SBS, 8to; and of both there is an English translation
entitled << ^Prelections on the Nature and Obligation of pro-
missory oaths and of conscience/' London^ 1722^ 3 vols.
Sro. 6. *< Censure of Mr. Antony Ascham bis book of the
Confusions and Revolution? of Government,'* 1649, 8vo,
This Ascbam was the rump parliament's agent at Madrid^
and was murdered there by some English royalists. 7.
^ Episcopacy, as established by Law in England, not pre-
judicial to the Regal Power," 1661, mentioned before. 8.
"Pax Ecclesifie ; about Predestination, or the Five Points;**
printed at the end of his Life by Walton, 8vo. Our bishop
iseems at first to have been a strict Cal/mist in those points:
for in 1632, when twelve of his sermons were printed tOr
gether, the reader may observe in the margin scrme accu<«
sationd of Arminius for false doctrine; but in consequence
of his conferences with Dr. Hammond, he relaxed ffom the
rigid sense, as appears by some letters that passed between
them, and which are printed in Hammond^s works. d«
** Discourse concerning the Church in these particulars :
first, concerning the visibility of the true Church; second-
ly, concerning the Church of Rome,*' &c. 1688 ; published
by Dr. William Ashetoo, from a MS copy, which he had
from Mr. Pullen, the bishop*8 domestic chaplain. 10. A
large preface to a book of Usher's, written at the special
fcommand of Charles L and entitled, '^The Power commu-
nicated by God to the Prince, and the Obedience required
of the Subject,*^ &c. 1661, 4to, and 1683, 8vo. 11. A
prefatory Discourse, in defence of Usher and his writings^
prefixed to a collection of learned treatises, Entitled, '* Clavi
Trabales ; or, nails fastened by some great masters of at-
Ijemblies, confirming the king's supremacy, the subjects*
duty, and church government by bishops," 1661, 4to. 12.
f* Prophecies concerning the return of Popery,'* inserted
111 a book entitled *' F^ir Warning, the second pietrt," Lon-
don, 1663. This volume contains also several extracts
from the writings of Whitgift and Hooker, and was publish-
ed with a view to oppose the sectaries, who were said to be
opening a door at which popery would certainly enter. 13.
** The preface to the Book of Common Prayer,*' beginning
with these words, ** It hath been the wisdom of the church.**
14. ^^ BrtK>/hu;, sen Explanatio Juramenti," &c. inserted in
the *^ Excerpta e corpore statutorum Univ. Oxon.'* p. 194.
It was written to explain the oath of obligation to observe
^tke penal statute^. 15, f^ Articles of Visitation and In*
123
SANDERSON.
qairy concerning matters ecclesiastical/^ &a Lond. 1662^
4to. Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Haniaiond were jointly con-
cerned in a work entitled ^^ A pacific discourse of God^s
frace and decrees/' and published by the latter in 1660.
n the preface to the Polyglott, Dr. Bryan Walton has
classed Dr. Sanderson among those of his much honoured
friends who assisted him in that noble work. Peck, io the
second volume of his ^^ Desiderata Curiosa/' has published
the *' History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of
the Blessed Virgin St. Mary at Lincoln : containing au ex*-
act copy of all the ancient monumental inscriptions there,
in number 163, as they stood in 1641, most of which were
soon after torn up, or otherways defaced. Collected by
Robert Sanderson, S.T. P. afterwards lord bishop of that
church, and compared with and corrected by sir Willtam
Dugdale's MS survey."*
SANDERSON (Robert), an antiquary of considerable
]iote> was a younger son of Christopher Sanderson, ^jus-»
tice of the peace for the county palatine of Durham, who
had suffered for his attachment to the Stuart family during
the civil war. He was born July 27, 1660, at Eggleston-
ball, in that county, and entered a student of St. Jpbn^$
college, Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. Baker, April
7, 1683. He remained in the university several years, aq4
' was contemporary with the celebrated Matthew Prior. Re-
moving to London, lie afterwards turned his attention to
the law, and was appointed clerk of the rolls, in the Rolls
chapel. He contributed largely to the compilation of Ry*
mer^s Foedera, ^nd was exclusively concerned in arranging
thQ three concluding volume^, from IB to 20, whiph he
successively dedicated to kings George I.^nd II. (See
Rymer.)
In 1704 he published a translation of ^^ Original Letj^ers
frgm William III. whilst Prince of Orange, to Charles II.,
!|Lord Arlington, and otb^ers, with an Accoiupt of the Prince's
Reception at Middleburgh, and his Spepcb on tfoat ppca*
sionV dedicating the book to lord WoqctsjtQpk. Ha 9I10
wrote " A History of Henry V." in the vf^y of anuaU, it|
nip^ volumes, of which tbp first four have been Ipst, and
the others still remain in ipanijfscript amongst his p^p(erv
Ip 1714 be became ac^ndidat^ for the plaqe of hi«toriQ-»
' Life by Wa^Uon, with tracts, 1678, Svo.— Walton's Lives by Zouch.— nio».
. Brit. — Atb. Ox. vol. n.-~Bishop Barlow's Remains, p. 333 and 634.— Words-
wprtl^'s l^GpL BiQ|;r^p^y.-^Gen{. Mag. vol. LXXl. .
SANDERSON. 123
grapber to queen Anne, and received a very handsome offer
of assistance from Matthew Prior, at that time ambassador
to the court of France. His success, however, was pre-*
vented by the change of ministry which succeeded on the
queen's death. On the 2dth of November, 1726, he was
appointed usher of the high court of chancery, by sir Jo^
seph Jekyll, the master of the rolls. He succeeded, in
1727, by the death of an elder brother, to a considerable
landed property in Cumberland, the north riding of Yorlc-
shire, and Durham. After this^ though he continued
chiefly to reside in London, he occasionally visited his
country seat at Armatbwaite castle, a mansion pleasantly
situated on the bank^ of the Eden, about ten miles from
Carlisle. He was married four times ; for the last time to
Elizabeth Hickes of London, when he had completed bis
70th year. He died Dec. 25, 1741, at his house in Chan^
eery-lane, in the 79th year of his age, and was buried in
Red- Lion- Fields. He was a devout man, well read in di«
vinity, attached to the forms of the church of England, and
very regular in his attention to public and private worship.
He was slightly acquainted with the Hebrew language, and
conversant in the Greek, Latin,* Spanish, Italian, and
French. He made a choice collection of books in various
languages, and left behind him several volumes of MSS,
relating chiefly to history, and the court of chancery, and
including a transcript of Thurloe^s State Papers. He kept
a diary, in which be noted down, with minute attention*
the* slightest occurrences of his life. As be left no issue,
his estates descen.ded, on the death of his last wife, in
175-3, to the family of Margaret, his eldest sister, oiarried
to Henry Milboiu*ne, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; whose
great grandson, William Henry Milbourne, was high she-
riff of Cumberland in 1794.^
SANDERSON. See SAUNDERSON. ^
SANDERUS (Anthony), an eminent topographer and
antiquary, was born at Antwerp, in Sept. 15S6. He was
first taught Latin at Oudenarde, and pursued his cl issical
studies at the Jesuits' college in Ghent. He then studied
philosophy at Doua^, and in 1609 obtained the degree of
master of arts. A^ter pome stay in his native country, he
entered on a course of theology at Louvain, which be
eompleted at Douay, and in 1619, or 1621, took th^
' Ni\hols*8 Buwyer.-^Rees's Cyclop^dui,
124 S A N D E R U S.
degree of docror in that faculty. Being ordained priest,
officiated for several years in various churches in the diocesar
of Ghent, was remarkably zealous in the conversion of A^-
reticSf i. e. protestants, and particularly contended much
with the anabaptists, who were numerous in that quarter.
Having, however, rendered himself obnoxious to^ the Hol^
landers, by some services in which he was employed by the
king of Spain, their resentment made him glad to enter into
the service of cardinal Alphonso de la Cueva, who was then
in the Netherlands, and made him his almoner and secre-^
tary. Some time after, by the cardinal's interest, he was
made canon of Ipres (not of Tournay, as father Labbe as*
»erts) and finally theologal of Terouanne. He died in 1664,
in the seventy-eighth year of his age, at AfHingham, an
abbey of Brabant in thei diocese of Mechlin, and was inter-
red there, with a pious inscription over his grave, written
by himself.
The long list of bis works shews that his life was not
spent in indolenpe. Some of these of the religious kind
we shall omit. The principal, which respected literature,
or the biography and ' history of the Netherlands, were, 1 .
*' Dissertatio parsenetica pro instituto bibliothecee publicae
Gandavensis,'* Ghent, 1619, 4to. 2. ** Poematum libri
tres," ibid. 1621, 8vo. 3. ** Panfegyricus in kudem B.
TbomaB de Villanova," ibid. 1623, 4to. 4. *' Encomium
S. Isidori," Antwerp, 1623, 8vo. 5. *^ De Scriptoribu^
Flandriae, libri tres,'' ibid. 1624, 4to. 6. *^ De Ganda*
▼eMsibus eruditionis fama claris,*' -ibid. 1624, 4to. 7. '^De
Brugensibus eruditionis fama ciaris,'' ibid. 1624, 4to. 8.
" Hagiologium FlandriaB," &c. ibid. 1625, 4to, and with
additions, at Lisle, 1639. 9. ^^ Elogia Cardinalium sanc«
titate, doctrina, et armis illustrium,'' Louvain, 1625, 4to«
10. ** Gandavium, sive rerum Gandavensium libri sex,*^
Brussels, 1627, 4to. 11. '^De Claris sanctitate et erudi«
tione Antoniis," Louvain, 1627, 4to. 12. ^* Bibliotheca
Belgica mauuscripta,'* 2 parts or volumes, Lisle, 1641 and
1643, 4to. 13. " Flandria lllustrata," Cologne, 1641 and
1644, 2 vols. fol. a most superb book, well known to the
collectors of foreign history and topography. There is an
edition published at the Hague in 1730, 3 vols. fol. but tb6
original is preferred on account of th^ superior beauty of
the engravings. 14, '^ Chorographia sacra Brabantia, sive
celebrium aliquot in ea provincia ecclesi^ruip et ccenobio-
rum descriptio,*' Brussels and Antwerp, 1659, 2 vols. fo(^
8ANDERUSL 123
1669. This is a still more splendid work than the former,
v^nd of much more rare occurrence in a complete state, very
few copies of the second volume being in existence. The
reason assigned is, that the entire impression of the second
volume was suppressed as soon as completed, and remained
in the warehouse of a bookseller at Brussels until 1695, in
which year that city was bombarded by the French, and all
the copies, except a few in the possession of the author's
friends, perished by fire. This likewise was reprinted at
the Hague in 3 vols. foL 1726 — 27, but with different plates,
and of course this edition is not so highly esteemed. San-
ders wrote other topographical works, which appear to re-
main in MS.^
SANDFORD (Francis), a herald and heraldic writer,
descended from a very ancient and respectable family, still
seated at Sandford, in the county of Salop, was the third
ton of Francis Sandford, of that place, esq. by Elizabeth,
daughter of Calcot Chambre, of WiJliamscot in Oxford-
«bire, and of Carnow in Wicklow in Ireland. He was bora
in 1630, in the castle of Carnow in the province of Wick-
low, part of the half barony of Shelelak, purchased of
James I., by his maternal grandfather, Chalcot Chambre.
He partook in an eminent degree the miseries of the period
which marked his.youth. At eleven years of age he sought
ftn asylum in Sandford, being driven by the rebellion from
Ireland. No sooner had his pitying relatives determined to
educate htm to some profession, than they were proscribed
for adhering to the cause of their sovereign ; he received,
'therefore, only that learning which a grammar school could
give. As some recom pence for the hardships be and his
faoiily had experienced, he was admitted, at the restora-
tion, as pursuivant in the college of arms^ but conscien-
tiously attached to James II., he obtained leave to resign
his tabard to Mr. King, rougedragon, who paid him 220/.
for his office. He retired to Bloomsbury, or its vicinity^
where he died, January 16, 1693, and was buried in St.
Bride^s upper church yard. The last daya of this valuable
man corresponded too unhappily with the first, for he died
*< advanced in years, neglected, and poor.'* He married
Jtfargaret, daughter of William Jokes, of Bottington, in
the county of Montgomery, relict of William Kerry, by
whom he bad issue. His literary works are, 1. '^ A genea*
* Fo|>peiiBibkBel{^.— Moreri«-^LoBgt&aa'i Catalog ae for 18 lO,
12« S A N D P O R D.
logical History of the Kings of Portugal," &c. London,
\664fy fol. partly a translation, published in complimetit lo
Catherine of Braganza, consort to Chai*les IL It is become
scarce. 2. . " The Orch?r and Ceremonies used at the Fu-
neral of his Grace, George Duke of Albemarle,'* Savo}*,
16?0.. This is a thin folio, the whole represented in en*
graving. 3. ** A genealogical History of the Kings of
England, and M'onarchs of Great Britain, from th^-Nordian
Conquest, Anno 1066, to the year 1677, in seven Part*
or Books, containing a Drscourse of their several Lives, Mar-
liagesj ancl Issues, Times of Birib, Death, Places of Bu-
rialj and monumental Inscriptions, with their Effigies, Sfeals,
Tombsj Cenotaphs, Devices, Arms," &c. Savoy, 167^,
fol. dedicated to Charles IL, by whose command the wtjrk
was undertaken. It is his best and most estimable perform-
ance. The plan is excellent, the fineness of the no'meronis
engravings greatly enrich and adorn it : many are by Hoi'**
lar, others by the best artists of thnt period, inferior to
him, but not contemptible, even when seen at this age of
improvement in graphic art. The original notes are not
the least valuable part of the work, conveying great in-
formation, relative to the heraldic history of our monarch^,
princes, 'and nobility. Mr. Stebbinjx» Somerset herald,
reprinted it in 1707, continuing it until that year, giving
some additional information to the original works; but the
plates being worn out, or ill touched, this edition is far iih-
ferior to the first. " The Coronation of K. James 11. and
Q Mary,'* &c.*iilustrated with sculptures. Savoy, 1687, a
most superb work. When James declared he would have
the a-ccount of his coronation printed, Mr. Sandford and
Mr. King, then rouge-dragon, obtained the earl n^arshaPs
consent to execute it ; the lattqr says, the greatest part
passed through his hands, as well as the whole management
and economy of it, though he declined having his name
appear in the title-page, contenting himself with one third
part of the property, leaving the honour, and twoTemain-
ing shares of it, to Mr. Sandford ; well foreseeing, he says^
that they would be maligned for it by others of their office ;
and he was not mistaken, for Sandford, with all the honour,
had all the malice, for having opposed the earl marshaP^
appointing Mr. Burghill to be receiver of fees of honoiif
for the heralds, and endeavouring to vest it in the king; so
that the affair was taken and argued at the council table.
The earl marshal, at the insinuation of some of th6 be-
8 A N D F O R D. 127
raids, suspended him, tinder pretence that he had not
finished the history of the coronation ; but he submitting,
the suspension was soon taken off. The book at last was
not successful, for the publication being delayed until
1687, and the revolution following, which threw a damp
on such an undertaking, Messrs. Sand ford and King gained
no more than their expen'ces, amounting to 600/.*
SANDINI (Anthony), an Italian ecclesiastical historian,
was bom June 31, 1692, and became, by the interest of
his bishop, cardinal Rezzonico, who was afterwards pope
Clement XI 11. librarian and professor of ecclesiasticcil his-
tory ^t Padua, where he died, Feb. 23, 1751, in the fifty-
ninth year of his age. He is known principally by his
** Vitae Pontificum Romanorum," Ferrara, 1748, reprinted
under the title of " Basis Historiae Ecclesiasticae.'* He also
wrote " Historian Familias Sacr® ;*' ** Historia S. S. Apos-
tolorum ;*' ** Disputationes XX ex Historia Ecclesiastica
ad Vitas Pontificum Romanorum," and " Dissertations,'*
in defence of tiie " Historian Familiae Sacrae," which fathei*
Serry had attacked.*
SANDIUS (Christopher), or. Van Den Sand, a So-
cinian writer, was born at Konigsburg in the year 1644.
After becoming an ecclesiastic, he went to Amsterdam,
where lie died in 1680, aged only thirty-six. He published
various works, among which are, 1. " Nucleus Historiaf;
Eeciesiastics," 1669, in 2 vols. 8vo, reprinted at Cologne,
in 1676 : and in London in 1681. 2. " Tractatus de Ori-
'gine Animae, 1671." 3. *< Notae et Observationes in G.J,
Vossium de Historicis Latinis," 1677, a work of consider-
able learning. 4. " Centuria Epigrammatum ;" 5. " In-
terpretationes paradoxae IV. Evangeliorum ;" 6. " Confes-
aio Fidei de Deo Patre, Filio, et Spiritu Sancto, secuhdum
Scripturam;" '* Scriptura SacraD TTrinitatis RevelatrixJ'
But the only work now much known, which was published
after his death, is his *^ Bibliotheca Anti-Trinitariorum,^*
Freistadt, 1684, 12mo, containing an account of the lives
and writings of Socioian authors, and some tracts giving
many particulars of the history of the Polish Socinians.'
SAN DR ART (Joachim), a German painter, was born
at Francfortin 1606. He was sent by his father to a gram-
mar school; his inclination to engraving and designing
* Atb. Ox. vol. II. — Harris** edition of Ware. — Noble's CoHeje of Arms. —
Gent Mag. voK LXIU.
« Diet Hist. > Moreri.— Diet. Hi.t.
125 8 A N D R A R T.
being irresistiblci he was sufFered to indulge it, and tir^nt
on foot to Prague, where he put himself under Giles Sade-
ler, the famous engraver, who persuaded him to apply bi^
genius to painting. He accordingly went to Utrecht, and
was some time under Gerard Honthrost, who took him inlor
England with him; where be stayed till 1627, the year in
which the duke of Buckingham, who was the patron of
painting and painters, was assassinated by Fehon at Ports-
mouth. He went afterwards to Venice, where he copied
the finest pictures of Titian and taul Veronese; and from
Venice to Rome, where he became one of the most consi-
derable painters of his time. The king of Spain sending
to Rome for twelve pictures of the most skilful hands then
in that city, twelve painters were set to work^ one of wfaomi
was Sandrart. After a long stay in Rome, he went to N»«
pies, thence to Sicily and Malta, and at length returned
through Lombardy to Francfort^ where he married. A
great famine happening about that time, he removed to
Amsterdam; but returned to Francfort lapon the cessit«
tion of that grievance. Not long after, he took possession
of the manor of Stokau, in the duchy of Neuburg, which
was fallen to him ; and, finding it much in decay, sold all
his pictures, designs, and other curiosities, in order ^a
y^ise money for repairs. He had but just completed these,
when, the war breaking out between tbe Germans and the
French, it was burned by the latter to the ground. He
then rebuilt ic in a better style; but, fearing a second in-*
vasion, sold it, and settled at Augsburgh, where he exe-
cuted many fine pictures. His wife dying, he left.Augs-
burgh,. and went to Nuremberg, where he established ait
academy of painting. Here he published his '^ Academia.
artis pictorias,*' 1683, fol. being »an abridgrtient of Vasari
a4)d Ridolfi for what concerns the Italian painters, and of
Charles Van Mander for the Flemings, of the seventeenth
century. He died at Nuremberg, in 1688. His work above
mentioned, which some have called superficial, is but a
part of a larger work, which he published before under the
title of *' Academia Todesca della architettura, scultura, e
pittura, oderTeutsche academic der edlen banbild-mahle-
Ten-kunste," Nuremberg, 1675 — 79, 2 vols. fol. He pub*
lished also, *' Iconologia Deorum, qui ab antiquis coleban-
lur (Germanice), ibid. 1680, fol. " Admiranda Sculpturaei
Teteris, sive delineatio vera perfectissima statuarum," ibid-
1680, fol. ^* Romse aniiquss et novae theatrum,^' i6S^, foK
^ A N D R A R t. i2Sl
^'^ l^bHUKNTttin Fotttinalia/' ibid. 1685, fol. A German
^ditioD of all bis works was published by Volkmann, at
Nuremberg, in 1669 — 75, 8 vols, fol.'
SANDYS (Edwin), a very eminent English prelate, thct.
third son of Wil(iam Sandys, esq. and Margaret his wife^
descended from the ancient barons of Kendal, was bora
near Hawksbead, in Furness Fells, Lancashire, in 1519*
The same neigbbourbood^ and almost the same year, gave
birth to two other luminaries of the reformation, Edmund
Grindal and Bernard Gilpin* Mr. Sandys*s late biographer
conjectures, that be was educated at the school of Furness
Abbey, whence be was removed to St. John^s-coliege,,
Cambridge^ in 1532 or 1533, where be had for his con-
temporaries Redmayn and Lever, both great lights of tha
reformation, beside othets of inferior name, who continued
in the hour of trial so true to their principles, that, accord-
ing to Mri Baker, the learned historian pf that bousef
^* probably more fellows were, in queen Mary's reign,
ejected from St. John's than from any other society in either
tiniversityt" Several years now elapsed of Saudys's life^
during which in matters of religion men knew not how to
act or what to believe ; but, though the nation was at this
time under severe restraints with respect to external con-»
duct, inquiry was still at work in secret : the corruption^
of the old religion became better understood, , the Scrip-
tures wete universally studied, and every impediment being
removed with the capricious tyranny of Henry VIII., pro-
testantism, with little variation from its present establish-
ment in England, became the religion of the state. >
During this interval Sandys^ who, from the independence
bf bis fortune, or some other cause, had never been scbo*
iar or fellow of bis college, though he had served the
bffice of proctor for the university, was in 1547 elected
master of Catherine-ball. He was probably at this tima
vicar of Haversham, in Bucks, his first considerable pre-*
ferment, to which, in 1548, was.added a prebend of. Peter-
borough, and in 1552, the second stall at Carlisle. \}^ith-
out the last of these preferments he was enabled to marry^ ^
end chose a lady of his own name, the daughtei'of a branch
unnoticed by the genealogists, a beautiful and pious wo-*
man. The next year, which was that of his vice-cban«
cellorship, rendered bim unhappily conspicuous by his
< PilkingtoD.-ii^Strtttt*
V9L.XXVW. K
13d S- A N 0 Y S.
yielding to the command or request of Dudley, duke d
Nortliumberland, and preaching a sermon in support of
lady Jane Gray's pretensions to the crown, after the death
of Edward VI. The designs of Dudley's party having been
almost immediately defeated, Sandys was marked out for
vengeance ; and the popish party in the university, as the
first step towards regaining an ascendant, resolved to de-
pose the vice-chancellor, which was performed in a man-
ner very characteristic of the tumultuous spirit of the
times. From this time, in July 1553, he ceased to reside
in college, or to take any part in the administration of its
concerns.
He then left the universitv, amidst the insults of his
enemies, and the tears of bis friends, -^ho reasonably an-
ticipated a worse fate than that which befel him. On his
arrival in London, he was ordered to be confined in the
Tower, - where the yeomen of the guard took from him
every thing which he had been permitted to bring froni
Cambridge; but his faithful servant, Quintiq Swainton,
brought after him a Bible, some shirts and other necessa-
ries. The Bible being no prize for plunderers, was sent
in, but every thing else was stolen by the warders. Here,
after remaining three weeks, solitary and ill accommo-
dated in a vile lodging, he was removed to a better apart-
ment, call/ed the Nun's Bower (a name now forgotten in
ihat gloomy mansion), where he bad the comfort of Mr.
John Bradford's company. In this apartment ' they re-
mained twenty-^nine weeks, during which time the mildness
yet earnestnessof tfaeirpersuasions wroughton their keeper,
a bigoted catholic, till he became a sincere protestant,
'' a son begotten in bonds^" so that when mass was cele-
brated in the chapel of the Tower, instead of compelling
his prisoners to attend, the converted gaoler frequently
. brought up a service-book of Edward VI. with bread and
wine, and Sandys administered the sacrament in both kinds
to himself and the other two.
Here they continued until their apartments being wanted
for the persons concerned in Wyat's conspiracy, they were
removed to the Marshalsea. On their way there they found
the people's minds greatly changed. Popery, unmasked
and triumphant, had already shewn its nature again,- and
general disgust had followed the short burst of joy which
had attended the queen's accession. . Sandys walked along
the streets attended by bis keeper : and as he was generally
B A K D V S. 131
ktoo«!il, the people prayed that God would eomfort him^
and strengthen him io the mitb* Struck with these ap-
pearances of popularityi the keeper of the Marshalsea saidj
<< These vain peo|^ would set you forward to the fire :
but you are as Tain as they^ if you^ being a young mao^
will prefer your own conceit before the judgoient of so many
worthy prellUes^ and so many grave and leamed^nen as are
ia this realm. If you persist, you shall find me as strict a
keeper, aa one that utterly misliketh your religion." Dr«
Sandys nobly replied^ " My years, indeed, are few, and
tny learning is small ; but it is enough to know Christ
crucified ; and who seeth not the blasphemies of popery
bath learned nothing. I have read in Scripture of godly
and courteous keepers, God make you like one of them ;
if not,. I trust he will give me strength and patience to b^ajr
your bard dealing' with me." The keeper then asked^
" Are you resolved to stand to your religion ?" *< Yes,'*
^aid Dr. Sandys, " by God's grace." « 1 love you the
-better, therefore," said the keeper, « I did but tempt youj
every favour which I can show, you shall be sure of : nay^
if you die at a stake, I shall be happy to die with you.'*
:And from that day such was the confidence which this good
•man reposed in Sandys, that many times he permitted him
,to walk alone io the fields j nor would he ever suffer him
to be fettered> like the other' prisoners. He lodged him
also in the best chamber of the house, and often permitted
his wife to visit him. Great resort was here made to Dr.
Sandys for his edifying discourses, and much money was
oflFered him, but he would accept of none. Here too the
communion was celebrated three ^r four times by himself
and his companions, of whom Saunders, afterwards the mar-
tyr, was one, to many communicants.
After nine weeks confinement in the Marshalsea, he was
set at liberty, by the intercession of sir Thomas Holcroft
knigbt-marsbal. This, however, was not accomplished
without much difficulty, and so intent was Gardiner, bishop
of Winchester, on bringing Sandys to the stake, that it
required ^ome management on the part of sir Thomas
before he could succeed ; and no sooner Was Sandys libe-
rated than Gardiner, being told that he had set at liberty
one of the greatest heretics in the kingdom, procured or-
dcrs.io be issued to all the constables of London to search
for, and apprehend hipa. In Sandys's. final escape, as re-
iatedby his late biographer, the hand of Providence wi*s
132 SANDYS.
Strikingly visible. While he was in the Tower, tranting si
pair of new hose, a tailor was sent for, who, not bein^
permitted to measure him, had made them too long, anA
while he was now concealed at the house of one Hurleston,
a skinner in Cornhill, he sent them, as Hnrleston's own^
to a tailor to be shortened. This happened to be honest
Benjamin the maker, a good protestant| who immediately
recognized his own bandy work, and required to be shown
to the house where Dr. Sandys was, that he might speak
with him for bis good. At midnight he was admitted, and
informed Dr. Sandys, that all the constables of the city^
of whom he himself was one, were employed to apprehend
him, that it was well known that bis servant had provided
two geldings, and that he meant to ride out at Aldgate to-
morrow. " But," said he, •* follow my advice, and, by-
God's grace, you shall escape. Let your man walk all the
day to-morrow in the street where your horses are stabled^
booted and prepared for a journey. The servant of the
man of the house shall -take the horses to Betbna]«>
green. The man himself shall follow, and be booted as if
h6 meant to ride. About eight in the morning I will be
with you, and here we will break our fast. It is both term
and parliament time, and the street by that hour will be
full of people; we will then go forth*— look wildly, and,
if you meet your own brother in the street, do not shun,
but outface him, and assure him that you know him not.*'
Dr. Sandys accordingly complied, and came out at the ap-
pointed hour, clothed in all respects as a layman and a
gentleman. Benjamin carried him through bye^lan^es to
Moorgate, where the horses were ready, and Hurleston as
his man. That night he rode to his father-in-law's house,
but had not been there two hours, when intelligence
was brought, that two of the guard had been dispatched
^o apprehend him, and would be there that night. He was
then immediately conducted to the house of a farmer near
the sea-side, where he remained two days and two nights
in a solitary chamber. Afterwards he removed to the house
of one James Mower, a ship-master, near Milton-shore,
where was a fleet of merchant-men awaiting a wind for
Flanders. While he was there. Mower gathered a con-
gregation of forty or fifty seamen, to whom he gave an ex^*
hortation, with which they were so much delighted^ that
they promised to defend him at the expence of their lives.
On Sunday May 6, be embs^rked in the asune vessel with
SANDYS. 1S3
Or. Coxe, afterwards bishop of Ely, and the ship was yet
in sight, when two of the guard arrived on the shore to ap-
prehend Dr. Sandys.
t His danger was not even yet entirely over, for on his
arrival at Antwerp, he received intelligence that king
Philip of Spain had sent to apprehend him, on which h«
escaped to the territory of Clev^, from thence to Augs-
jburgh, where he remained fourteen days, and then re-
moved to Strasburgh. Here he took up his abode for the
present, and here unquestionably spent the mo^t gloomy
portion of his life. His own health was at this time deeply
injured; he fell sick of a flux (the usual concomitant of
hardships and afflictions), which continued without abate**
nieat for nine months ; his only child died of the plague;
and iiis beloved wife, who had found means to follow^ him
about a year after bis flight from England, expired of a
consumption, in his afms. In addition to his sorrows, the
disputes concerning church discipline broke out among th^
English exiles, on which several of his friends left the
place. After his wife's deattf, he went to Zurich,, where
be was entertained by Peter Martyr, but, his biographer
thinks, the time did not permit him to receive any deep
tincture either as to doctrine or discipline from Geneva or
its neighbours.; Within five weeks the news of queen
Mary's death arrived ; and after being joyfully feasted by
BuUinger, and the other ministers of the Swiss churches,
he returned to Strasburgh, where hie preached ; after
which Grindal and he set out for their native country to-
gether, and arrived in London on the day of queen Eliza-
beth's coronation.
Dr. Sandys was now somewhat less than forty years old,
in the vigour of his mental faculties and with recruited
bodily strength. The first public scene on which he ap-
peared was the great disputation between the leading di-
vines of the protestant and popish side, in which, if his
talent for debate bore any proportion to his faculty of
preaching, he must have borne a very conspicuous part.
On the 21st of December, 1559, he was consecrated by
archbishop Parker to the see of Worcester. Browne Willis
bas roost unjustly accused our prelate of having enriched
bis faipily out of the lands of this see ; on the contrary, he
traosmitted it to his successor, exactly as be found it, that
^ saddled with the conditions of an exchange which the
CfowQ had by statute a right to make. He accepted it oa
134 8 A N I> Y »,
these conditions, and what he was never seized of, il wa«
impossible for him to alienate. After all, this was scarcely
a matter sufficient to excite Browne Willis's superstition^
reverence^ for the rental of the manors taken away was. no
more than ]9S/. 12^. S^d. per ann. and that of the spiritu*^
alities given in exchange 1 94/.
^ At Worcester began the inquietudes and vexations which
pursued bishop Sandys through his latter days. The papists
in his diocese hated him, and he was at no pains to cpnciliate
them. At Hartlebury, in particular, it was his misfortone
to have for his neighbour sir John Browne, a bigoted pa*
pist, who took every opportunity to insult the bishop, and
to deride his wife (for he had by this time married Cecily^
sister of sir Thomas Wilford), by calling her ** My Lady,*»
a style which in the novelty of their situation, some of the
bishop- s wives really pretended to ; so that in conclusioti «
great affray took place between the bishop's servants and
those of the knight, in which several were wounded on
both sides. At Worcester Dr. Sandys remained till 1570^
when on the translation of bis friend Grindal to York, he
succeeded him in the see of London, a station for which
he .was eminently qualified by his talents as a preacher, and
as a governor. During this period, he had interest to pro^
cure for his kinsman Gilpin, a nomination to the bishoprio
of Carlisle, but Gilpin refused it. At London, Dr. Sandys
sat six years, when be was translated to York, on the re-
moval of Grindal to Canterbury.
Years were now coming upon him, and a' numerous fa-
mily demanded a provision ; but as it was a new and un«
popular thing to see the prelates of the church abandon-*
ing their cathedrals and palaces, and retiring to obscure
manor-houses on their estates, in order to accumulate for-f
tunes for their children, an abundant portion of abloquy
fell upon Sandys, who seldom lived at York, and not very
magnificently at Southwell. Yet he visited his diocese
regularly, and preached occasionally in his cathedral with
great energy and effect. In 1577, during a metropolitical
visitation, he came in his progress to Durham, the bishoprio
of which was then vacant, but was refused admittance by
Whittingham, the puritan dean. The archbishop, however,
with his wonted firmness proceeded to excommqnication.
The issue of this contest will come to be noticed in our
account of Whittingham. In the month of May 1582^
being ooc^ mor^ i^ a pro^recis through bis diocese, a di$^T
8 A N D Y & US
bolical atteospt wa> mada to blast bis cbaracter. He bap?
peoed to lie at an infi in Doncaster j wberei through the
contrivance of sir Robert Stapleton, and other enemiets,
the inn-keeper's wife was put to bed to bioi at midnight
when be was asleep. On this^ according to agreement,
the inn-keeper rushed into the room, waked the archbishop
with his noise, and offered a drawn dagger to his breast,
pretending to' avenge the injury*. Immediately sir.Robert
Stapleton came in, as if called from his chamber by the
inn-keeper; and putting on the appearance of a friend, as
indeed he had formerly been, and as the archbishop theii
thought him, advised his grace to make the matter up^
laying before him many perils and dangers to his name
and the credit of reUgion that might ensue, if, being one
gainst so many, he should offer to stir in such a cause ;
^d persuading him, that, qotwithstanding his innocency^
which the archbishop earnestly protested, and StapletoQ
then acknowledged, it were better to stop the mouths of
needy persons than to bring his name into doubtful quesr
tion. With this advice, Sandys unwarily complied; but,
afterwards discovering sir Robert's malice and treacherous
dissimulation, he ventured, in confidence of bis own inno-
eency, to be the means himself of bringing the whole
cause to examination before the council in the star-cham-
ber. The result of this was, that he was declared entirely
innocent of the wicked slanders and imputations .Taise4
against him ; and that sir Robert Stapleton and his accom-
plices were first imprisoned, and then fined in a most ser
vere manner. This affair is related at large by sir John
jHarrington, a contemporary writer; suid by Le Neve, who
gives a fuller account of it, from an exemplification of the
decree, made in the star-chamber, 8 May, 25 Eliz. pre-
served in the Harleian library.
The last act of the archbishop^s life seems to hs^ve been
the resistance he made against the earl of Leicester, who
wanted to wrest from the see a valuable estate. It is to be
regretted that after having made this noble stand, our pre-
late should have granted a long lease of the manor of
Scroby to his own family.
Of the decline of archbishop Sandys^s age, and of the
particular disorder which brought him to his grave, no
circumstances are recorded. He died at Southwell, July.
10,:- 1588, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, and was bu«
ried in the collegiate church o( that places He was the
136 SANDYS.
first English bishop who, by his prudence or parsimony^
laid the foundation of a fortune in his family, which has
justified their subsequent advancement to a peerage. With
his father's savings, the manor of Ombersley, in Worcester-r
shire, was purchased by sir Samuel Sandys, the eldest son,
whose descendants, since ennobled by the family name, still
remain in possession of that fair and ample domain. There
also the archbishop's portrait, together with that of Cicely
his second wife, is still preserved. She survived to 1610,
and has a monument at Woodham Ferrers, iq Essex, where
she died.
Dr. Whitaker, whose late life of archbishop Sandys we
have in general followed, as the result of much research
find reflection, observes that after all the deductions which
truth and impartiality require, it will still remfiin incon-
testable, that Sandys was a man of a clear and vigorous
understanding, of a taste, in comparison, above that of the
former age or the next, and, what is more, of bis own :
that he was a sincere Christian, a patient sufferer, an in-
defatigable preacher, an intrepid and active ecclesiastical
magistrate. What w^s his deportment in private life, we
are ho where told, On the other hand, it cannot be de-
nied, that the man who after his advancement to the epis-
copal order, in three successive stations, either kindled
the flames of discord^ or never extinguished them, who
quarrelled alike with prptestants and papists, with his suc-
cessor in one see, (Aylmer) and with his dean in another,
who in his first two dioceses treated the clergy with a
harshness which called for the interposition of the metro-
politan, and who drew upon himself from two gentlemen
of the country, the extremity of violence and outrage, must
have been lamentably defective in Christian meekness and
forbearance ^. In every instance, indeed, he had met witlr
^reat provocation, i^nd in the last the treatment he received
was atrocious ; but such wounds are never gratuitously- in-
flicted, and rarely till after a series of irritations on both
liides. In. doctrinal points his biographer attempts, by
various extracts from his sermons, to prove archbishop
jSandys less inclined to Calvinism than some of his contem-
* We know not if Mr. Lodge has be. easy aleganoe of^ a courtier with af
ftowcd the same attention ou the con- muchfplety, meekness, and benevolence,
duot of archbishop Sandys, but his in* as ever ornamented the clerical cha-
ference is somewhat different. <* This racter.** Lodge's Ktustrai^OQ^n voV 1^
pr^faite> conduct happily united Uie p. 2S2,
SANDYS. 187
«
poraries. On the oth6r hand Dr. Wbitaker asserts the
dear, systematic, and purely evangelical thread of doc*
trine which runs through the whole of bis sermons, namely,
salvation through Christ alone, justification by faith in him,
sanctification through his holy Spirit, and lastly, the fruits
of faith, produced through the agency of th&same Spirit,
and exemplified in every branch of duty to God, our neigh*-
bour and ourselves. These " Sermons'* were first printed
i&lmost immediately after the archbishop's decease, and
again in 1613, in a quarto volume, containing twenty-two,
but have lately become so scarce that Dr. Wbitaker un«
dertook a hew edition, with a life prefixed, which was pub-*
lished in 1812, 8vo. The archbishop was also concerned
in the translation of the Bible begun in 1565, and the por^
tion which fell to his lot was the books of Kings and Chro-
nicles. Several of his letters and other papers are in<-
serted in Strype's Annals and Lives of Parker and Whit-
gift, ^nd in Burnet's History of the Reformation, Fox*s
Acts, &c.^
SANDYS (Sir Edwin), second son of the preceding,
was born in Worcestershire about 1561, and admitted of
Corpus-Christi-coUege, Oxford, at sixteen, under the ce-
lebrated Hooker. After taking his degree of B. A. he was
made probationer-fellow in 1579, and was collated in 1581
to a prebend in the church of York. He then completed
bis degree of M. A. and travelled into foreign countries,
and at his return was esteemed for learning, virtue, and
prudence. He af>pears afterwards to have studied the law.
While he was at Paris, he drew up a tract, under the title
of ^' £urop8B Speculum," which he finished in \5S9; an
imperfect copy of which was published without the au-
thor's name or consent, in 1605, and was soon followed by
another impression. But the author, after he had used
all means to suppress these erroneous copies, and to
punish the printers of them, at length caused a true copy
to be published, a little before his death, in 1629, 4to^
under this title : ^' Europae Speculum ; 'or a view or survey
of the state of religion in the western parts of the world.
Wherein the Romane religion, and the pregnant policies
of the church of Rome to support the same, are notably
1 Life by Dr. Wbitaker.— Biog. Brit.r-Strype's Craomer, p. 314. 40^^
Strype's Parker, p. 66, 78, 103, 208, 296, 333, 357, 438.— Strype'g Grindal,
p. S. 19^, 228, 245.— Strype's Whitgiffc. p. 283.— Harringtoo'g Brief View.—
Le Kerf's ^rcbbishops, ?•!• ll.«*-f ox's Acts antl Moum4eiits,
IM SANDYS;
displayed ; with some other memorable, discoveries and
memorations. Never before till now published according
to the author's original copie. Multum diuque desidera«*
turn." Hagae Comiiis, 1629. To this edition was a pre-
face, which has been omitted in the latter editions ; thoogh
some passages of it were printed in that of 1637^ 4to* It
was also reprinted in 1673, and translated both into Italiaa
and French.
In May 1602, he resigned bis prebend, and in May
1603, received the honour of knighthood Arom James I.;
who afterwards employed him in several affairs of great
trust and importance. Fuller tells us, that he was dex-
trous in the management of such things, constant in par*
liament as the speaker himself, and esteemed by all as an
excellent patriot, ^* faithful to his country,'' says Wood,
^* without any falseness to his prince/' It appears^ bow-»
ever^ that for some opposition to the court in the parliar
ment of 1621, he was committed with Seldento thec\istody
of the sheriff of London in June that year, and. detained
above a month ; which was highly resented by the House
of Commons, as a. breach of their privileges; but, sir
George Calvert, secreury of state, declaring, that neither
Sandys nor Selden had been imprisoned for any pariiar
mentary matter, a stop was put to the dispute. Sir Edwin
was treasurer to the undertakers of the western plantatio.ns.
He died in October 1629, and was interred at Nortbborne in
Kent ; where he bad a seat and estate, granted him by
James I. for some services done at that king's accession to
the throne. A monument, now in a mutilated state, was
erected to his memory, but without any inscription. He
bequeathed 1500/. to the university of Oxford, for the en*
dowment of a metaphysical lecture. He left five sons, all
of whom, except one, adhered to the parliament during
the civil wars. Henry, the eldest, died without issue..
£dwin, the second, was the well known parliamentary
colonel, of whose outrages.much may be read in the pub-
lications of the times, and who, receiving a mortal wound
at the battle of Worcester, in 1642, retired to Northborn^
to die, leaving the estate to bis son sir Richard, who was
killed by the accidental explosion of bis fowling-piece iiji
1663. His son, sir Richard, was created a baronet in 16^4,
and dying in 1726, without male issue, was the last of the
family who lived at Nortbborne, where the mansion re-
mained many years deserted^ and at 4ength was palled
down.
9 A N D Y S( in
. There was one sir Edwin Sandys, who publisbed, a$
Wood informs us, ^* Sacred Hymns, pousisting of fifty se^r
iect Psalms of David,'' set to be sun^ in five parts by Ro^
bert Taylor, and printed at London, 1615, in 4to; but
whether this version was done by our author, or by another^
of both his names, of Latimers io Bupkingbamsbire, is un-
certain^ '
SANDYS (GEOaaE), brother of the preceding, was the
seventh and youngest son of the archbishop of York, and
was born at the archiepiscopal palace of Bishoptborp ia
1577. In 1588 he was sent to Oxford, and matriculated
of St. Mary Hall. Wood is of opinion, that he afterwards
removed to Corpus-i-Christi-college. How long he resided
in the university, or whether he iook a degree, does not
appear. In August 1610, remarkable for the murder of
king Henry IV. of France, Mr. Sandys set out on bis tra*
vels, and, in the course of two years, made an extensive
tour, having visited seyeral parts of Europe, and many
pities and countries of the East, as Constantinople, Greece,
Egyp^9 ^^^ the Holy Land ; after which, taking a view of
the remote parts of Italy, he went to Rome and Venice,
and, on his return, after properly digesting the observations
be bad made, published, in 1615, his welUkuown folio, the
title of the 7th edition of which, in }673, is, ** Sandys*
Travels, contaaoing an history of the original and present
atateoftbe Turkish empire; their laws, government, policy,
military force, courts of justice, and commerce. The Ma^
hometan religion and ceremoniest A description of Con-
stantinople, (he grand signior^s seraglio, and bis manner of
living : also of Greece, with the religion and customs of the
Grecians. Of Egypt; the antiquity, hieroglyphics, rites,
customs, discipline, and religion, of the Egyptians. A
voyage on the river Nilus* Of Armenia, Grand Cairo,
Rhodes, the Pyramides, Colossus : the former flourishing
and present state of Alei^andria- A description of the
Holy Land, of the Jews, and several sects of Christians
living there; of Jerusaleip, Sepulchre of Christ, Temple
of Solomon, and what else, either of iintiquity or worth ob-
servation. Lastly, Italy described, and the islands ad^
joining; as Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Sicilia, the Eolian islands;
of Rome, Venice^ Naples, Syracusa, Mesena, iEtna, Scylla,;
iind' Chary bdis; and other places of note» Illustrated with
> Atb. Oz. vol |,-^Qep. piet.— Fnller's Wonliies.— C«p;i. Lit,
140 SAND'YS:
fifty maps and figures." Most of the plates', especially
those relating to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, are copied
from the " Devotissimo Viaggio di Zuallardo, Roma,"
15S7, 4to. Of these travels there have been eight or ten
editions published, and it still bears its reputation, his ac«
counts having been verified by subsequent travellers. Mr.
Markiand has a copy of this work, edit. 1637, with a M&
copy of verses by the author, which may be seen in the
^* Censura Literaria,^* but was first published at the end of
bis <* Psalms," 1640, 8vo.
Sandys distinguished himself also as a poet; and bis
productions in that way were greatly admired in the times
they were written. In 1632 he published *^ Ovid's Meta-'
morphoses Englished, mythologized, and represented in
figures," Oxford, in folio. Francis CJeyn was the inven-
tor of the figures, and Solomon Savary tLe engraver. He
bad before published part of this translation ; and^ in the
preface to this second edition, he tells us, that he has at-
tempted to collect out of sundry authors the philosophical
sense of the fables of Ovid. To this work, which is dedi-
cated to Charles I. is subjoined ^* An Essay to the transla-
tion of the i£neis." It was reprinted in 1640. In 1636,
he published, in 8vo, *' A Paraphrase on the Psalms of
David, and upon the Hymns dispersed throughout the Old
and New Testament,"' 1636, 8vo, reprinted in 163S, folio;
with a title somewhat varied, - This was a book which,
. Wood tells us, Charles I. delighted to read, when a pri-^
soner in Carisbrooke castle. There was an edition of 1 640,
with the Psalms set to music, by Lawes. In this last year
be published, in 12mo, a sacred drama, written originally
by Grotius, under the title of '< Christus Patient," and
which Mr. Sandys, in his translation, has called " Christus
Passion^," on which, and ^^AdamusExuV* and Masenius,
is founded Lauder^s impudent charge of plagiarism against
Milton. This translation was reprinted, with cuts, in 1688,
8vo. The subject of it wics treated before in Greek by
Apollinariifs bishop of Hierapolis,. and after him by Gre-
gory Nazianzen ; but, according to Sandys, Grotius ex^
celled all others. Langbaine tells us, with regard to San-«
dys' translation, that ^* he will be allowed an excellent
artist in it by learned judges ; and he has followed Horace's
advice of avoiding a servile translation, •> — ^ nee verbum
verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres' — so he comes so
near the sense of his author, that nothing is lost ; no spirits
SANDYS. I4t
evaporate \a the decanting of it into Ehglish ; and, if there
be any sediment^ it is left behind.'' He published 'also a
metrical paraphrase of '^ The Song of Solomon/' London,
164iy 4to, dedicated to the King, and reprinted in 1648
wi^h jiis ".Psalms." There are but few incidents known
concerning our author. AH who.mentbn him agree in be-
stowing on him the character, not only of a man of genius,
but of singular worth and piety. For the most part of his
latter days he lived with sir Francis Wenman, of Caswell^
pear Witney in Oxfordshire, to whom his sister was mar»
xied ; probably chusing that situation in some measure on
account of its proximity to Burford, the retirement of his
intimate acquaintance and valuable friend Lucius lord vis«
count Falkland, who addressed some elegant poems to him^
preserved in Nichols's '' Select Collection," with several
by Mr. Sandysy who died at the hoi>se of bis nephew, sir
Fraiicis Wyat,at Boxley in Kent, in 1643; and was in«
terred in the chancel of that parish-chureh, without any
inscription; but in the parish register is this entry:
" Georgius Sandys poetarum Anglorum sUi ssbcuU facilv
princeps, ^epultus fuit Martii 7, Stiio Anglise, anq. Donr«
1 64S." His memory has also been handed down by various
writers, with. the respect thought due to his great worth
and abilities. Mr. Dryden pronounced him the best ver-
sifier of the age, but objects to bis ** Ovid," as too close
aoid literal ; and Mr, Pope declared, in his notes to the
Iliad, that English poetry owed much of its present beauty
to his translations. Dr. Warton thinks that Sandys did
more tp polish and. tune the English versification than Den-
.ham. or.WaUery who are usually applauded on this subject;
jet his poems are not now much read. The late bio-
grapher of his- father observes^ that ^^ the expressive energy
of his prose will entitle him. to a place among English clasr-
i^cs, when his verses, some of \%bich are beautiful, shall be
forgotten. Of the exc^lleni?e of bis style, the dedication
jof hi« travels to prince Henry, will afford a short and very
conspicuous example."!
SANNAZARIUS (James), vernacularly Giacomo San*
KAZABQ) a celebrated Italian and Latin poet, was born at
KapJes, J.uly 28, ^458. His fan^ily is said to have been
■«;rigiually of Spanish extraction, but settled at an early
* Aih. Ox. vol. IT.— Cibber's Lives. — Fuller's Worthies. — Censura Lit. voU,
••IV. and V. — ElUi's Sp^cimeiw, vol. II K p. 24.— Bowles's editiou of Pope.-r^
JKIcboU'f Foeins.-r Wbiuker'fl l^ife of Abp. Safutys, p. y) vij.
H2 S A N JJ A ^.A 11 1 U S.
period at S^nto l>ft(zafd, iiilotirishiiigtbwfl sittiat^d betweefl
tbe Tcf^sino and the Po, where it was IdDg conspicuous for
nobility and opulence^ Reduced at length by the calami*^
ties of war, the more iminediate progetiitors of otir poet
removed to Naples. His father dying while this son wad
very youngs his mother, unable from her poverty, to keep
up her former rank^ retired with her family to Nocerm di
Paganii in Umbria^ where Sannazarius pressed a consider-
able portion of his youths He had previously to his re-
moval from Naples acquired the elements of the Greek and
Latin languages, under the tuition of Junianus Maius, who
conceiving a high opinion of his talents, prevailed on his
mother to return again to Naples, where he might continue
b'is education. Here he was admitted a member of the
Academia Pontana, and took the name of Actius Syncerus.
'He had formed an early attachment of the most tendet
kind to Carmosina Bonifacia, a young Neapolitan lady,
but not being a favoured lover, uttered his disappointment
in many of those querulous sonnets and canzoui which are
«till extant. In compositions of this kind Sannazarius is
considered as having surpassed every other poet from the
days of Petrarch. To dissipate his Uneasiness, he tried the
effect of travelling ; but on his return, bis grief was
heightened by the report of the death of his mistress. She
is understood to be the lamented Phyllis of his Italian and
Latin poems.
The increasing celebrity of Sannazarius^ as a scholar
and poet^ having attracted the notice of Ferdinand king of
Naples, that monarch's younger son, Frederick, who was
greatly attached to poetry, invited him to coUrt, and be-
came his patron ; he also grew into favour with Alphonsus^
duke of Calabria, the next heir to tbe crown, and under
him embraced a military life, and served in the Etruscan
war. During his campaigns, Sannazarius continued to
cultivate his poetical talent, and when in consequence of
the series of misfortunes and deaths in the royal family, his
patron Frederick came to the crown, he conceived the hope
.of very high honours, but obtained only a moderate annual
pension, and a subyrban villa, called Mergillina, to which^
.although at first he was chagrined, he became reconciled^
and this villa was afterwards the delight of his muse. In
about four years, Frederick was dethroned by the combioed
powers of France and Spain, ,and now experienced the dis-
interested fidelity of our poet, who sold bis possessions to
S A N N A 2 A R I d S. 143
assist tbe f^illen monarch, attended him to France, and
continued firmly attached to him as long as he lived.
In 1503, he again returned to Naples, was^ replaced in
his favourite villa, once more frequented the court, and
obtained the favour of tbe reigning queen. Here he found
another mistress in Cassandra Marchesia, one of the ladies
of honour, whom he describes as very beautiful and very
learned, but as he was now too far advanced in years for a
passioq such as he formerly felt, Cassandra is to be con-
sidered merely as his poetical mistress, and the chaste ob-
ject of bis Platonic attachment. The attachment, it is
said, was muiuaf, and a confidential intercourse continued
to subsist between them till the poet's decease, nor does it
appear that Cassandra ever formed any matrimonial con-
nection. Sannazarius, however, has been numbered by
some amopg the votaries of pleasure, and they tell lis he
affected the levity and gallantry of youth when in his old
age. In his friendships he is said to have been uniformly
ardent and sincere. In gratitude to the memory of Pon-
tanusy who had given a powerful impulse to his youthful
studies, he became the editor of his works. He is also '
connneuded for his probity, his love of justice, and abhor-
rence of litigation.
Tbe indisposition which terminated his life was brought
on by grief and chagrin, on account of the demolition of
part o( his delightful villa of Mergillina, in decorating
which be had taken peculiar delight. Philibert de Nassau,
prince of Orange, and general of the emperor's forces, was
the author of this outrage on 'taste and the muses. He ex-
pired soon afterwards at Naples, and, it is said, in the house
of Cassandra, in 1530, in the seventy-second year of his
age. The tomb of Sannazarius, in a church near his villa,
which he built, is still- to be seen, and has the same mix-
ture of heathen and Christian ornaments which are so fre-
quently to be found in his poems.
His principal Latin poem, ** De Partu Virginis," took up
his attention, in composition, revisals, and corrections,
about twenty years; obtained him the highest compliment^
from the learned of his age, and two honorary briefs from
two popes ; and certainly contains many brilliant and highly
finished passages, but it brought his religion into some
su^iqioD. In a po^m on the miraculous conception, that
great mystery of the Christian church, we find the agency
of th<^ Dryads and Nereids employed ; the books of the
146 S A N S O V I N O.
. 8ANSOVINO. (Francis),, an Italian poet and bHtoriaa^
was. borq in 1521 ai Rome, and was the son of Jiioies'Saa-'
sovino, an eminent sculptor and celebrated architect, whose'
eulc^y Vasari has left us. He studied the belles Jettres at
Venice, and took bis degrees in law at Padua ; but that
scien.ce not sj;iiting bis taste, be devoted himself wholly ta
poetry, history, and polite literature, and died in 15&6, at
Venice, aged sixty-five, leaving more than fifty w^ksj all
written in Italian. They, ^on^ist of " Poems i" iiot;es- on
Bocqaccio's/^ Decameron, on Ariosto, Dante, &c." transla-
tions of ancient historian and .some histories written by
himself, .as his '^ Ven^zia de^critta," of wbicb the best edi-
tion is that of 166;^, 4to ; ^* Istoria Universale jd&W origioer
guerre, ed imperio de Turchi,^' 1654, 2 vols. 4to, reckoned
a capital work. His *' Satires'' are in a collection with
.those of Ariosto, and others, Venice, 1560, 8vq; his
^' Ci&pitoIi'V.wich those of Aretino, and different .writecs,
|540, and 1583, 8vo ; to which we may add his ^' Cento
novelle Scelte," Venice, 1566, 4to.*
SANTEUL, or SANTEUIL {John Baptist), in Utin
$AMTOLius, a celebrated modern Latin. poet, was born^afi
Paris May 13, 1630, of a good family.. He studied. the
belles lettres at the college of St. Barbe, and in that of.
Louis le Grand, under the learned Pere Coiisart, and. en-
tering soon after among the regular canons of St. Victor,
devoted himself wholly to poetry, commencing lus career
by celebrating some great men of that time. . He also was
employed to write many of those inscriptions which, may
be seen on the public fountains and mpnuments of Paris,
and this he did in a style at once clear, easy, and digot-
fied. When some new hymns were wanted for the Paris
breviary, he was requested by bis brother Claude, Pelisfson»
and Bossuet, to compose them^ which he accomplished
with the greatest success and applause, in an elevated,
perspicuous, and majestic style, suited to the dignity of.
the subject. The reputation which he gained by these in*
duced the order of Clugny.to request some for their bre*
viary. With this he complied, and in. return they granted
bin) letters of filiation, and a pension. Santeul was much
esteemed by the literati of his time, and by many persons
of rank, among whom were the two princes of Cond6, fia-
tber and son, whose bounty he frequently experienced ;
1 NiceroD^ toI. ^XIL*^Tirabo8chi.
8 AN t tV L. Ul
•ltd Louis XIV. who settled a pension upon Mm. He
gr^tly ofFedded the Jeiuits, however, bj his epitaph* in
pmise of their enemy Arnauld. Whilfe Santeul's Liltin
poems w^re always much admired by his countVymenj he
seems to have enjoyed fully as much reputation/ during his
life-time, for his wit, and oddities of character. La Bru-
■ yere, under the name of Theodes, has described him as, in
one moment, good-humoured, trattable, easy, and cottt^
. plaisant, in another, harsh, violent, choleric, and capri-
eious ; as at once simple, ingetfudus, credulous, sportive,
^nd volatile ; in short, a child, with grey hairs, and as
speaking like a fool, and thinking like a sage. He utters,
adds La Bruyere, truths in a ridiculous manner, and sen-
sible things in a siliy way ; and we are surprised to find so
much intdiect shining through the clouds of buffoonery,
contortions, and grimaces. He had great credit for his
witticisms, many of which may be seen in the " Santolianal^*
When the duke of Bourbon went to hold the states of Bur-
gundy at Dijon, Santeul attended him, and died therie,
August 5, 1697, aged sixty-seven, as he was on the "point
of returning to Paris. His death was attributed to an in*
considerate trick played upon him by some one whom his
oddity of charaieter had encouraged to take liberties, and
who put some Spanish snuff into his wine-glass, which
brought on a complaint of the bowels that proved fatal in
fourteen hours. Besides his Latin hymns, l!2mo, he left
a considerable number of Latin " Poems," 1739, 3 vols.
* 12mo. *
SANTEUL (Claude), brother of the preceding, born
Feb. 3, 16i28, also wrote some beautiful hymns in the Paris
breviary, under the name of " Santolius Maglorianus," a
name given on acicount of his having resided a long time in
the seminary of St. Magloire at Paris, as a secular eccle-
siastic. Though the brother of Santeul, and a poet like
him, he was of a totally different temper and disposition;
mild, calm, and moderate, he had none of that heat arid
impetuosity, by which his brother, was incessantly agitated,
fie was esteemed not only for his poetical talents, but his
deep learning and exemplary piety. He died September
^9, 1684, at Paris^ aged fifty-seven. Besides his hymns
on the particular festivals, which are very numerous and
preserved by the family in MS. 2 vols. 4to ; some of his
1 Perrault Lei Hommet Uluitres.— ^Santqliana.— Moreri.— Diet. Htit^
L 2
, I
148
5 A N T E U L.
poetry bat been printed with his brother's works. Theim
was another Claude Santeul, related to the preceding, •
merchant and sheriff of Paris, who died about 1799, leav-
ing some <^ Hymns/' printed at Paris in 1123^ 8vo.^
SANZIO. See RAPHAEL.
. SAPPHO, an eminent Greek poetess, was a native of
Mitylene in the island of Lesbos. Who was her father i9
uncertain, there being no less than eight persons^who havo
contended for that honour ; but it is universally acknow-
ledged that Cleis was her mother. She flourished, accord-^
ing to Suidas, in the 42d olympiad } according to Euse-*
bins, in the 44th olympiad, about 600 years B. C. Her
loVe-afFairs form the chief materials of her biography.
Barnes has endeavoured to prove, from the testimonies of
Chamieleon and Hermesianax, that Anacreon was one of
her lovers ; but from the chronology of both, this has been
generally considered as a poetical fiction. She married
ofie Cercolas, a man of great wealth and power in the isv
land of Andros, by whom she had a daughter named Cleis.
He leaving her a widow very young, she renounced all
thoughts of marriage, but not of love ^ ; nor was she very
scrupulous in her intrigues. Her chief favourite appears to
have been the accomplished Pbaon, a young man of Les*
bos ; who is said to have been a kind of ferry-man, and
thence fabled to have carried Venus over the stream in his
boat, and to have received from her, as a reward, the fa-
vour of becoming the most beautiful man in the worlds
Sappho fell desperately in love with him, and went into
Sicily in pursuit of him, he having withdrawn hitnself thi-^*
tber on purpose to avoid her. It was in that island, ar^d
on this occasion, that she composed her hymn to Venus*
This, however, was ineffectual. Phaon was still obdurate,
and Sappho was so transported with the violence of her
passion, that she had recourse to a promontory in Acar-
nania called Leucate, on the top of which was a temple
dedicated to Apollo. In this temple it was usual for de*
^ " Sappho formed an academy of
females who excelled in music ; and it
was doubtless this academy which drew
on her the hatred of the women of Mi-
tylene, who accused her of being too
fond of her own sex; but will not her
\ox^ for Pbaon, and the fatal termina-
tioH of her existence^ sufficiently ex-
culpate her ? And might she not have
written the celebrated verses " Blest
as the immortal goda is he,'* &c.' for
another ? Many of our poetical ladies,
whom we could name, have written
excellent impassioned songs of com*
plaint in a male character.'' Or. Biht-
ney in Hist, of Music
1 ltor»rL*>«Dict. Hist.
SAPPHO. ,149
^pairing Idvers to make their vows in secret, and after-
firards to fling themselves from the top of tbeprecipice into
th&sea, it being an established opinion^ that all those who
were taken up alive, would immediately be cured of their
former passion. Sappho perished in the experiment The
original of this unaccountable humour is not known* Her
genius, however, made her be lamented. The Romans
erected a noble statue of porphyry to her memory; and the
Mityienians, to express their sense of her worth, paid her
sovereign honours after her death, and coined money with
her head for the impress. She was likewise honoured with
the title of the tenth Muse.
Yossius is of opinion that none of the Greek poets
excelled Sappho in sweetness of verse ; and that she made
Archilochus the model of her style, but at the same time
took great care to soften and temper the severity of his
expression. Hoffman, in his Lexicon, says, *^ Some au-
thors are of opinion, that the elegy which Ovid made und#r
the name of Sappho, and which is infloitely superior to his
other elegies, was all, or at least the most beautiful part of
it, stolen from the poems of the elegant Sappho." She
was the inventress of that kind of verse which (from her
name) is called^ the Sapphic. She wrote nine books of
odes, besides elegies, epigrams, iambics, monodies, and
other pieces ; of which we have nothing remaining entire
but an hymn to Venus, an ode preserved by Louginus
(which, however, the learned acknowledge to be imper-
fect), two epigrams, and some other little fragments, which
have been generally published in the editions of Anacreon.
Addison has given an elegant character of this poetess in
the Spectator (No. 223 and 229), with a translation of two
of her fragments, and is supposed to have assisted Philips
in his translation.^
' SARASIN (John Francis), a French miscellaneous au-
thor, was born' at Hermanville, in the neighbourhood of*
Caen, about 1604. It is said, in the/^ Segraisiana," but
we know not on what foundation, that he was the natural
son of Mr. Fauconnier of Caen, a treasurer of France, by
a woman of low rank, whom he afterwards married. Sara-
sin began his studies at Caen, and afterwards went to
Paris, where he became eminent for wit and polite litera-
ture, though he was very defective in every thing that
4 Gen. Dkt— YosfiiM de Poet GraBC— Fawkes'i TniuiatioD.
150
S A R A S I N.
•could be called learning. He tben inade tlie tour of Ger^
•many; and, upon his return to France, was appointed a
kind of secretary to the prince of Conti. Ite was a man
of a lively imagination and ready wit; and much caressed
by those who thought themselves judges of that article.
He was, however, so frequently invited on this account
that he began to envy matter-of-fact men, from whom no-
thing of the kind is expected. He was also unfortunate in
'bis marriage, his wife being a woman of a violent ungo-
vernable temper. It is said that he persuaded the prince
of Conti to marry the niece of cardinal Mazarin, and for
this good office received a great sum ; but this being dis^
• covered, the prince dismissed him from his > service, with
every mark of ignominy, as one who had. sold himself t€
the cardinal. This treatment is supposed to have occa-
sioned his death, which happened in 1654. Pelisson, passw
ing through the town where Sarasin died, went to the
grave of his old acquaiiitancie, shed soMie tears, had a mass
said over him, and founded an anniversary, though he him«
' self was at that time a protestant.
He published in his life-time, " Discours de la Trage-
die;" " L*Histoire du Siege de Dunkerque," in 1649;
and " La Pompe funebre de Voiture," ik the " MisceU
lanea'* of Menage, to whom it is addressed, in 1652« At
his death, he ordered all his writings to be giv'en into the
bands of Menage, to be disposed of as that gentleman
should think proper ; and Menage published a 4to volume
of them at Paris in 1656, with a portrait of the author en-
graven by Nanteuil, and a discourse of Pelisson upon his
merits. They consist of poetry and prose ; and have much
wit and considerable ease, elegance, and invention. Be-
sides this collection in 4to, two more volumes in l2mo
were published at Paris in 1675, under the title of " Nou^
velles Oeuvres de Mr. Sarasin ;'* which appear to consist of
the pieces rejected by Menage, mostly unfinished frag-
ments, but" Boileau encouraged the editor, M. deMonnoye,
to publish them, as not unworthy of Sarasin.*
SARAVIA (Hadrian a), of Spanish extraction, but to
be classed among English divines, was a native.of Artois,
where he was born in 1531. Of his early years we have
no account. In 1582 he was invited to Leyden to be: pro-
fessor of divinity, and was preacher in the French church
*
' Niceron, vols. VI. and £.«-Moreri.— Diet. Hikt.'^^i-PerrauU Lei Homme«
S A R A V I A. 151
there. Having studied the controversy respecting church
government, he inclined to that of episcopacy, and in 1587
oame to England ^vbere he. was well received by some of
the pirates and divines of that day, particularly Wbitgift,
archbishop of Canterbury. He first settled at Jersey,
where he taught a scbool, and preached to bis countrymen,
who ^were exiles tbere. He was appointed master of the
£reet .gnuxiQiar-scbool at Southampton, where Nicholas
Fii^yWr, . the most renowned critic of bis age, received bia
education principally under him, and he also educated sir
ThoKitfis Lake, .secretary of state to James I. He was suc-
cessively promoted to a prebend in the cburcbes of Glou-
cn^er, CaAt^rbury, and Westminster. He displayed great
leaf aing in defence of episcopacy against Beza, when tbat
4ivine reeofiMOQiended the abolition of it in Scotland. He
^ed in 1613, at the age of eighty^-two, and was interred
in. Cii^terbury catbedral, where tbere is a monument to
his'memory. All bis works were published in 1611, one
yoU folio. He must have acquiced a very considerable
knowledge of the English language, as we find his name
in the first .class .of those whom king J^mes I. employed in
the new .translation of tbe Bible. He lived in great inti- .
majcy with hisjellow labourer in the cause of episcopacy,
the celebrated Hooker. *^ These two persons,^' says Wal-
ton, ^' began a holy friendship, increasing daily to so high
wd. mutual .affections, that their two wills seemed to be but
one. and the same.'^^
. ^SARBIEVySKI, or Sarbievi^s (Mattbias Casimir), a
modern Latin poet, was born of illustrious parents, in 1595^
in the duchy of Masovia, in Poland. He entered among
the Jesuits in 1612, and was sent to continue his theol&gi-
x^l studies at Rome, whene he devoted himself to the pur-
suit of .antiquities, and indulged his taste for poetry. Some
L^tin ^' Odes,'^ which he presested to Urban VIII. gained
him that pontiff's esteesi, and the honour of heing chosen
to correct the hymns, intended for a new breviary, then
composing by Urhan's orders. When Sarbiewski returned
•to Poland, he taught ethics, philosophy, and divinity, suc-
cessively at Wilna. Such was the .esteem in which he was
held, that when admitted to a doctor's degree there, La-
dislaus V. king of Poland, who was present, drew the ring
^ Atb.'Ox. Tot. L^ZouQh's edition of Walton'i Lives.—Strype's Life of W^it-
.f'lft, pp« 429, 441.-«8ee tome reSectioQS on his political conduct at Leyden ip
IS^jmann's ** Sylloge Epistolarom."
15a 8ARBI£W,SKT,
from his finger* and put it on that of Sarbiewski ; and tbif
ring is still preserved in the university at Wilna, and made
we of in the inauguration of doctors. Ladislaus also chose
l^im for his. preacher, an office in which he gained great
applause ; and he was frequently his oiiyesty^s companioii
in his journeys, especially when he went to . the baths of
Baden. Sarbiewski was so enthusiastic in. his admiration
of the Latin poets, that he is said to have re^d Virgil ove^
sixty times, and other poetical classics more ^an thirty
times. He died April 2, 1640, aged forty-five. His Latin
poems contain great beauties, mingled with ^ome defects.
An enlarged and very elegant edition of them was publish-
ed at Paris, by Barbou, 1759, 12mo. They consist of La<*
tin odes, in four books; a book of epodes ; one of ditby^
rambic verses; another of miscellaneous poems; and a
fourth of epigrams. His lyric yerses are the most admired j
their style is elevated, but they are sometimes deficient iu
elegance and perspicuity.^
SARJEANT, or SERJEANT (John), a secular priest^
who was sometimes called Smith, and sometimes Holland)
|vas born at Barrow in Lincolnshire, about 1621, and ad->
mitted of St. John's college in Cambridge April 12, 1639^
by the masters and seniors of which he wai recommenfled
to bie secretary to Dr. Thomas Morton, bishop of Durham^
While in this employment he entered on a course of read*
ing, which ended in bis embracing the popish religion.
He then went over, to the English college of secular priests
at Lisbon in 1642 ; and^ after studying there ^ome time, he
returned to England in 1652, and was elected secretary of
the secular clergy, and employed in propagating his reli«
gion, and writing books in defence of it^ particularly against
Dr. Hammond, Dr. Bramhall, Dr. Thomas Pierce, Dr. Til-
lotsou, .Casaubon, Taylor, Tenison, Stillingfleet, Whitby,
&c. In the course of his controversies he wrote' about
forty volumes or pamphlets, the titles of which may be seen
in Dodd. He bad also a controversy with the superiors of
his own communion, of which Dodd gives a long, but now
very uninteresting account. He died, as his biographer
says^ with the pen in his hand, in 1707, in the eighty-sixth
year of his age.*
1 BailleU-^Nov. Act. Erudit: 1753, 8?o, p. 621^624.— Diet. Hift.--Saxii
Qnomait.
s Dodd'8 Cb. Hist.— -Birch's Tillotson.— Aih. Ox. ?ol. II.
6 A R N E L L I. |5l
' 6ARNELLI (Pompey), a leanied Italian prelate, wa«
bom at Poiignano in 1649, and studied principally at Na-
ples. He connnenced bis career as an author about 1668^
and published some pieces connected with grammar and
polite literature. In 1675, after he had been admitted to
priest's orders, pope Clement X. made him honorary pro^
tbonotary ; and in 1679, he was appointed grand vicar to
cardinal Orsini, and obtained other preferment in th^
jDhurch. He died in 1724, He was the author of abovo
thirty works, enumerated by Niceron and Moreri, of which
we may mention, *^ Lettere ecclesiastiche/' in 9 vols. 4to}
^* II Clero secolare nel suo Splendore, overo della vita
commune clericale;'* *^ Bestiarum Schola ad Homines
lerudiendos ab ipsa rerum natura provide instituta, &c. de^'
^em et centum Lectionibus expUcata ;'^ <^ M emorie Grono-
logtche de* Vescovi et Arcivescovi di Benevento, con 1^
serie de Duchi e Principi Lohgobardi nella stessa citta ;'^
^nd the lives of Baptista Porta, Boldoni, &c. He some*
times wrote under assumed names, as Solomon Lipper,
Esopus Primnellius, &c.^
SARPI (Paul), usually called in England, Father Paul,
in Italian, Fra Paolo, a very illustrious writer, was born at
Venice Aug. 14, 1552, and was the son of Francis Sarpi^
a merchant, whose ancestors came from Friuli, and of Isa-
bella Morelli, a native of Venice. He was baptized by the
name of Peter, which he afterwards, upon entering intb
his order, changed for P^ul. His father followed merchan-
dize, but with so little success, that at his death, he left:
bis family very ill provided for, but under the care of a
mother whose wise conduct supplied the want of fortune
by advantages of greater value. Happily for young Sarpi,
(be had a brother, Ambrosio Morelli, priest of the collegia
ate church of St. Hermagoras, who took him under h\H
care, ^^^^'psio was well skilled in polite literature, which
he taught to several children of the noble Venetians : and
be took particular care of the education of his nephew^
whose abilities were extraordinary, though his constitution
was very delicate. Paul had a great memory, and much
strength of judgment ; so that he made uncommon advanceaf
in every branch of education. He studied philosophy anfl
divinity under Capella, a father belonging to the monastery
of th^'Servites in Venice; and when only in bis tendet
I NiceroOy vol. XLII.^— l^eren't /
154 S A R P L
years, made great progress in the mathetnatios, and tb^
Greek atrd.Hebrew tongues. Capella, though a celebrated
master, confessed in a little time that be could give his
pupil no farther instructioua^, and with this opinion of .his
lalents, prevailed with him to assume the religious habit of
the Serviies, notwithstanding his mother and uncle repre**
seated to bim the hardships and austerities of that kind of
life, and. advised him with great zeal against it. But be
was steady in his resolutioos, and on Nov. 24, 1566, took
the habit, and two years after made his tacit profession^
which he solemnly renewed May JO, 1572.
At this time he was in his twentieth year, and defended
in a public assembly at Mantua, several difficult proposi-
tions in natural philosophy and divinity, with such uscom-
mon genius and learning, that the duke of Mantua, a great
patron of letters, appointed him his chaplain, at the same
time that the bishop of that city made him reader of canpM
Jaw and divinity in bis cathedral. These employment!!
a^mmated him to improve himself in Hebrew; and heap-
plied also with much vigour to the study of history, in wfaiieb
lie was afterwards to shine. During bis stay at Mantua he
became acquainted with many eminent persons ; and bis
patron, the duke, obliged him to dispute with persons of
all professions, and on all subjects. Paul bad a profound
knowledge in the mathematics, but the utmost cotiteiiipt
for judicial astrology :" We cannot,'* he used to say,
'^either find out, or we cannot avoid, what will happfen
hereafter/' Fulgentio, his biographer, relates a l^udicrQus
story, in which his patron appears to have been a chief
actor. The duke, who loved to soften the cares of govern-
ment with sallies of humour, having a mare ready to^fpalisi
mule, engaged Paul to take the horoscope of tbe animal's
nativity. This being done, and the scbeme settled, tbe
duke sent it to all tbe famous astrologers in Europe, informir
ing them, that under such an aspect a bastard was born in
the duke's palace. Tbe astrologers returned very diSerent
judgments ; some asserting that this bastard would be a
cardinal, others a great warrior, others a bishop, and others
A po{>e, and- these wise conjectures ^tended not a little to
abate the credulity of tbe times.
Sarpi, however, finding a court life unsuitable to bis in^
4;linatioa, left Mantua in about two years, and, returned to
bis convent at Venice. By chis time he had made a sur-
prising progress in tbe canon and civil law, m all parts of
\ S A R P I. 155
physic, and in the Cbaldee langui^ ; and, as us\taily bi^«
peM, bis great reputation had exppsed him totinuch envy.
For, before he left Mantaa, one Claudio, who was jealous
of bis superior ^talents, accused him to the inquisition of
heresy^ for .bav'tng dented that the doctrine of the Trinity
eoald be proved frohxi the first diapiter of Genesis: but
Paul, appealing to Rome, was honourably acquitted^ axsd
the inquisitor reprimanded for presuming to determioe upoit
things written in a language he did not understands At
.twenty*t\vo he was ordained priest ; and afterwards, when
he bad taken the degree of doctor in divinity, ai^d was ad*
mitted a member of the college of Padua, was chosen pro*
vinciai of his order for the province of Venice, though he
was then but twenty-six : an instance which had' never hap-
pened beifore among the Servites. He acquitted himself in
■this post, «s he did in every other, wji|h the, strictest inte--
grity, honour, and piety; insomuch that, in 1579, in a
general chapter held at Parma, he was appointed, with two
others, much bis seniors, to dr&w up new regulations and
statutes for bis order. This employment made it necessary
for him to reside at Kome, where his exalted talents recom-
inended him to the notice of cardinal Alexander Faroese,
and other great personages.
^ His employment as provincial being ended, he retired
for three years, which he said was the only repose he had
ever enjoyed ; and applied himself to the study of natural
{Aiiosophy aod anatomy. Among other experiments, he
employed himself in the transmutation of nietats ; but not
with any view of discovering the philosopher's stone, which
be always ridiculed as impossible. In the course of his ex-
periments, he made some discoveries, the honour of which,
it is said, has been appropriated by others. He likewise
studied anatomy, especially that part of it which relates, to
the eye ; on which be made so many curious observations,
that the celebrated Fabricius ab Aquapendente did not
scruple to employ, in terms of the liigbest applause, the
authority of Paul on that subject, both in his lectures and
writings. Fulgentio expresses bis surprise at Aquapen*
dente, for not acknowledging, in bis << Treatise of the Eye,'*
the singular obligations he bad to Paul, whom he declares
to have merited all the honour of it. He asserts likewise,
that Paul discovered the valves which serve for the ciriau*
lation of the blood, and this seems to be allowed ; but npt
that he discovered the circulatibn itself, as W^le&us, Mof-
156
S A R I^ I.
ho(F| and others have contended^ against the claim of our
countryman Harvey, to whom that discovery has been
usually, and indeed jastly, ascribed.
Father Paul's great fame would not suffer him any longer
to enjoy his retreat : for be was now appointed procnrator*
general of his order; and during three years at Rome,
tebere he was on that account obliged to reside, he disco-
vered such extraordinary talents, that he was called by the
pope's command to assist in congregations where matters of
the highest importance were debated. He was very much
esteemed by Sixtus V, by cardinal Bellarmine, and by car«*
dinal Castegna, afterwards Urban VII. Upon his return
to Venice, he resumed his studies, beginning them before
6i|n-rise, and continuing them all the morning. The after-
noons he spent in philosophical experiments, or in conver-
sation with his learned friends. He was now obliged to
remit a littfefrom his usual application : for, by too intense
9ttidy, be had already contracted infirmities, with whiich be
was troubled till old age. These made it necessary forhim
to drink a little wine, from which he had abstained till he
was thirty years old ; and he used to say, that one of the
things of which he most repented was, that he had
been persuaded to drink wine. He ate scarce any thing
but bread and fruits, and used a very small quantity of food,
because the least fulness rendered him liable to violent
pains of the head.
His tranquillity was now interrupted by oth^r causes;
Upon leaving Venice to go to Rome, he had left his friends
under the direction of Gabriel Collissoni, with whom he
bad formerly joined in redressing certain grievances. But
this tnan did not answer Paul's expectation, being guilty of
great exactions : and, when Paul intended to return to
Venice,^ dissuaded him from it, well knowing that his return
would put an end to his impositions. He therefore artfully
represented, that, by staying at Rortie, he would be sure
tp make his fortune : to which Paul, with more honesty
than policy, returned an answer in cypher, that " there
was no advancing himself at the court of Rome, but by
scandalous means ; and that, far from valuing the dignities
there, he held them in the utmost abomination." Aftet
this he returned to Venice ; and, coming to an irrecon-
cileable rupture with Collissoni, on account of his corrupt
pracitices, the latter shewed his letter in cypher to cardinal
Sant« Se veriDa, who was then at the head of the inquisitiotb
S A R P L 15T
The cardinal did not think it convenient to attack Paiil
himself, although he shewed his disaffection to him by per*
secuting his friends ; ^ut when Paul opposed Collissoni^f
being elected generij of the order, the latter accui^ed bim
to the inquisition at Rome of holding a correspondence with
the Jews ; and, to aggravate the charge, produced the let^r
ter in cypher just mentioned. The inquisitors still did nol
think proper to institute a prosecution, yet Paul was ever
after considered as an inveterate enemy to the court. of
Rome. He was charged also with shewing too great respect
to heretics, who, on account of his reputation, came to see
bim from all parts ; and this prevented pope Clement Yllh
from nominating him, when he was solicited, to the see of
Nola« He^vas also accused of being an intimate friend of
Moroay, of Diodati, and several eminent Protestants ; and#
that when a motion was made at Rome to bestow on him a
cardinal's bat, what appeared the chief obstacle to his ad««
vancement was, his having more correspondence with be**
retics than with Catholics. <^ Diodati informed me," sayt
Ancillon, in bis ^^ Melange de Literature," that, *^ observ-
ing in bis conversations with Paul, bow in many opinions
he agreed with the Protestants, he said, be was extremely
rejoiced to find him not far from the kingdom of heaven;
and therefore strongly exhorted bim to profess the Protest"
tant religion publicly. But the father answered, that ill
was better for him, like St. Paul, to be anathema for hia
brethren ; and that be did more service to the Protestant
religion in wearing that habit, than be could do by laying
it aside. — The elder Daill^ told me, that in going to and
coming from Rome with de Villarnoud, grandson to Mor-
nay, whose preceptor be was, he had passed by Venice,-
and visited Paul, to whom Mornay bad recommended him
by letters ; that, having delivered them to the father, he
discovered the highest esteem for the illustrious Mr. Du
Plessis Mornay ; that be gave the kindest reception to Mr*
de Villarnoud his grandson, and even to Mr. Daill6 ; that
afterwards Mr. Daill£ became very intimate with fiither
Paul," &c. All this is confirmed by father Paul's letters^
wUcb on every occasion express the highest regard for the
Protestants.
About 1602, he was diverted from bis private studies,
which bo had now indulged, though amidst numerous vex-
atious, for many years,' by the state of public affairs. A
dispute arose between the republic of Venice and the court
15S
8 A R P I.
, ■ » • • • ...
of Rome, r^lMtng to ecclesiastical immutiiti^s; «lt()^ as
hotb dmhity and law were concerned in it, father Patil was
ti[>pointecl divine and canonist for the republic of -Venice,
to act in concert with the law^bnstrttdrs. Ttie dtspiUe bad
etoimenced, and been carfi^d oiij tmder Clement VIII. ; bM
when Paul V. came te thu pdpedotti/ he required absolute
obedience without disputes. At length, \irhen be found
his coMfftiaads slighted, the pop^ excommunicated the
duke, the whole senate, and all thdi^ dominions, in April
1606, and the Venetians in return recalled their ambassad6r
at Rome, suspended the inquisition by drder of state, arid
published by sound of trumpet a proclamation to this eifedl,
viz. " Thdt whosoever hath received from 'Rome any copy
of a papal edict, published there, as well ag!)inst the law c^
God, as against the honour of this nation, shall immediat€^(y
bring it to the council of ten upon pain of death.'* But as
the minds, not only of the common burghers, but also "of
some noble personages belonging to the state, were alarmed
at this papal interdict, Paul endeavoured to relieve- their
fears, by a piece entitled "Consolation of mind, to quiet
the consciences of those who live well, against the tefrrors
of the interdict by Paul V." As this was written for th<A
sole use of the government under which he wds born,'it
was deposited in the archives of Venice ; till at letigth,
from a copy clandestinel}' taken, it was first published at
the Hague, both in the Italian and French latiguages, ahd
cbe tome year in English, under this title, '* Thfe Rights df
Sovereigns and Subjects, argued from the civil, cttnon, an*d
coinmon law, under the several heads of E^^comm'u'm^a-
tioris, Interdicts, Persecution, Councils, Appeals, ItifatB-
bility, describing the boundaries of that power which is
ebimed throughout Christendom by the Crownand theMitr^;
and of the privileges which appertain to the Subjects, both
clergy and laity, according to the laws of God atid- Man.*'
Paul wrote, or assisted in writing and publishing, several
othdr pieces in this controversy between the two states ;
and bad the Inquisition, cardinal Beilarmine, and other
great personages, for his antagonists. Paul and his brother
writers, uhatever might be the abilities of (heir adyefsaries,
were at least superior to them in the justice of th^ir cause.
The propositions maintained on the sfide of Rome were
these; that the pope is invested with all the authority of
heaven and earth ; that all princes are his vassals, and that
he may annul their laws at pleasure; that kings may appeal
S A R P I. 1^9
Id hiia, as he is temporal moqarch of the whole earth ; that
he can discharge subjects from their oaths of aUegiancey
and .make it their duty to take up arms against their 80ve«
i^eiga ; that he may depose kings without any fault commit-
1^ by tbem> if the good of the church requires it-; that the
^l^cgy are .exeaipt from all tribute to kings, and are not
acoountable to them even in cases of high treason ; that the
pope cannot err; that bis. decisions are to be^recieiTed and
obeyed on pain of sin, though all the world should judge
tbem to be false; that the. pope is God upon earth, and
that tacall bis power in question, is to ciA in question 'the
l^^er of God; — maxims equally shocking, weak, perni-^
cious, and absurd, which did not require the abilities or
learning of father Paul, to dedionstrate their falsehood, and
jdestructive tendency. The court of Rome, however, w€»
aow so exasperated against him, as to cite him by a decree^i
Oct. .30, 1606, under pain, of absolute excommunication,
to appear, in person at Rome, to answer the charges of
heresies .against him. . Instead of appearing, he published
a nianifesto, shewing the invalidity of the ' summons ; yet
offered to dispute with any of the pope^s advocates, in a
place of safety, on the articles laid to his charge.
. In April 1607, the division between Rome and the re-
pipl^lic was healed. hy the interposition of France ; aud Ful-
geniio relates, that the affair was transacted at Rome hy
cardinal Perron, according to the. order of the king bis
master. But some English writers are of opinion, that ibis
a^^conimodation between the Venetians and the pope was
owiug'tQ.the. misconduct of king James I., who, if he had
heartily supported the Venetians, would certainty have
disunited them from the see of Rome. Isaac Walton ob-
serves, that during the dispute it was reported ahfoad,
** that, the Venetians were all turned Protestants, which was
believed by many : for it was observed, that the English
ambassador. (Wotton) WdLS often in conference with, the se-
nate ; and his chaplain, Mr. Bedel, more often with father
Paul, whom the people did not take to be his friend; and
also^ for that the republic of Venice was known to give
commission to Gregory Justiniauo, then their ambassador
i^ England, to make all these proceedings known to the
\\ng of England, and to crave a promise of his assistaocie,
ijf need should require," &c. Burnet tells us, ^* That the
breach between the pope and the republic was brought very
near a crisis, so that it was expected a total separation not
160 S A R P t
only from thi court, but the church of Rome, was like td
follow upon it. It was set on by father Paul and the seven
divines with much zeal, and was very prudently conducted
by them. In order to the advancing of it, king James or-
dered his ambassador to offer all possible assistance to them^
and to accuse the pope and the papacy as the chief authors
of all the mischiefs of Christendom. Father Paul and the
seven divines pressed Mr. Bedel to move the ambassador to
present king^ James's premonition to all Christian princes
and states, then put in Latin, to the senate; and they
were confident it would produce a great effect. But the
ambassador could not be prevailed on to do it at that tinle ;
and pretended, that since St James's day was not far off,
it would be more proper to do it on that day. Before St.
James'sday came, the difference was madeup, and that happy,
opportunity was lost ; so that when he had his audience on
that day in which he presented the book, all the ahswjer he
got was, that they thanked the king of England for his good
will, but they were now reconciled to the pope; and that
therefore they were resolved not to admit any change in
their religion, according to their agreement with the court
of Rome.'' Welwood relates the same story, and imputes
the miiscarriage of that important affair to *^ the conceit of
pjreaenting king James's book on St. James's day." But
Dr. Hickes attempts to confute this account, by observing,
that the pope and the Venetians were reconciled in 1607,
and that the king's premonition came not out till 1609,
which indeed appeara to be true ; so thatj if the premoni«
lion was really presented, it must have been only in manu*
script.
The defenders of the Venetian rights were, though com--
prehended in the treaty of April 1607, excluded by the
Romans from the benefit of it ; some, upon different pre«
tences, were imprisoned, some sent to the gallies, and all
debarred from preferment. Bnt then their malice was
obiefiy aimed against father Paul, who soon found the ef-^
fects of it; for, on Oct. 5, 1607, he was attacked, on hit
neturn to his convent, by five assassins, who gave him fif->
teen wounds, and left him for dead. Three of these
wounds only did execution : he received two in the neck;
the third was made by the stiletto's entering his right ear^
ond Coming out between the nose and right cheek ; and so
violent was the stab, that the assassin was obliged to> leave
his weapon in the wound. Being come to himself^ and
S A R P L 461
having bad bis wounds dressed, be told those about hitn^
that the first two he had received seemed like two flashes
of fire, wbic^i shot upon him at the same instant; and
that at the third he thought himself loaded as it were with
a prodigious weight, which stunned and quite confounded
his senses. The assassins retired to the palace of thepope^s
nuncio at Venice, whence they escaped that evening either
to Ravenna or Ferrara. These circumstances di^covefed
Who were at the bottom of the attempt; and Paul himself
once, when his friend Aquapendente was dressing bis
wounds, could not forbear saying pleasantly, that'^^tbey
were made Sfilo Romariie Curia.*^ The person who drew
the stiletto out of hi^ head, was desirous of having it ; but,
as father^s PauPs escape seemed somewhat miraculous, it
was thought right to preserve the bloody instrument as a
public monument : and therefore it was hung at the feet of
a crucifix in the church of the Servites, with the inscrip-
tion, " Deo Filio Liberatori," ^ To God the. Son the De-
liverer." The senate of Venice, to shew the high regard
they had for Paul, and their detestation of this horrid at^
tempt, broke up immediately on the news ; came to the
monastery of the Servites that night in great numbers ; or**
dered the physicians to bring constant accounts of him to
the senate ; and afterwards knighted and richly rewarded
Aquapendente for his great care of him.
How scandalous soever this design against bis life was, it
was attempted ' again more than once, even by monks of
his own order : but the senate took all imaginable precau-
tions for his security, and he himself determined to livcfe.
more privately. In his recess, he applied himself to write
his " History of the Council of Trent," for which. he had
begun to collect materials long before. Walton tells us^
tha( the contests between the court of Rome and the senate
of Venice '" were the occasion of father Paul's knowledge
and interest with king James, for whose sake principally
he compiled that eminent history of the remarkable coun;<*
cil of Trent; which history was, as fast as it tvas written^
sent in several sheets in letters by sir Henry Wotton, Mr.
Bedell, and others, unto king James, and the then bishop
6f Canterbury, into England." Wotton relates, that
James himself '^ had a hand in it ; for the benefit," headds^
** of the Christian world." This history was, first published
by sir Nath. Brent (See Brent), at London,' in 1619, in
folio, under the feigned name of Pietro Soav^ Polano^
Vou XXVII. M
162 S A R P l
which is an anagram of Paolo Sarpi Venetiaik),- and dedf*
cated to James I. by Antony de Dominis, archbishop of
Spalatro^ It was afterwards translated into Latin, English^
French,- and other languages ; and a new translation oT it
into French by Dr. le Courayer^ with notes critical, his-^
torical, and theological, was published at London, 173o>
5 vols, folioi Burnet's account of this work may serve to
ihew the opinion which Protestants of all communities have
ever entertained of it : "The style and way of writing,'.'
says he, ^^ is so natural and masctiline, the intrigues wer«
80 fully opened, with so many judi-ciou^ reflections in att
the parts of it, that as it was read with great pleasure, so it
was generally looked on as the rarest piece of history
which the world ever saw. The author was soon guessed,
and that raised the esteem of the work : for as^ he was ac-^
fjottnted one of the wisest men in the world, so he had great
opportunities to gather exact informations.': He had free
access to-all the archives of the republic of Venice, which
has been now looked on for several ages as very exact,
twoth in getting good intelligence, and in a most careful way
of preserving it : so that among their records he must have
found the dispatches of the ^ambassadors and prelates 6f
fhat republic, who were at Trent ; which being so neat
them, atid the council being of such high consequence, it
k not to be doubted, but there were frequent and parti-r
l^lar informations, both of more public and sfecreter trains-
aetidns transmitted thither. He had also contracted a close
friefidship with Camillus Oliva, that was secretary to one of
the legates, from whom be had many discoveries of the
pf^ctices of the legates, and of their correspondence with
Kotn« : besides many other (Materials and notes of -some
prelates wlio were at Trent, which he had gathered toge-*
ther. His work came out within fifty years of the conclu'*
tion of the council, when several, who had been present
tttere; were still alLve ; and the thing was $o recent in linen's-
0iei^ories, that few thought a man of so great prudence as
^ewasvould have exposed his reputation, by writing in
^uch a nice manner things which he could not justiiFy*
Never was there a man more hated by the coilrt of Rome.
^haTi he was ; and now he was- at their m^rcy, if he had
^bused the world by such falsehoods in matter of fact, as
have been since charged on his work ; but none appeared
l^gainst him for fifty years.'*
Early ip the winter of 1622, bis health began to decline
B A R p r. f^
gt^Hy ; and he Islnguished till January tbe 14tb, w|ien h^
expired, in his seventy-second yean He behaved with tbii
greatest eotistancy and piety during bis illness, and tbe last
wordft be uttered were " Esto perpetua/' which was under«»
itood to be a prayer for the republic.
When tbe tiews of bis deaib reached Rone, the courtiers
rejoiced ; nor could tbe pope himself forbear saying, tbst
the hand of God was visible in taking him out.of tbe worid^
as if it bad been a miracle surely that a man of seventy-two
should die! bis funeral was disiinguisbed by.ltbe public
magnificence of it, and the vast concourse of nobility and
persons of all ranks attending it : and tbe senate, out of
gratitude to his memory, erected a monument to him, tbe
inscriptioi) upon which was written by John Anthony Ve«
nerio, a noble V^netiaii. He was of middle stature; bis
head very large in proportion, to his body, which was ex«
tremely lean. He had a wide forehead, in tbe middle of
wbich was a very large vein. * His eye* brows were* well
arched, his eyes large, black, and sprightly ; bis nose long
and large; l^s beard but thin. His aspect, though grave»'
was extremely soft and inviting; and be bad a very fii>0
hand- Fulgentio relates, that though several kic^gs En4
princes bad desired him to sit for bis picture, yeb b§ n^^ei*
would suffer it to be drawn ; but sir Henry Wottoni in bis<
letter to Dr* Collins, writes thus : *^ And now, sir, .havir|]g
ft fit messenger,, and not long after the time when love«
tokens use to pass between friends, let me be bold to send
you for a new-year's gitt a certain memorial^ not altogether
unworthy of some entertainment under your roof ; na^oelyy
a true picture of father Paul the Servite, wbicb was fira8(
taken by a painter whom I sent uoto bim; my house then
neigbbouring bis monastery. I have newly added there*
tontu a title of -my own conception,' ^^ Concilii Tridentiui
Eviscerator, &c. — You will find a scar iu his face, that was
from the Roman assassinate, that would have killed bia as
be was turned to s^wall near bis convent/'
Father Fulgentio,* bis friend and companion, who was a
man of great abilities and integrity, and is allowed on alt.
bands to have drawn up Paul's life with great judgment
and impartiality, observes, that, notwithstanding the ani-
mosity of the court of Rome against him, the most eminent
prelates of it always expressed the highest regard for him ; ;
and Protestants of all communities have, justly supposed
him one of tbe wisest and best men that ever lived* <^ Fa? ;
^ 2
1^ S A'R PJ.
ther P.aul,** says sir Henry Wotton, " was one of the hum-
blest things that could be seen within the bounds of hu-
manity ; the very pattern of that pre<;e(>t, quanta tloctior,
40nto subniissiory and enough alone lo demonstrate, that
knowledge well digested nan inflat. Excellent in positive,
excellent in scholastical and polemical, divinity : a rare
naibematician, even in the most abstruse parts thereof, as
in algebra and the tbeoriques; and yet withal so expert in
.the history of plants, as if he had never perused any book
i>Qt nature. Lastly, a great canonist, which, was the title
of his ordinary service with the state \ and certainly, in the
'time of the pope's interdict, they had their principal light
from him. When he was either reading or writing alone,
his manner was to sit fenced with a castle of paper about
his ebair and. over his head; for he was of our lord St»
J^lban^si opinion, that all air is predatory, and especially
hurtful, when the. spirits are most employed. — He was of a
quiet and settled temper, which made him prompt in his
counsels and answers ; and the same in consultation which
Themistocles was in action, iura-x^ia^.w Inamarog^ as will
appear unto you in a passage between him and the prince
of CoikI^. The said prince, in a voluntary jourRey to
Rome, came by Venice^ where, to give some vent to his
own humours, he would often divest himself of bis great-
ness ; and after other less laudable curiosities, uot long be-
fore his departure, a desire took him to visit the famovt
obscure Servite. To whose cloyster coming twice, he was
the first time denied to be within ; and at the second it was
intimated, that, by reason of bis daily admission to their
deliberations in the palace, he could not receive the visit
of so illustrious a personage, without leave from the senate,
which he would seek to procure. This set a greater edge
tipo.n the prince, when he saw he should confer with one
participant of nwre than monkish speculations. So, after
leave gotten,^ be came the third time ; and then, besides
other voluntary disoourse, destined to be told by him, who was.
the true unmasked author of the -late Tridentine History?
-^To whom father Paul said, that he understood he was
going to Rome, where he might learn at eaise, who was
the author of that book.'*
Cardinal Perron gave his opinion of father Paul in these
terms : <^ I see nothing eminent in that man ; be is a man
of judgment and good sense,' but has no great learning : I
obaerre bis qualifications to be mer4S common ones^ and
S A R P I. ISS
little superior to an ordinary monk's/* But the learned
Morhoff has justly remarked, ti^iat ^< thi^ judgment of Per-
ron is absurd and maligf^ant, and directly contrary to the
clearest evidence ; since those who are acquainted with
the great things done by father Paul, and with the vast
extent of his learnings will allow him to be superior^
not only to monks, but cardinals, and even to Perron
himself." Courayer, his French translator, ^^'h ^hat
** in imitation of Erasmus, Cassander, Thuanus, and other
great men, Paul was a Cathoiic* in general, and some-
times a Protestant in particulars. 'He observed every thing
in the Roman religion, which could be practised without
superstition ; and, in points which be scrupled, took great
care not to scandalize the weak. • In short, he was equally
averse to alt extremes : if he disapproved the abuses of the
Catholics, he condemned also the too great heat of the
reformed ; and used to say to those who urged him to de-
clare himself in favour of the latter, that God had not
given him the spirit of Luther.'' — Courayer likewise ob-»
serves, that Paul wished for a reformation of the Papaoy^
and not the destruction of it ; and was an enemy to the
abuses and pretences of the ^opes, not tfaetr place/' We
see by several of Paul's letters, that be wished well to the
progress of the relbrmation, though in a gentler manner
than that which bad been taken to procure it; and, if he
limself had been silent on this head, we might have col-^
iected his inclinations this way, from circumstances relat-
iirg to Fulgentio, the most intimate of his friends, and who
waii best acquainted with his sentiments. Burnet iolbrms
us, that Fulgentio preaching upon Pilate's question,
** What is Truth ?" told the audience^ that at last, after
many searches, he had found it out: and holding forth a
New Testament, said, it was therein his hand; but, adds be,
putting it again in his pocket, *' the book is prohibited.''
Of father Paul's whole works, *^ Tutte le sue opere^ oon
un supplemento," an edition was published at Verona,
Under the name of Helmsted, 1761^-68, S vols, 4to$ and
another at Naples in 1790, 24 vols. 8vo. In 1788, ^ trea-
tise was published at London in Italian, entitled '^ Qpi-
nione'di Fra Paolo Sarpi, toccente il governo della repub-
lica Veneziana," 8vo, we know not whether in any of. the
preceding editions. Of his works, we have English trans-
lations, printed at vairious times, of " The Rights of Sove-
reigns and Subjects," *' The History of the Council of
166 S A R T O.
the barpsiebord, with a flute accompaniment, Afust^aof,
Three, sonatas, in London, 1769. *^ GiuUo Sabino cba^
racteristica/' Vienna, 1787.*
SARTO (Andr£A del), or Vannucchi, a famous It^ian
painter, was the son of a tailor, whence he bad the name
of Sarto, and was born at Florence in 1471. He was np^
prenticed to a goldsmith, with whom he lived sometime^
but was then placed with John Basile, an ordinary painter,
who taught him the rudiments of his art ; and afterwards
with Peter Cosimo, and while with him, studied the ear«^
toons of Michael Angelo and Leonardo da Vinci ; and by
these oneans arrived at a mastery in his art. Being at last
dissatisfied with bis master, he associated with Francia
Bigio, and they painted various pieces in conjunction, at
Florence and about it, for the monasteries. At length
come of Sarto's pieces falling under the notice of Francis X,
tliat monarch was so pleased with them, that he invited
Barto into France, and treated him with great, liberality.
He executed many pictures for the, king and the nobility ;
but, while employed upon a St. Jerome for the queens-
mother, he received letters from his wife, with whom het was
infatuated, which made him resolve to return thither. He
pretended domestic affairs, yet promised the king not only
to return, but also to bring with him a good collection of
pictures and sculptures. In this, however, he was over*
ruled by bis wife, and, never returning, gave Francis^ who
bad trusted him with a considerable sum of money, so bad
9n opinion of JPlorentine painters, that he would not look
favourably on them for some years after. Sarto afterwards
gave hinpself up wholly to pleasure, and became at length
very poor. He was naturally liiild and diffident, and set
but ver}' little value upon bis own performances: yet th«
Florentines bad so great an esteem for his works^ that^
during the fury of the popular factions among ihem, they
preserved them from the flames. Sarto died of the plague
in ] ^20, when only 42. Sarto's works, in Mr.i Fuseli'a
Opin^n seem to have obtained their full share of justice*
As a Tuscan, the suavity of his tone and facility of prac-
tice contrast more strikingly with the general austerity aud
elaborate pedantry of that school, and gain him greater
praise *tfaan they would, had he been a Bolognese or Lorn-'
bard.* It cannot, however, be denied that his sweetness
spmatimes borders on insipidity : the modesty or rather
1 From Dr. Burney in Rees's Cyclopaedia. ^
S A R T O. UB
pasiHaniinity of his character cheeked the £dll ^certion of
his powers ; his faults are of the negative kind, and defects
rather than blemishes. He had no notions of nature be^
yond the model, and concentrated all female beauty in his
wif^^Lucretia ; and if it be true that he sacrificed his for^
tune and Francis L to her charms, she must at least have
equalled in form and feature bis celebrated Madonna del
Sacca ! hence it was not unnatural that the proportions of
Albert Durer should attract him more than those of Mi^
cbaelagnolo. His design and his conceptions, which seU
dom rose above the sphere of common or domestic lifc^
kept pace with each other ; here his observation was acute^
and his ear open to every whisper of social intercourse or emo»
tion. The great peculiarity, perhaps the great prerogativoi
of Andrea appears to me that parallelism of oompositionj
which distinguishes the best. of his historic works, seem*
ingly as natural, obvious and easy, as inimitable. In so*
lemn eflPects, in alternate balance of action and repose, b«
excels all the moderns ; and if he was often unable to eoii^
ceive the actors themselves, he gives them probability and
importance by place and posture. Of costume he was
ignorant, but none ever excelled and few approached him
in breadth, form, and style of that drapery which ought 4o
distinguish solemn, grave, or religious subjects. ^ •
SAUMAISE. See SALMASIUS.
SAUNDERS (Sir Edmund), lord chief justice of the
King's Bench towards the close of the seventeenth cett<*
tury, seems entitled to some notice on account of hts
^^ Reports/' although his character in other respects may
as well be consigned to oblivion. He was originally a
strolling beggar d.bout the streets, without known parents
or relations. He Came often to beg scraps at Clement's
Inn, where bis sprightliness and diligence made the society
desirous to extricate him from his miserable situation. As
he appeared desirous to learn to write, one of the attornies
fixed a board up at a window on the top of a stair-case^
which served him as a desk, and there he sat and wrote
after copies of court and other bands, in which at length
he acquired such expertness, as in some measure to set
up for himself, and earn a pittance by hackney-writing.
He also took all opportunities of improving himself by
reading such books as he borrowed of his friends, and in
-> ArgeavUlei vol. li— PilkinstOB by FaseU.
am S A U N D E R S.
tbe course of a few years, became an able attorney and a
rvery eminent 'counsel, his practice in the King*s-beoch
-being exceeded by none. All'this would have redounded
•to. his' honour,- had his progress in integrity kept pace with
ofcher accomplishments, but he appears to have brought into
ills profession the low habits of his early life, and became
as iMucb a disgrace as an ornament to the bar. His art and
cunning were equal to his knowledge, and he carried many
a cause by sinister means, and when detected, he never
was out of countenance, but evaded the matter with a jest,
which he had always at hand. He was much employed by
the king against the city of London, in the business of the
quo warranto, and ^vas a very fit tool in the hands of the
court, and prompted the attorney- general Sawyer, to over-
throw the city charter* It was when this affair was to be
brought to a decision, that Saunders was knighted and
aade. lord chief justice Jan. 25, 1682-3. But just as sen-^
tence was about to be given, he was seized with an apo^
plexy and died. In our authority, a disgusting descriptioit
is given of his person, which seems to have corresponded
wkh his mind. > .
His ^^ Reports*' are considered as peculiarly valuable^
PB .account of the correct state of the pleadings in the ise-
veral cases in the court of King's-bench. . They were first
published in French, 1686, 2 vols. fol. and reprinted in
English,' with the addition of several thousand references,
in 1722. A third edition, by serjeant Williams, appeared
in 1799^ with notes and references, 2 vols. 8vo, usually
bound in three- "
; SAUNDEBSON {Nicolas), an illustrious professor of
the n^athiematics in the university of Cambridge, and fel*^
low of the Royal Society, was born in 1682, atThurlston
in Yorkshire ; where ^is father, besides a small estate^ en*
joyed a place. in the Excise. When he was a year old, he
was deprived, by the small-pox^ not only of his sight, but
pf his- eye-balls^ which were dissolved by abscesses; so
that he, retained no more idea of light and colours than if
he ha,d been bom blind. He was sent early to a free^
sebool at Penniston, and there laid the foundation of that
kndwle^lge of the /Greek and Roman languages, which he
aftetiwards improved so far, by his own application to the
cla^^ic: ^ulhors^ as to. hear the works of Euclid, Archimedes,;
i North's Liv^p of ttie ChapGellors,-«*BHniet'^ Ovo Timel^.^Qraoger.
•
S A U N D E » S O N. IM
juicl Diophantus, read in their brigioal Greek, When he
had passed spme time at this school, bis father, whose oc*''
cupation led him to be conversant in numbers, began to
instruct hicn in the common rules of arithmetic. Here it
was that his genius first appeared : for be very soon he-*
came able to work the common questions, to make long
calculations by the strength of bis memory, and to form
new rules to himself for the more ready solving of such
problems as are often proposed to learners, as trials of
skill. At eighteen, he was introduced to the acquaintance
of Richard West of Underbank,esq. a gentleman of fortune^
and a lover of the mathematics, who, observing his unGom<*
mou capacity, took the pains to instruct him in the prihci**
pies of algebra and geometry, and gave him every encou-
ragement in the proiiecution of these studies. Soon after,
he became acquainted with Dr. Nettleton, who took the
same pains with him ; and it was to these gentlemen tha6
be owed his first in&titution in the mathematical sciences.^
They furnished him with books, and often read and ex-
pounded them to him. ; but he soon surpassed hi$ masters^
and became fitter to teach than learn any thing from them.
His passion for learning growing up with him, his father
sent him to a private academy at Atterqliff near Sheffield;
6ut logiq and metaphysics being the principal learning of.
this school, were neither of them agreeable to the genius,
of our author ; and therefore be made but a short stay**
He remained some time after in the country, prosecuting,
bis stt^dies in his own way, without any other assistant?
than a good author, and some person that could read it to.
bim;. being abje, by the strength, of his own abilities, ta
surmount all difficulties that might occur. His educatioa'
had bithei[to been at the expence of his father^ who, hav«-
ing <a numerous family, found it difficult to continue it ;'
and bis friends therefore began to think of fixing him in^'
some way of business, by which he might support himsellv;
His own inclination led him strongly to Cambridge; and,
after much consideration, it was resolved he should make>
his appearance there in a way very uncommon ; not as a,
scholar, but a master; for, his friends, observing in him a-
peculiar felicity in conveying his ideas to others, hoped
that be might teach the mathematics with credit and ad-
vantage, even in the university ; or, if this design shouldr
miscarry, they promised themselves success in opening a
school for him in London<
J7« S A U N D E 11 S O N.
Accordingly, iii 1707, being now twenty-five, he wa«
brought to Cambridge by Mr. Joshua Dunn, then a fellow-
cominoner of Christ^s college ; where he resided with that
friend, but was not admitted a member of the college. The
society, however, much pleased with so extraordinary a
guest, allotted him a chamber, the use of their library,
and indulged him in every privilege that could be of ad-
vantage to him. But still many difficulties obstructed his
design : he was placed here without friends, without for*
tune, a young man, untaught himself, to be a teacher of
philosophy in an university, where it then flourished in
the greatest perfection. Whiston was at this time mathe-
matical professor, and read lectures in the manner pro-
posed by Saunderson ; so that an attempt of the same kind
by the latter looked like an encroachment on the privileges
of bis office; but, as a good-natured man, and an encou-
rager of learning, Whiston readily consented to the appli-
cation of friends, made in behalf of so uncommon a person.
Mr. Dunn had been very i^ssiduous in making known his
<;baracter; his fame in a short time had filled the univer*
sity ; men of learning and curiosity grew ambitious and
fond of his acquaintance, so that his lecture, as soon as
opened, was frequented by many, and in a short time very
much crowded. *^ The Principia Mathematica, Optics,
and Arithmetica Universalis, of sir Isaac Newton," -were
the foundation of his lecture ; and they afforded a noble
. field to display his genius in. It was indeed an object of
the greatest curiosity that a blind youth should read lectures
in optics, discourse on the nature of light and colours, ex-
plain the theory of vision, the effect of glasses, the phaeno-
mena of the rainbow, and other objects of sight : nor was
the surprize of his auditors much lessened by reflecting,
that as this science is altogether to be explained by lines,
and is subject to the rules of geometry, he might be a mas-
ter of these subjects, even under the loss of sight.
As he was instructing the academical youth in the prin-
ciples of the Newtonian philosophy, it was not long before
be became acquainted with the incomparable author, al-
though he had left the university several years ; and en-
joyed his frequent conversation concerning the more diffi-
cult parts of his works. He lived in friendship also with
the most eminent mathematicians of the age; with Halley,
•Cotes, D.e Moivre, &c. Upon the removal of Whiston
from his professorship, Saunderson's mathematical merit
S A U N D E R S O N. lit
was universally allowed so much superior to that of any
competitor, that an extraordinary step was taken in his
favour, to qualify him with a degree^ which the statutes
require* Upon application made by the heads of colleges
lo the duke of Somerset, their chancellor, a mandate was
readily granted by the queen for conferring on him the de-
gree of master of arts : upon which he was chosen Lucasian
professor of the mathematics, Nov. 1711, sir Isaac New-
ton all the while interesting himself very much in the affair.
His first performance, after he was seated in the chair, was
an inauguration-speech made in very elegant Latin, and a
style truly Ciceronian ; for be was well versed in the
writings of TuUy, who was his favourite in prose, as Virgil
and Horace were in verse. From this time he applied him«
self closely to the reading of lectures, and gave up his
whole time to bis pupils. He continued amotvg the gen*
tiemen of Christ's college till 1723 ; when he took a hous«
in Cambridge, and soon after married a daughter of the
rev. Mr. Dickens, rector of Boxworth in Cambridgeshire,
by whom he had a son and a daughter. In 1728, when
George 11. visited the university,, he was pleased to signify
his desire of feeing so remarkable a person ; and accord-
ibgiy the professor waited upon bis majesty in the senate-
house, and was there created doctor of laws by royal favour.
Saunderson was naturally of a strong healthy constitu--
tion; but being too sedentary, and constantly confining
himself to the bouse, he became at length a valetudinarian.
For some years he frequently complained of a numbness in
his limbs, which, in the spring of 1739, ended in an in-
curable mortification of bis foot. He died April 19, aged
fifty-seven, and was buried, according to his request, in
the chancel at Boxworth. He was a man ra^er to be ad-
mired than loved. He bad much wit and vivacity in con*
versation, and many reckoned him a good companion. He
had also a great regard to truth, but was one of those who
think it their duty to express their sentiments on men and
opinions, without reserve or restraint, or any of the cour-
tesies of conversation, which created him many enemies;
nor was he less offensive by a habit of profane swearing, and
the obtrusion of infidel opinions, which last he held, not«^
withstanding the kindness of providence towards him
throughout his extraordinary life*. He is said, however.
* '< With respect to the infidel part Monthly ReTiewer* *' we aim her»
#f Saundersoa*8 chancter/' sayt the turallj remioded of the joke that
was
•174 8 A U N D E K S O N.
to have received the notice of bis approdcbing death' with,
.great calmnfess and serenity ; and after a short silence, re*-
^uming life and spirit, talked with as much composure as
usual, and at length, we are told, appointed to receive the
jacrament the evening before his death, which a deliriui^
that never went off prevented him from doing.
V A blind man moving in the sphere of a mathematician,
neems a pba&oomenon difficult to be accounted for, and has
excited the admiration of every age in which it has appear-
ed. Tully mentions it as a thing scarce credible in his own
master in philosophy, Diodotus, that ^' he exercised him-
self in that science with more assiduity after he became
blind; and, what he thought almost impossible to be done
without sight, that he described his geometrical diagrams
so expressly to his scholars, that they could draw every
line in its proper direction.*' Jerome relates a more remark-
able instance in Didymus of Alexandria, who, ^* though
blind from his infancy, and therefore ignorant of the very
letters, appeared so great a miracle to the world, as not
only to learn logic, but geometry also, to perfection, which
seems the most of any thing to require the help of sight.^"
But, if we consider that the ideas of extended quantity,
which are the chief objects of mathematics, may as well be
acquired from the sense of feeling, as that of sight ; that a
fixed and steady attention is the principal qualification for
this study; and that the blind are by necessity more ab-
stracted than others, for which reason Democritus is said
to have put out his'eyes, that he might think more in-
tensely ; we shall perhaps be of opinion, that there is no
other branch of science better adapted to their circum-
stances.
It was by the sense of feeling, that Saunderson acquired
most of bis' ideas at first; and this he enjoyed in great
acuteness and perfection,^ as it commonly happens to the
blind, whether by the gift of nature, or, as is more pro-
bable, by the necessity of application. Yet he could not,
as ^onie have imagined, and as Mr. Boyle was made to be-
lieve of a blind man at Maestricbt, distinguish colours by •
that sense ; and, having made repeated trials, he used to
say, it was pretending to impossibilities. But he could
passed on the learned university, on they have put in Saandenon, who be- *
bis bei\ig elected to fill the Lucasiaa lieves in no God at all'." Month. Rev.
chair — * They have turned out Whis- vol. XXJCVI.
ton for bftUeviog' in but ooe God ; «od
-J
B A U N D E R 9 O W. 17^5
-with great nicety and exactness discern' Ibe least (fiiferehce
of rough and smooth in a' surface, or the least defect of pd-
lisb. Thus he distinguished in a set of Roman nnedals tbte
genuine from the false, though they had been counterfeited
with such exactness as to deceive a connoisseur who hi£d
judged by the eye. His sense of feeling was very accurate
also in distinguishing the least variation in the atmosphere';
aiul be has been seen in a garden^' when observations have
been making on the sun, to take notice of every cloud, that
interrupted the observation, almost as justly as they who
could see it. He could tell when any object was held near his
face, or when he passed by a tree at no great distance, pro«-
vided there was a calm air, and little or no wind : these he
did by the different pulse of the air upon his face.
An exact and refined ear is what such are commonly
blessed with wfaaare deprived of their eyes; and our pro*
fessor was perhaps inferior to none in the excellence of hfs.
He could readily distinguish to the fifth part of a note ; and,
by his performance on the flute, which he had learned as
an aipusement in his younger years, discovered such a ge-
nius for music, as, if he had cultivated the art, would have
probably appeared as wonderful as his skill in the mathe-
matics. By his quickness in this sense he not only distin-
guished persons with whom. he bad ever once conversed so
long as to fix in his memory the sound of their voice, but
in some measure places also« He could judge of the size
of a room, into which he was introduced, of the distance
he was from the wall ; and if ever he had walked over a
pavement in courts, piazzas, &c. which reflected a sounds
and was. afterwards conducted thither agaip, be could
exactly tell whereabouts in the walk he was placed, merely
by the note it sounded.
There was scarcely any part of the mathematics on which
he had not written something for the use of his pupils : but
be discovered no intention of publishing any of his works
till 1733. Then his friends, alarmed by a violent fever
that had threatened his life, and unwilling that his labours
should be lost to the world, importuned him to spare some
time fjcom his lectures, and to employ it in finishing some
of his works ; which be might leave behind him, as a va-
luable legacy both to his family and the public. He yielded
so far to these entreaties as to compose in a short time bis
£tements of Algebra ;'* which he left perfect, and tran-..
scribed fair for the press. It was published by subscription
^4
176 8 A U N D E R S O N.
rat Cambridge, 1740, in ^ vols. 4to, with a good me^sfa--
tinto print of the author, and an account of his life aad
character prefixed.
Saunderson entertained the most profound veneration for
^Mr Isaac Newton. If he ever differed in sentimeat from
any thing in sir Isaac's mathematical and philosophical Wri-
tings, upon more mature consideration ^ he said, he always
found the mistake to be his own. The more he read his
works, and observed upon nature, the more reason he found
to admire the justness and care as well ae liappiness ef ex-
pression, of that incomparable philosopher. Saunderson
left many other writings, though none perhaps prepared
for the press. Among these were some valuable comments
on the ^' Principia," which not only explain the more diffi^
cult parts, but often improve upon the doctrines ; these
are published, in Latin, at the end of his posthumous
." Treatise on Fluxions,*' a valuable work, which appeared
in 1756, 8vo. His manuscript lectures too on most parts
of natural philosophy, might, in the opinion of Dr. Button^
who has perused them, form a . considerable volume, and
prove an acceptable present to the public.^
SAURlN (Elias), a protestant divine, was born August
28, 1639, at Usseaox, in the valley of Pragelas on the
frontiers of Dauphiny, where his father^ officiated as minis-
ter. He was himself appointed minister of Venterole in
4 661^ of Embrun in 1662, and would have been shortly
chosen professor of divinity at Die, but meeting acciden-
tally with a priest who was carrying the host to a sick per-
son, he would not take off his hat. This trifle, as might
be expected ia a popish country, was so much resented,
that Saurin found it necessary to retire into Holland, where
he arrived in June 1664, was appointed minister of the
Walloon church at Delft the following year, and had a great
share in deposing the famous Labadie. In 1671, he was
invited to be minister of the Walloon church at UtiPecht^
where he became very celebrated by bis works, and had
some very warm disputes with Jarieu, which were th* sub-
ject of much conversation ; but be is said to have satiifac-*
torily answered the charge of heresy which that author
^ brought against him. Saurin died unmarried at Utrecht,
April 8, 1703, aged sixly-fonr, leaving the following works:
» Life prefixed to his Algebra — Manin's Biog. Philog.—Biog. Brit. Sopp]*.
aicnt, TOl. Vli.— 'HutCoa't Diftiouary.
S A U B I K. I7f
li.1i << JtxamiAation of M. Juriisu's Theology/' BtqIs* Svdj
in which he treats of sevleral important questions io diviaity ;
<' Reflections on the Rights of Conscience,'' a^nst Jurieii^
ttisd Bayte's Philosophical Commentary; a treatise on ^ the
Love of God," in which he supports the doctrines of disin-i
terested love ; and another on the *^ Love of our Neighs-
hours," 4a.* ,
SAURJN (James), a very celebrated preacher, was the
SOD of an esoinent protestant lawyer, and was born at Nismes
in 1677* His father retired^ aft^r the repeal of the edic4{
of N^ta, to Geneva, at which pbce be died. Sauria
made no small progress in his studies, but abandoned then
for.aome tiaie» that he might fcdlow arms; In 16d4, he
inade »> campaign as a cadet in lord Galloway^s company,
and soon afterwards procured a pair of coloulrs. But ^tci
soott as ihe duke of Savoy had concluded a peace with
France,- Saurio quitted a profession for which he never was
designed; and, on his return to Geneva again, applied,
himself to philosophy and divinity, under Turretin and
bther professors. In itOO, be visited both Holland and
England. In this last country he remained five years, and
preached among the French refugees in London. Here
also he married in lt03, and returned to the Hague in
1705, Soon after be becaitie pastor to the church of
French refugees, who were permitted to assemble in the
chapel belonging to the palace of the princes of Orange at
the Hague, in which he officiated during the remainder of
his life» When the princes^ of Wales, afterwards queen
Caroline^ passed through Holland on her way " to England,
Saurin had the honour of paying his respects to her, and
she, upon her return, desired Dr. Boulter, the preceptor to
pirince Frederic, the father of the present king, to write
to Saurin, to draw up a treatise ^^on the education of
princes." The work was done> but never printed, and the
author received a handsome'present from the princess, and
afterwards a pension from George II. to whom he dedicated
a volupoEie of his sermons. Saurin died Dec. 30, 1730. He
possessed great talents, with a fine address, and a strong,
clear, and harmonious voice, while his style was pure, un-
affected j and eloquent. His principles were what are called
moderate Calvinism. Five volumes of his sermons have
- made their appearance at different times; the first in 1709^
t Cliaiirepie.^Moreri.--:I>Mt. Ui^'
VoIh XXVIL N •
17S SAURtK.
the second in' 1712, the third some years after/ the fotirlif
in 1722, and the fifth in 1725. Since bis dearth, the ser->
nions relating to the passion of Jesus Christ, and other
subjects, were published in two volumes. In 1727 h&
published "The State of Christianity in France."
But his most considerable work was^ " Discourses histo-
rical, critical, and moral, on the most memorable Events of
the Old and' New Testament.'' His first intention was to
have published a set of prints, with titles and explanations ;
but^ as that had been before executed by Fontaine amongst
the Roman catholics, and by fiasnage amongst the protes-
tants, it became necessary to adopt a newer plan. Thi$
gave rise to the work abov^ mentioned, which the authot
left imperfect. Two Volumes made their appearance in
folio, and the work was afterwards reprinted in four in 8vo.
Six other discourses form a part of a fifth volume in 8vo^
published by Mn Roques, who undertook a continuation of
the work. It is replete with learning. The Christian and
the heathen authors, philosophers, poets, historians, and
critics, are cited with the utmost profusion, and it forms a
compilation of all their sentiments on every subject dis-»
cussed throughout the work. The author shews himself tof
be a warm advocate for toleration ; and, though the catho-
lics are more frequently censured than commended, yet
his principles are very moderate. *^ A Dissertation on the
Expediency of sometimes disguising the Truth" raised a
clamour against, the author, the fury of which be had not
power 16 appease. As an historian^ he believed that he
was permitted to produce the chief arguments of those that
maintain, that in certain cases truth may be disguised ; and
the reasons which they gave who have asserted the contrary.
Without deciding the question, it is easy to perceive that
he is a favourer pf the former. His principal antagonist
was Armand de la Chapelle ; to whom Francis Michael Ga«
nicoH replied with great spirit, in a work, entitled ^^Lettres
s6rieuses & jocoses." The three first of the lettres, in the
second volume, are in favour of Saurin. He was answered
by La Chapelle with great violence. Saurin imagined, that
be should be able to terminstte this dispute by reprinting the
dissertation separately, with a preface in defence o£ his
assertions : but he was deceived ; for La Chapelle pub-
lished a very long and scurrilous reply. It was Saurin^s .
intentkm entirely to have neglected this production ; but
hs found a new champion in Francis Bruys, This dispuu^
S A It R I N. • 119
liras at length brought before the synod of Cslmpen ; wbo^
in May 1730, ordered the churches of Utrecht, Leyden^
ami Amsterdam, t6 make their examinations, slnd report
the result of tbern^ to the synod of the Hague, which was to
sit in the September following^ Commissaries wdre ap*
pointed for this purpose. The synod of Campen gave its
opinion, and that of the Hague confirmed it : but, having
made no mention of the instructions sent , to the Wailooa
church at Utrecht, that assembly complained, and ordered
Mr. Banvoust,'6ne of its ministers, to juaiify his proceed-
ings and his doctrine, /niis he did in a large octavo vo"*
luihe, printed at Utrecht in 1731, after the death of Sau^
rin, entitled *<^ The Triumph of the Truth and Peace; or.
Reflections on the most important Events attending the last
Synod assembled to determine in the case of Messieurs
Saurin and Maty»^' Saurin had contributed to this peace,
by ^giving such a declaration of his sentiments as satisfied
the protestant churches ; and he repeated that declaration,
when he foresaw that the new lights^ which Mn Bruys had
thrown upon this subject, were going to raise a storm that
might perhaps have been severer than the last. Saurin^s
serofions are how well known^ in this country by the Selec-
tions translated into English, and published in 1775 — 1784,
by the rev. Robert . Robinison, 5 vols. 8vOj to which Dr.
Henry Hunter added a sixth volume in 1796.^
: SAURIN (Joseph), a French mathematician, was born
in 165d at Courtusbn, in the principality of Orange. He
was educated by his father, and was at a very early age made
a minister ^t Eure in Dauphiny. But he was compelled to
retire to Geneva in 1633f in consequence of having givea
offence in a sermon, which he afterwards heightened at
Berne by preaching against some of the established doc-
trines of the church. He then withdrew to Holland, but
was so ill received by his brethren, that he determined to
turn Roman catholic ; with this design, in 1690 he went to
Paris, and made an abjuration of his supposed errors under
the famous Bossuet, rather, it is believed, to have an op-,
portunity. of pursuing his studies unmolested at Paris thaa
firom.any motives of conscience or mental conviction. After
this he had a pension from the king, and was admitted a.
member of the academy of sciences in 1707, as a geome-^
trician. The dedinie of Saurin's life was spent in the peace*
A Li£B \^ BobiatOB prefixed to his S^rmouv^Chaofepit,— Mortrit
N 2
190 S A U ]^ I N.
able prosecution of his mathematical studies^ oce^iona%^
interrupted by literary controversies witb Rousseau and
otbenk He was a man of a daring and impetuous spirit^
and of a lof^ and independent mind. Saurindied at Paris'
io ,1737. Voltaire undertook the vindication of bis menMiy^
but has not been sufficiently successful to clear it from every
unfistvourable impresaion.^ It was even said lie had bee»
guilty of criooes, bybis own confession, that ought to have
been punished with death.
Saurin*s mathematical and philosophical papers printed
in the Memoirs of the Academy of. Sciences, wbieh are
numerous, are to be found in the volumes for the years fol-
lowing; viz. 1709, 1710, 17 IS, 1716, 1718, 1720, I722y
1723, 1725, 1727. He left a son, who acquired some re-
putation as a dramatic writer and lyric poet.^
SAUSSAY (Andrew du), doctor of law and divinity,
curate of St Leu, at Paris, official and grand vicar in the
same city, and afterwards bishop of Toul, was bom about
1595, at Paris. He was preacher in ordinary to Louis XIIL
who bad a great esteem for him, and by whose CMrder he
wrote tbe ^^ Marty rologium Galiicanum,'' 1638, 2 vols. foL
M. du Saussay succeeded Paul de Fiesqoe in the diocese of
Toul, 164^, and discovered great zeal in the- governnoent
of his church, and died Septembers, 1675, at Toul, aged
eighty. He left many works besides that above mentioned,
which contain great learning, but shew very little critici^
knowledge.*
SAUSSUtlE (Horace Benedict be), an eminent na*^
turalist, was born at Geneva in 1740. Hi» father, an en«*
lightened agricultiirist, to whom we are indebted for;Bome
essays on rural economy, resided at Conches, on the bank9
of the Arve, about half a league from Geneva. Botany waa
his first study, and this made bim acquainted with Haller,
whom he visited in, 1764, during his retreat at Bex. He
was further excited to study the vegetable kingdom in con*-
sequence of his connection with C. Bonnet, who marriedi
bis aunt, and who soon discovered-the talents of his nephew^
Bonnet was then engaged in e^camining the leaves- of plants^
Saussure also turned his attenticm to these vegetable organv
and published ^^ Observatfons on the Skin of Leaves*' aboucr
the year 1760*
At this time the prolessorshi]^ of philosophy at G«fi«w
6 A U S 8 U R E. 1*1
kecame Tftoaut^ and Saussure, who was then onljr twenty-
one^ obtained the chair. While in this office, he com-
menced his journeys among the mountains, to examine the
mibstaoces of which the elevated ridges of our globe are
composed, and during the first fifteen or twenty years of
his professorship, he was alternately employed in fulfilling
the duties which his - sitnataon imposed, and in traversing
the different mountains in the neighbourhood of Geneva.
He even extended his excursions on one side to the Rhine,
and on the other to Piedmonts About this time, too, ht
travelled to Anvergne, for the purpose of examining some
extinguished volcanos; and soon after he undertook a tour'
to. Paris, Holland, England, Italy, and Sicily. In these
journeys his constant object was the study of nature. He
always carried with him the instruments necessary for ob«-
servations, and never set out without having formed for
himself a regular plan of experiments.
In 1779, he published the first volume of *^ His Travels
in tbe Alps," which contains a detailed description of the
environs of Greneva, and an account of an excursion as far
as Chamouni, a village at the foot of Mont-Blanc. All
naturalists have read with pleasure tbe description )ie has
given, in this volume, of his Magnetometre, The more he
exanained the mountains, the more he felt the importance
of mineralogy : to enable him to study this branch of science
with still greater advantage, he learnt the German language.
The hew mineralogieal knowledge which he acquired may
be easily seen by comparing the latter volume of bis travels
with tbe first.
In the midst of his numerous excursions in tbe Alps^ and
even during the time of the troubled politics of Geneva in
1782^ he found opportunities to make his hygrometrical
experiments, the result of which he published in 1783,
under the title of "Essays on Hygrometry." We are in-
debted to him for the invention of tbe bygrometre, although
Deluc had already invented bis whalebone bygrometre,
wbich occasioned a dispute between bim and Saussure. In
1786, be .gaTe up bis professorship in favour of his disciple
Pictet The second volume of tbe Travels of Saussure was
published in 1786; and contains a description of the Alps,
which surround Mont-Blanc. Some years after the publi-
cation of this' volume, Saussure was received asaforeigd
associate in tbe academy of sciences at Paris; but our au-
diof not pnly honoured, but wa$ desirous of serving his
np 8 A y s s u ji E.
country. He founded the Society of Artf, tjQ which. Gq^
neva is greatly indebted, and presided in this society to
the very last,, its prosperity being one. of his principal phr
jects. He also shewed his z^al to serve his country wbil^
he was member of the Council pf Five Hundred, and of
the National Assembly of France. It. was frqm hi^ ^sidur
ou^ labour in that Assembly that his health Qrst began to
fail I and in 1794 a paralytic stroke deprived. him of the use
of one side of his body. It was, however, after this acci-
dent that he drew up the two l^st volumes of his Travels^
which appeared in 1796, They contain an accppnt of hi$
travels in the mountains of Piedmont, Switzerland, and in
particular of his ascent to the summit of IVIont Blaqc,
He gave the last proof pf his atti^cbment tp science in
publishing the ^^ Agenda,'! ^hich completes the fpurtl^ vor
lume. During his illness he also published his observation^
^^ on the Fusibility of Stones with the Blowpipe ;*' and h^
directed the ^^ experioients on the height of the bed of the
Arve.*' When be was at the baths of Plombieres for hi^
health, he observed the mountains atva distance, and pror
cured specimens of the strata he perceived in the ipost $teep
ropks. He had announced to the public, tha^t he ip^ended
\o complete his travels by his ideas on th^ pripiitive state of
the earth i; but jthe more new facts hp acquired, and the
more he meditated on this subject, the less could he deter:^
mine with regard to those great revolutions which have pre-*
ceded the present epoch. In general, he was a Neptunian,
that is to say, he attributed to water the revolutions of thif
globe. He admitted it to be possible that elastic fluids, iq
disengaging themselves from the cavities, ufight ^-^ise
inquntainf.
Though his health w?is gradually imp^iired by degrees,
he still retained the hope of re-establishing it, but strength, ^
and life forsook him by slow and painful steps, and he die4
March 22, 1799, lamented by his family and his country.*
SAUVAGES (Francis Boissier de), the inventor of
modern nosology, was born at Alais, in Lower Languedpc,
iMay 12, 1706. He appears to have owed little to his first
tutors, but his own talents enabled him to mal^e a rapid
progress in literature and philosophy. With a ytew to
study physic, he went to Montpellier in ,1722, and receive^
fbe degree of doctor in 1726. The thesis whi9h he df^
\ Life by SenDebier; a most extravagant panegyrje.
X .
S A U V A G E S. 18?
fended on this occasion was on a singular subject^ ^ Si I'a-
mour petit ^tre gu^ri par ies remedes tir^s des plantes?^'
To determine whether love can be cured by herbs seems
rather a trial of skilly than a serious discussion. It procured
him, however, the name of the Iqverdoctoir, ai^d it is said
that he wrote some poems on the same subject. In 1730,^
he went to Paris with a vi^w to farther improvement
in hi» profession, and afterwards returned to IVIontpeU
lier, ']wbere he obtained a professorship in 173^. His re-
putation for ingenuity of speculation and extensive reading
for some tikne retarded his practice, but these speculationa
were not allowed much weight iq the treatment of bis pa-
tients. In 1740, he was appoinjted demonstrator of tho
plants in the botanic garden, and in 1752 he was made pro*
fessor of botany. He married in 1748, and had two sons
^nd four daughters, who survived him. A serious disease^
whipb continued nearly two years, proved fatal in the midst
of bis useful and honourable career, in the month of Fe-
bruary, 1767, in the sixty- first year of his age.
Sauvages was much loved by his pupils, to whom he
cp^irounicated freely all that he knew, and received with
equal readiness whatever information any one was enabled
to give hig^. • He w.as an able mathematician, au accurate
observer of phi^nomena, apd ingenious in devising expert*
men^s ; but had too much bias to systeips, sq ,that he did
not always consult f/acts upinfluenced by prepossession. He
was a member of the most learned societies of Europe, viz*
of the Royal Society of London^ of those of Berlin, Upsal^
Stockholm, and Montpellier, of the Academy ^^ Nature
Curiosorum^'' of the Physico- Botanical Academy of Flo-
rence, land of the Institute of Bologna. He obtained the
prizes given by many public bodies to the best essays ou
given subjects ; ^nd a collection of these prize-essays was
published at Lyons in 1770, in two volumes, with the title
of " Chef d'CEuvres de M. de Sauvages."
His works were ye^y numerou/s on varioufi medical sub<-
jects, and he published a valuablje botanical work, '/ Me«
thodi^s foliorum, sen Plantar Florap lyionspeliensisjuxta folio-
rum ordinem,'' containing about 500 plants, omitted in
Magnoi*s ^^ Botanicon Monspeliense;*' but that on which his
fame most depends was his system of nosology. This was
preceded by a small work, entitled *^ Nouvelles classes des
Maladies,^' &c. .1732, 12mo; and after considering the
aubject for thirty years, he produced his complete system.
184 SA0VAGES.
^ Nosologica methodica, ^stens mdrbortim classed, genera^
et species/' &c. 1763, 5 vols. Svo, and after his deatb|
J 768, 2 vols. 4to. Since the ap(>earance of this Otork, the
aobject has been ably cultivated by Linnseus, by Vogel, by
l^agar, and lastly, by Dr. Cullen, to whose arrangemeafc
many give the preference.*
SAUVEUR (JosEPji), an eminent French matbematipian,!
was.born^at La Fleehe, March 24, 1 6 53, He wai totally
dumb till he was seven years of age ; and ever after was
obliged to speak very slowly and with difficulty. He very
early discovered a great turn for mechanics, aqd when sent
to the college of tb(d Jesuits to learn polite literature, made
very little progress, but read with greediness books of
arithmetic and geometry. He was, however, prevailed on
to go to Paris in 1 670, and, being intended for the church,
applied himself for a time to the study of philosophy am)
theology; but mathematics was the only study he culti-
vated with any success ; and during his eourse of philoso-
phy, he learned the first six books of Euclid in the space of
a month, without thb help of a master.
As heliad an impediment in his voice, he was advised by
M. Bossuet, to give up the church, and lo apply himself
to the study of physic i but this being against the inclii^a-
tion of his uncle, from whom b^ drew his principal re-
sources, Sauv^ur determihed to devote himself to bis fa-
vourite study, so as to be able to teach it for his support.
This scheme succeeded so well, that he soon became the^
fashionable preceptor in mathematics, and at twenty-three
years of age he had prince Eugene for his scholar. — He
had not yet read the geometry of Oes Cartes ; but a
foreigner of the first quality desiring to be taught it, be
tfiade himself master of it in an in<ipnceivably small space
of time. — Basset being a fashionable game at that time,
the marquis of <Dangeau asked him for ^ome calculatiods
relating to it, which gave suqh satisfaction, thai Sauveut^
bad the honour to explain them to the king and queen.
In 1681 he was sent with M. Mariotte to Chantilli, to.
make some experiments upon the waters there, in which
be gave great satisfsiction. The frequent visits be made
to this place inspired him with the design of writing a trea-
tise on fortification ; and, in order to join practice with
theory, he went to the siege of Mons in 1691, where bd
> ]ik>y, Diet, Hut. ck Medioine^^Diot, Hitt.
S A U V E U R. tSS
continued all the while in the trenches. With the ssttie
rhw also be visited all the towns of Flanders ; and on his re^
turn he became the mathematician in ordinary at the court^
with a pension for life. In 1680 he had been chosen to
teach mathematics to the pages of the Dauphiness. In
16S6 be was appointed mathematical professor in the Royot
College. And in 1696 admitted a member of the Academy
of Sciences, where he was in high esteem with the mem«
bers of that society. He became also particularly ac«
quainted with the prince of Cond^, from whom be received
many marks of favour and affection. In 1703, M. Vauban
having been made marshal of France, he proposed Sau<«»
▼enr to the king as his successor in the office of examinef
of the engineers ; to which the king agreed, and honoured
bim with a pension, which our author enjoyed till bit
death, which happened July 9, 1716, in the stxty-fourthf
year of his age.
Sauveur ' was of an obliging disposition, and of a good
temper; humble in his deportment, and of simple manners.
He was twice married. The first time he took a precaution
more like a mathematician than a lover ; for he would not
meet the lady till he had been with a notary to have the
conditions he intended to insist on, reduced into a written
form ; for fear the sight of her should not leave him enough
master of himself. He had children by both his wires ;
and by the latter a son, who, like himself, was dumb for
the first seven years of bis life.
An extraordinary part of Sauveur^s character is, that
diough he had neither a musical voice nor ear, yet he
studied no science more than music, of which he composed
an entire new system. It was he also who first invented the
monochord and the echometer. He pursued his researches
even to the music of the ancient Greeks and Romans, to
the Arabs, and to the very Turks and Persians themselves;
and was the inventor of the term Acoustics, now generally
adopted to signify the theory of sounds atid their proper-
ties. But Dr. Burney does not speak very highly of some
of his musical theories.
Sauveur*s wHtings, wliich consist of pieces rather than
of set works, are ail inserted in the volumes of the memoirs
of the Academy of Sciences, from 1700 to 1716, on vari-»
OHs geometrical, mathematical, philosophical, and musical
subjects. ^
\ Miosmii vol, iy,«THiitUm'i Dict-^aniey's Hist, of Moiio*
185
S A V A G E-
SAVAGE (Henky), an English divine, was bora alKMVt
1604, of a good family, in the parish of Eldsfield, Wori
pestershire. He entered of Baliol college, Oxford, as a
commoner in 1621, took the degree of B. A. in Nov. 1625,
in 1628 was made probationer fellow, and in 1630 com-r
pleted his roaster's degree. On the commencement of the
rebellion, he travelled into France with Williain lord
Sandys, whose sister, the lady Mary, be afterwards mar-
ried. Soon after his .return he obtained the mastership of
his college, Feb. 20, 1650, being at that time bachelor of
divinity, and next year took his doctor's degree in the
same faculty. Notwithstanding this compliance with the
ns^ufping powers, he was, on the restoration, made chap*^
lain in ordinary to his majesty, prebendary of Gloucester
in 1665, and rector of Biadoii near Woodstock in Oxford-
shire. He died, master of Baliol college, June 2, 1672,
and was buried i^ the chapel.
Dr. Savage had a controversy with John Tombes, on in-
fant bapjtism, and with Dr. Cornelius Surges on church-
refori|>ations, which produced some pamphlets of little
eonse^uence now ; bis principal work was his history of
Balliol college, entitled ^* Balliofergus, qr a commentary
vpon the foundation, founders,^ and affairs "of Balliolcol-
lege,*' 1668, 4to. Wood says, he had no natural geny for
a work of this kind, and has committed many blunders ;
and it may be added, that bis style is uncommonly vague^:
diffusive, and pedantic. Hi^ aim was to appear great ia
little things, and the gravity with which he discusses the
origin, derivation, &c. of the name Katherine, whether it
should \)e spelt with a K or.a C, at what time the letter k
' was introduced, and the double / in Balliol, is truly won-*
derful. By his wife, lady Mary Sandys, he left issue
Henry, Edwin, John, Katherine, and Thomas, and bad
buried two daughters in 1670 and 1671, in St. Mary Mag-
dalen^s church, Oxford. His widow died in an obscure
bouse in St. Ebbe's parish, between the church ai)d West-
gate, May 15, 1683, and was b pried in St. Mary Magda-
len's church.'
SAVAGE (John), D. D. the benevolent president of the
famous club at Rpyston^, an4> sl^ Mr. Cole says, the only
• •
"^ 0f this club, ^ee an account by the list of members, . we find Ralph
Mr. Goagh-in Gent.' Mag. LIII. p. Freeman and Christopber Anstey^ both
814. , Dr. Sayage, however, was not D. D. The club likewise had iti» cbaQ**
the only elergymab belonging to if. In lain, and a well-stored wine-cellar*!
> Ath. Ox. vol. n;-^faaimen*8 Hist, of Oxf.-^W«td's MSS. in Mtt». AshmoU
SAVAGE. J87
l^vgyman ever {tdmitted into it, was a member of Ema^
iiuel college, Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and
was D. D. of both universities. He was rector, first of
Bygrave, then of Clothall, Herts, and lecturer of St. George^
Hanover-square, London. In his younger days he ha4
traveiled with James,; fifth earl of Salisbury, who gave him
the great living of Clothall, where Dr. Savage rebuilt the
rectory-house. In his more advanced years be was sq
lively, pleasant, and facetious, that he was called the
f^Aristippus" of the age. One day, at the levee, George L
asked him, ^' How long he had stayed at Rome with lord
Salisbury ?•' Upon his answering how long, " Why,'* said
tbe i^ing, ^f you stayed long enough, why did you not
convert the Pope ?" ^^ Because, 9ir/ • replied he, ^* I had
nothing better (o offer him.'' Having been bred at West*
minster, be had always ^ great fondness for the spboo], at*
tended at all their plays and elections, assisted in all their
public exercises, grew young agaiU) and, among boy?^
Yfas 9 great boy himself. He used to attend the schools,
to fi|f qish the lads with extempore epigrams at the flections,
lie died March 24, 1747, by a fall down the stairs belong-
ing to the scaffolding for lord Lovat's trial ; and the king^i^
pcholars had so great a regard for him, that, after his de-
Cease, they made ^ collection among themselves, and, at
their own charge, erected a sqfiall tablet of white marble to
his memory in the East cloister, with a Latin inscription*-
Besides a visitation and an assize sermon, Mr. Cole attri-
l^ntes the following works to him : 1. <^ The Turkish ijisr
tory by Mr. KnoUes and sir Paul Rycaut abridged,'* 1701^
9 vols. 8vo. This was shewn to sir Paul, who approved of
it so much, that he designed to have written a preface to
i^ had not death prevented him. 2. ^' A Collection of
Letters of the Ancients, whereby is discovered the morality,
gallantry, wit, humour, manner of arguing, and in a word
(he genius of the Greeks and Romans,** 1703, 8vo.^
SAVAGE (Richard), an eminent instance of the use*-
l^ssness and insignificancy of knowledge, wit, and genius,
without prudence and a proper regard to the common
maxims of life, was born in 1698. He was the son 'of
Anne countess of Macclesfield, by^ the earl of Rivers. He
might have been considered as the lawful issue of the earl
of Macclesfield; but bis mother, in order to procure a
) Nichols's Bowyer.-*Cole'« MS Athenae in Brit, Mtti.
18S SAVAGE.
si^ptitratioH from her husband, made a public eodfeMiott of
aduhery in this instance. As soon as this spurious ofFgpring
was brought to light, the countess treated him with every
kind of unnatural cruelty. Slie committed him to the care
of a poor woman, to educate as her own. She prevented
the earl of Rivers from making him a bequest in his will of
6000/. by declaring him dead. She endeavoured to send
hitn secretly to the American plantations ; aiul at laftt, to
bdry him iti poverty and obscurity for ever, she placed him
as an apprentice to a shoemaker in Holbom. About tbiif
tiihe his nurse died ; and in searching her effects, which
^^ Ttnagined to be his right, he found some letters whieh
infbrmed him of his birth, and the reasons for which it was
concealed. He now left his low occupation, and tried
every method to awaken the tenderness, and attract th^'
regard, of his mother: but all bis assiduity was without
effect ; for be could neither soften' her heart, nor open hey
hand, and he was reduced to the miseries of want; By
the care of the lady Mason, mother to the countess, he
had been placed at the grammar-school at St. Alban'^,
where he had acquired all the learning which his situation
allowed ; and necessity now obliged him %o becoine an
author.
The first effort of his uncultivated genius was a poem
stgainst Hoadiy, bishop of Bangor ; of which the author
was afterwards ashamed. He then attempted to write for
the stage, but with little success : yet this attempt was at-
tended with some advantage, as it introduced him to the
acquaintance of sir Richard Steele and Mr. Wilfcs. Whilst
he was in dependence on these gentlemen, he was an asii-
duons frequenter of the theatres^ and never absent from a
play in several years^ In 1723 be brought a tragedy on
the stage, in which himself performed a part, the subject
0{ which was ** Sir Thomas Overbury." If we consider
the circumstances under which it was wriftten, it will JBLffonT
at once an uncommon proof of strength of genius, and an
(evenness of mind not to be ruffled. Whilst he was em-
ployed upon this work, he was without a lodging, and
ofton without food ; nor had he any other convenitehces for
study than the -fields or the street ; and, when he had
formed i speech, he would step into a sbof), abd beg the
use of pen, ink, and papen The profits of this plajr
amounted to about 200/. ; and it procured him the notice
and esteem of many persons of distinction, some^rays qf
SAVAGE, 189
l^diiHis gfiaimenng tbr<>ugli ail the clouds of poverty and
oppr^ssioD. Buty wb^n the world was . beginning to be#-
hoild htm with a more favourable eye, a misfortune hefei
bim, by which not only his reputation, but his life, was in
danger* In a night-ramble he fell into a coffee-bouse of
iU<-famei near Charing- Cross; when a quarrel happened,
and one Mr. Sinclair was killed in the fray. Savage, with
bis companion, was taken into custody, tried for murdeiv
and capitally convicted of the offence. His mother was so
inhuman, at this critical juncture, as to use all means to
prejudice the queen against him, and to intercept all the
hopes he bad of life from the royal mercy ; but at last the
countess of Hertford, out of compassion, laid a true ac-
count of the extraordinary story and sufferiags of poor Sa-
vage before her majesty ; and obtained his pardon.
He now recovered his liberty, but had no means of sub«
lusteiice; and a scheme struck him, by which he might
compel his mother to do something for him, and extort
that from her by satire, which she bad denied to natural
affection. The expedient proved successful; and lor4
Tyreonnel, on his promise to lay aside his design, received
him into bis family, treated him as his equal, and engaged
to allow him a pension of 200L a-year. In this gay period
of life, when he was surrounded by affluence and pleasure,,
be published '^ The Wanderer, a moral Poem/' 1729^
which was approved by Pope, and which the author him-
self considered as his master-piece. It was addressed to
the earl of Tyrconnel, with the highest strains of panegy*-
ric. These praises, however, in a short time, he found
himself inclined .to retract, being discarded by that noble*
man om account of bis imprudent and licentious behaviour.
He now thought himself again at liberty to expose the
4Earuelty of his mother, and accordingly published *^ The
Bastard, a Poem.'' This bad an extraordinary sale : and^
its appearance happening at a time when the countess was
at Bath, many persons there in hei; hearing took frequent
opportunities of repeating passages from it, until shaope
obliged her to quit the place.
. Some time after this. Savage fofmed a resolution of ap<»
plying to the queen : she- had given him bis life, and he
hoped her goodness might enable him to support it. He
published a poem on her birth-day, which he entitle
^ The Volunteer Laureat" She graciously sent him fifty
poandsj adtfa aa intimation that be might annually expect
m S A V A G fi.
the same bounty. His condact with regard to this peiisfiofi
was very characteristic ; as soon as be bad receited it, be
imtnedi&tely disappeared, and lay for some time out of the
reach of his most intimate friends. At length he wits see^
again, pennyless as before, but never itiformed any person
where he had been, nor was his retreat ever discoverecl^.
His perpetual indigence, politeness, and wit, still raised him
^ew friends, as fast as his misbehaviour lost him his old
ones; and sir Kobert Walpole, the prime minister, was
<warmly solicited in hisfatour. Promises were given, but
ended in disappointment ^ upon which he published a
poem in the *^ Gentleman's Magazine,'^ entitled| " The
Poet's Dependence on a Statesman."
His poverty Still increasing, he only dined by accident,
when he wasf invited to the tables of his acquaintance, fronft
which the meanness of his dress often excluded him. Hav-
ing no lodgings, be passed the night often in mean houses',,
which are set open for any casual wanderers, sometimes in
cellars, amongst the riot and fijth of the meanest and most
profligate of the rabble; and sometimes,- when he wa&
totally without money, walked about the streets till he was
weary, and lay down in the summer upon a bulk, and, in
the winter, with his associates in poverty, among the ashed
of a glass-house. His distresses, however afflictive, never
dejected him. In his lowest sphere, his pride kept up bis
spirits, and set him on a level with those of the highest
rank. He never admitted any gross familiarity, or sub-^
mitted to be treated otherwise than as an eqUaL ThisT
wretched life was rendered more unhappy^ in 1738, by
the death of the queen, and the loss of his pension. Hi^
distress was now publicly known, and bis friends, there-
fore, thought proper to concert some measures for pro-
curing him a permanent relief, tt was proposed that be
i^hould retire into Wales, with an allowance of SoL peif
annum, to be raised by subscription, on which he was to^
live privately in a cheap place, and lay aside all his aspir«^
ing thoughts. .
This ofl^'er he seemed to accept with great joy, and set
out on his journey with fifteen guineas in his purse. Hiai
friends and benefactors, the principal of whom was Pope^
expected now to hear of his arrival in Wales ; but, on the
1 4th day after his departure, they were surprised with H'
letter from him, acquainting them that he was yet upon
tha road> and without money, and could noi proceed with-^
SAVAGE* 19l
^\ii t remittance. The money was sent, by which he was
enabled to ireacK Bristol ; whence he was to go to Swansea
by water. He could not immediately obtain a passage^
and therefore was obliged to stay some time at Bristol;
where, with his usual facility, he made sin acquaintance
with the principal people, and was treated with all kinds of
civifity. At last he reached the place proposed fdr hi^ re-
sidence ; where he stayed a yeaf^ and completed a tragedy;
which he had begun in London. Ht was now desiipous of
coming' to town to bring it on the stage : but his friends,
and jparticularly Pope, who was his chief benefactor, op« '
posed the design very strongly ; and advised him to put it
into the hands of Thomson and Mallet, to fit it for tbef
stage, and to allow his friends to receive the profits, out of
which an annual pension shoi;iId be paid him^ The pfopo^^
sal he rejected, Quitted Swansea, and set off for London i
but, at Bristol, a repetition of the kindness he h^d formerly
found, invited him to stay. He stayed so long, that by
his imprudence and misconduct he wearied out all hi9
friends. His wit had lost its novelty ; and his irregular
behaviour, and late hours, grew very troublesome to mea
of business. His money was spent, his cloaths worn out^
ahd his shabby appearance made it difficult for him to ob^
tain a dinner. Here, however, he stayed, in the midst of
poverty, hunger, and contenapt, till the mistress of a coffee-
house, to whom he owed about 8/. arrested him for the
debt. He could find no bail, and was therefore lodged in
prison. During his confinement, he began, and almost
finished, a satire, entitled ^^ London and Bristol delinev
ated ;*' in order to be revenged on those who had no more'
generosity than to suffer a man, for whom they professied
a regard, to languish in a gaol for so small a' sum.
vWhen he had been six months in prison, he received a
letter from Pope, on whom bis chief dependance now-
rested, containing a charge of Very atrocious ingratitudes-
Savage returned a very solemn protestation of his inno-
ceiice^ and he appeared much disturbed at the accusation*
In a few days after, he was seized with a -disorder, which
at first was not suspected to be dangerous; but, growing
daily mor^ languid and defected, at last, a fever seizing
him, be expired, August 1, 1743, in his forty-sixth year,
and was4>urTed lu the church-yard of St. Peter, at the eX'»
p^Qce of the g.ioler. Thus lived, and thus died, Richard
Savage^ leavini; behind him a character strangely chequered
I9i SAVAGE.
with vices apd good qualities. H.« was; howtev^r, UQ^owbt^
^dly a man of excellent parts ; and, bad be received thp
full benefits of a liberal education, and had his natural
talents been cultivated to the best advantage, he mighl
have made a respectable figure in life. He was happy in
91) agreeable temper, and a liyely flow of wit, which made
his company much coveted ; nor was bis judgment, . both
of writings and of men, inferior to his wit ; but he was. too
inuch a slave to his passions, and bis passions were too
easily excited. He was warm in his friendships, but im-^
placable in his enmity ; and his greatest faulty which is in«-
(jleed the greatest of all faults, was ingratitude. He seemed
to think every thing due to his mei^it, and tbi^t he waa
little obliged to any one for those favours which he thpu^t
it their duty to confer on him : it is therefore the less
to be wondered at, that he never rightly estimated tba
I(indnes^ of his many friends and benefactors, or pre^^
served ^ grateful and due sense of their generosity to wardii
him.
The works of this original writer, after having long, lain
dispersed in magazines and fugitive publications, were
collected and published by T. Evans, bookseller, in . the
Strandy in an ejegant edition iu two volumes^ octavo,* to
f^hicb are prefixed the admirable ^' Memoirs of Savage,"
written by Dr* Samuel Johnson. They have since been in«
^oiporated in the " English Poets*" *
SAVARON (John), a celebrated president and lieute^
Qant*general in the seneschalship and presidial court of
Clermont in Auvergne, was born there about the begin-
ftipg of the seventeenth century. He had an extensive
]|oowledg;e of the belles iettres and law, and. was one of the
most learned men and eloquent magistrates of his time^
Be attended the states-general held at Paris in li614, as a
deputy from the Tiers Etat of the province of Auvecgne^
Md defended its rights with aseal and firmness against the
nobility and the clergy. He afterwards pleaded with great
i;redit in the parliament of Paris, and died at a very ad^
vanced age in 16B2, leaving many learned works much
esteemed.; the principal are, an edition of ^< Sidonius;
Apollinaris," 16Qi}, 4to. with noites. <' Origine.de Cler-^
mont, Capitale d'Auvergne,*' the most complete edition o£
which is by Peter Dursmd, 1662, folio. |<Trait6 dea
^ Life by J>r. Johnson.
!3 JL V A R O N. \9$
^ Dud^'* Uly. ** Traiti da is SouveralntA du Roi et de
son Roiaiime aux Deputes de la Noblesse/' 161 5^ 8vo, two
parts ; a carious and scarce work. ** Chronologies des Etats
Gin^rauxy*' 8vo ; the object of which is to prove that the
Tiers Etat has always bad admittance there, ft seat, and a
deliberative voice. ^
SAVARY (Francis), seigneur de Breves, a learned
Frenchman who had the merit of introducing oriental
printing into bis country about the beginning of the se-
venteenth century, was the French ambassador at Con-
^ntinople for twenty^two years. On his return, about
1611, Henry IV. sent him to Rome as ambassador
in the pontificate of Paul V. where, in 1613, he ap*
pears to have established a printing-*office ; for in the title
of a translation of Bellarmin's conclusion, and a Psalter into '
Arabic, they are said to come ex typographia Savariana.
Savary is said to have cast the types, and employed on ,
th^e two works, as correctors, Scialac and Sionita, two
Maronites from mount Lebanon. In 1615, Savary re-
turned to Paris, bringing with him Sionita and the printer
PauHn, who, in the same year, printed in small quarto, in
Turkish and French, the "Treaty of 1604, between Henry
the Great, king of France, and the sultan Amurath,'' &c.
The following year appeared an Arabic Grammar, edited
by Sionita and Hesronita. It appears that Savary had the
liberality to lend his types to those who were desirous of
printing works in the oriental languages. He diedin'1627,
when, we are told, the English and Dutch made offers for ^
the purchase of his types, and the oriental manuscripts
wtitch he had collected in the Levant ; but the king of
France bought them, and sQon after a new establishment
appeared at Paris for oriental printing, all the credit of
wbtch was given to the cardinal Richelieu, while the name
of Savary was not once mentioned. Sic vos non vobis^ fcc.
Thetiie types are said to be still. extant in the royal print*
hig office. Savary published an account of his travels,
ttom which we learn, that be projected certain conquests
iti the Levant, for the extension of the commerce of his
country, and the propagation of Christianity. The number
of oriental M8S. wbiph he brought from the Levant amounts
to ninety-seven.'
\ • •
> KKstMo, taI. XVU. * Mcfc Birt.
yot.xxvn. o
194 . S A V A R Y. ^
* SAVARY (James), an useful French writer upon the
subject of trade, was born at Duu6 in Anjou Sept. 22,
1622. He was sent to Paris, and. put apprentice to a mer-
chant; and carried on trade tiH 1658, when he left off the
practice, to apply with more attention to the theory. It
is said, that he bad acquired a very competent fortune;,
but^ in 1667, when the king rewarded with certain privi-
leges and pensions such of his subjects as had twelve chiU
dren aliv6, Savary wa^ not too rich to put in his claim. He
was afterwards admitted of the council for the reformation
of commerce ; and the orders, which passed in 1 670, were
drawn up from his instructions and. advice. Being re-
quested by the comrpissioners to digest his principles into
a volume, he published at Paris, in 1675, 4to, "LeParfait
Negociant, ou. Instruction generate pour ce qui regarde
le Commerce des Merchandises de France et des Pays
Strangers." This went through many editions, the best of
which is that of 1777, 2 vols. 4to : aud has been translated
into almost all European languages. In 1688, he pub-^
li&bed ^' Avis et Conseiis sur les plus impbrtantes matieres
du Commerce," in 4to ; which has been considered as a
second volume to the former work, and often re-printed.'
He died in 1690; and, out of seventeen children which
he had by one wife, left eleven.
Two of the sons, James and Philemon, became after-
waros writers on the sd.me subject. James Savary being
chosen in 1686 inspector general of the manufactures at
the custom-house of Paris, took an account of all the se-
veral sorts of merchandise that passed through it ; and
ranged in alphabetical order all the words relating to ma-
nufactures and commerce, with definitions and explications^
merely at first for his private use, but being told how use-,
ful such a work might prove, if extended and methodized^
he employed his brother Philemon to assist him, but died
in 1716, leaving it unfinished. Philemon at length pub-'
lished it at Paris in 1723, under this title, ^' Dictionnaire
Universel du Commerce," in 2 vols, folio; and, animated
by the favourable reception given to this work, spent three
other years in making it more complete and perfect ; and
finished a third volume, by way of .supplement to the two
former, which appeared in 1729. This wa5 after his deaths
which happened in 1727. This "Dictionary of Com-
merce" has been universally spoken of as a very Excellent
work, and has been often jeprinted. The best edition ia
S A V A R Y. 155
that fedited by Philibert, at Copenhagen,* 1759— 66^ 5"
vols. fol. *
SAVARY (Nicholas), a French traveller, was born at
Vitre in Brittany^ and pursued bis studies at Rennes with
considerable distinction. In 1776, he visited Egypt, at
which place be remained for the space of three years»
Whilst here he paid particular attention to the manners of'
the inhabitants, a knowledge of the Arabic tongue, and an
investigation of antiquities. From Egypt be went to the
islands of the Archipelago, over most of which he travelled,
and examined them with careful attention. On his return
to France, in 1780, he published, " A translation of the
Koran, with a sketch of the life of Mahomet.'' He also
published an extract from the above work, which he called
'^ La Morale de Mahomet." His principal work was
** Letters on Egypt," which have been well received, and
translated into different European languages. Yet it is
objected to this work, and with great appearance of reason^
that the author has yielded too much to the powers of a*
lively imagination, and that he has given rather a fasci-
nating than a correct picture. ' Volney's Travels may serve
to restore the likeness, and correct Savary's exuberances*
Encouraged, however, by the success of this work, Savary
published his <^ Letters on Greece," which is likewise an '
agreeable and entertaining performance. Soon after this
period he died, at Paris, in 1788. He was a m^n of eon-*
siderable talents, an excellent taste, and a lively fancy ; and,
although many of his positions have been controverted, as
well by Volney, as by other writers on the same subjects,
his works are written in a style and manner which render
them highly interesting to a large class of readers. '
SAVILE (Sir George), marquis of Halifiix, a celebrated
statesman, but of equivocal character, was descended from
an ancient family in Yorkshire. He was the son of sir
William Savile, bart. and Anne, daughter of Thomas lord
Coventry, lord keeper of the great seal. He was born
probably about 1630. Upon the death of his father, he
succeeded to the title of baronet, and soon distinguished
himself by his abilities in public affairs ; and being zealous*
in bringing about the restoration, was created a peer, in
consideration of his own and his father's. merits. In 1668
he wa^appointed of that remarkable committee, which sat
* Kiccf 00, tols. IX aud X.-— Diet. HUt, f Diet. Hist.
Q 2
tH S A V I L E.
alBrook-baH fortbe ^Examination of the accounts of the
money which had been given during the Dutch war^ of
which no mennber of the House of Commons was admitted.
In April 1672 be was called to a seat in the privy council ;
andy June following, went over to Holland with the duke
of Bttckingham and the earl of Arlington, as ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to treat about a peace
with France, when he met with great opposition from hia
colleagues.
In 1675 be op(K>sed with vigour the non-resistuvg test-
bill; and was removed from the council-board the year
following by the intei^st of the earl of Danhy, the trea--
surer. He bad provoked this lord by one of those witti-
cisms in which he dealt so largely. In the examination
before the council concerning the revenue of Ireland, Iprd
Widrington confessed that be had made an offer of a coh-^-
siderable sum to the lord treasurer, and that his lordship
had rejected it very mildly, and in such a manner as not to.
discourage a second attempt. Lord Halifax observed upon
this, that ^^ it would be somewhat strange if a man should
ask the use of another man's- wife, and the other should
indeed refuse it, but with great civility.'* His removal;
was very agreeable to the duke of York, who' at that time
had a more violent Aversion to him than even to Shaftesbury
himself, because he had spoken with great firmness and'
spirit in the House of Lords against the declaration for a
toleration. However, upon a change of the ministry in
1679, his lordship was made a member of the new counciL
The same year, during the agitation of the bill for the ex«
elusion of the duke of York, he seemed averse to it; but
proposed such liniit^iions of the duke's authority when the
crown should devolve upon him, as should disable him
from doing any harm either in church or state ; such as the
takiqg out of bis bands all power in ecclesiastical matters^
the disposal of the public money, and the power of peace
or w^r, and lodging these in the two Houses of Parliament ;
and that the parliament in being at the king's death should
continue without a new summons, and assume the adminis^^-
tration; but his lordship's arguiag so much against the
danger of turning the monarchy, by the bill of exclusion^
jtito an elective government, was thought the more dirtra-
ordidary, because he made an hereditary king the sabjeet
of his mirth, and had often said *^ Who takes a coachman
to drive him, l^eo^use bis father was a good coachman V*
s A y I L E- m
Yet ht was now jealoos oF a small flip in the sAcceMion ;
tboagfa lie at the seme ttoie studied to infuse into some
persons a zeal for a commonwealtfa ; and to these tie pre-*
tended, that be preferred limitatioiK to an exclusion, be-
Cftuae the otie kept up the monarcby still, only passing
over one person; whereas the other really introduced a
commonwealth, as soon as there was a popish king on thi;
throne. And it was said by some of his frienda, that the
limitations proposed we^re so advantageous to public liberty,
that a man might be tempted to wish for a pojHsfa king, in
Older to obtain them. (Jpon this great difference of opi<^
nion, a fiaction was quickly formed in the new connc:il;
lord Halifax, with the earls of Essex and Sunderland, de-
dsiring for limitations, and against the exclusion, while
the earl of Shaftesbury was equally zealous for thejatter ;
and when the bill for it was brought into the House of
liords, lord Halifax appeared with great resolution at the
head of the debates against it. This so highly exasperated
the House of Commons, that they addressed the king to,
remove him from bis councils and presence for ever : bu!^
he prevailed with his majesty soon after to dissolve that
parliaiOient, and was created 4in eari. However, upon his
majesty^s deferring to call a new parliament, according to
his promise to his lordsfhip, his vexation is said to hav6
been so great as to affect hts health, and he expostulated
severely wi^ those who were sent to him on that affair,
refusing the pott both of secretary of state and lord- lieute-
nant of Ireland. A parliament being called in 168D, h^
still opposed the exclusion-bill, and gained great reputa-
tion by his management of the debate, though it occasioned
tt new address from the House of Commons to remove him.
Hawever, after rejecting that bill in the House of Lord%
his lordship pressed them, though without success, to pro-
ceed to limitations ; and beg^n with moving that the duke
might be obligedto live five hundred miles out of England
during the king's life. In August 1682, he was created a
marquis, and soon after made privy-seal, and, upon kin^
James's accession, president of the council. But on re-
itisiog his consent to the repeal of the tests, he was told
by ttmt monarch, that, though he could never forget bis
paet services, yet, since he would not comply in that pointy
iie was resolved to have unanimity in his councils, and^
AeMiore, dismissed him from ail |n^lic employments. H^
m/ma ^ti/$mwp4k oonsutod by Mr. Sidney, whether, he. would
198 - S A V I L E.
advise the prince of Orange's coining oyer; but, this
matter being only hinted^ be did not encourage a farther .
explanation, looking upon thei attempt as impracticabie,
since it depended oi^do many accidents. Upon the arrival
of that prince, he was sent by the king, with the earls of
Kochester and Godolphin, to treat with him, then at Hun^
gerford.
' In that assembly of the lords which m^t after king James's
withdrawing himself the first time from Whitehall, the
marquis wais chosen their president; and, upon the king's
return from Feversham, he was sent, together with the,
carl of Shrewsbury and lord Delamere, from the prince of
Orange, ordering his majesty to quit his palace at White-
hall, and retire to Hull. In the convention -parlii(ment,
b^ was chosen speaker of the House of Lords ; and strenu-
ously supported the motion for the vacancy of the throne,
and the conjunctive sovereignty of the prince and princess,
upon whose accession he was again made privy-seal. But,
in the session of 1689, upon the inquiry into the authors
^of the prosecutions against lord Russell, Algernon Sidney,
3&C. the marquis, having concurred in these councils in
1683, now quitted the court, and became a zealous op*
poser of the measures of the government till his death,
which happened in April 1695, and was occasioned by a
^gangrene in a rupture he had long neglected. There
seems little in his conduct that is steady, or in his charae«
ter that is amiable. Towards his end he showed some signs
of repentance, which, according to Burnet, were transient.
*^ He was," says that writer, " a man of great aqd ready
wit, full of life and very pleasant, much turned to satire ;
he let his wit turn upon matters of religion^ so that he
passed for a bold and determined atheist, though he.oftctn
protested to me, that he was not one, and said, he be*
lieved there was not one in the world. He confessed be
could not swallow down all 4;hat divines imposed on the
world ; he was a Christian in submission ; be believed as
much as be could ; and hoped, that God would not Ifiy it
to his, charge, if he could not digest iron as an ostrich did,
^or take into his belief things that must burst him. If he
bad any scruples, they were not sought for nor oberished
by him; for he never read au atheistical book in hi^. life.
In sickness, Tknew him very much affected . with a sense
.of religion : I was then often with him, he. seemed full of
|;9Qd purpqsesy bu( they went off with his sickness.: h^ W9^
S A V I L E. 199
coBtanaally talking of inorality aikl friendship* He was
punctual in bis payments, and just in all private dealings;
buktf with relation to tne pablic, be went backward aiid
* forward and changed sides so often; that in the conclusion
Jio side trusted him ; be seemed full of commonwealth no^
tions, yet he want into the worst part of king Charles's
reign. The liveliness of his imagination was always, too
hard for his judgment. His severe jest was preferred by
him to all arguments whatever; and he was endless ill
council ; for, when after much discourse a point was settled^
if b0 could find a new jest, whereby he could make that
which was digested by himself seem ridiculous, he could
not bold, but would study to raise the credit of his wit^
though it made others call his judgment in question. When
he talked to me, as a philosopher, of the contempt of the
, world, I asked him what he meant by getting so many
new titles, which I called the hanging himself about with
beUs and tinsel ; be had no other excuse for it but this,
that, if the world were such fools as to value those matters^
a man most be a fool for company : he considered them
but as rattles, yet rattles please children ; so these might
be of use to bis family."
By his first wife, daughter of Henry Spencer, earl of
Sunderland, he had a son William, who succeeded him ;
and by a second wife, the daughter of William Pierrepoint|
second son of Robert earl of Kingston, he had a daughter
Gertrude, who was married to Philip Stanhope, third earl
of Chesterfield, and was mother to the celebrated earl,. who,
says Maty, may be perhaps justly compared to his grand*
father in extent of capacity, fertility of genius, and bril-
liancy of wit. They bpth, adds, he, distinguished them-
selves in parliament by their eloquence i at court, by their
knowledge of the world ; in company, by their art of pleas-
ing. They were both very useful to their sovereigns,
though not much attachied either to the prerogative or to
the^ person of any king. They both knew, humoured, and
despised the different parties. The Epicurean philosophy
was their common study. William, the second marquts of
HaUfax, died in 1699, when the dignity became extinct in
his family, but was revived in 1700 in the person of Charles
Montague. The marquis William left three daughters:
Anne, married to Charles Bruce, earl of Aylesbury ; Do-
rothy, to Richard Boyle, the last earl of Burlington^ and
Mary, tp Sackville Tuftou^ earl of Thanet,
jMfr S A y I L E.
. George,' marquit of Halifax, was the author of mm^
tracts, written with considerable spirit and eieg-idce. Be«
^ides his ^^ Character of a Trtmfner/' -he wrote *^ Advice tOt
A Daughter ;" ^^ The Anatomy of an £«|uivaleiit ;*' <* A
Letter to a Dissenter, upon his Majesty V late Glorious De:t
claration of Indulgences ;'* '^ A rough Eiraiigbt of a new
Model at Sea, in 1694;" << Maxims of State," All which
ir^re prin^d,^)getber after his death; and the third edi«
tioncame out in 1717» 8vo. Since these, Uiere was alto
published under bis name, ^* The Character of king Charles
the ^Second ; to which is subjoined, Maxims of State, &c/* .
1750^ Bvo, ^^ CharaGter of Bishop Burnet," printed at the
end of his *^ History of his own Times ;" *^ Historical Obser^
cations upon the Reigns of. Edward L H. III. and Richard
IL with Remarks upon their faithful Counsellors and ftilse
Favourites^" 16^9. He also left memoirs of his own times,
from a journal which he kept every day of all the center^
aations which he had with Charles' II. and the most distin<^
guished men of his time. Of these memoirs two lair oopiei
were made, one of which fell into the hands of Daniel earl
tf Nottingham, and was destrt^yed by him. The other
devolved on the marquis's grand- daughter, lady Burling^
ton, in whose possession it long remained; but Pope, as
the late lord Orford informed Mr« Malone, finding, on a
perusal of these memoirs, that the papists of those dayt
were represented in mi unfavourable light, prevailed on faef
to burn them ; and tBus the public have been deprived of
probably a curious and valuable work. ^
SAViLE (Sir Henry), a most learned nMrn^ and a gteat
henefhctor to the learning of. his country, was tbe son of
Kenry Savile o£ Bradley, in the tmirnship of Steiakind, in
the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, by £Uen> daughter of
Robisjt Ramiden. He was born at Bradley, Nov. 30, 1 54d,
and ficst entered of Brasen*nose college, Oxford, iirhenct»
he was elected to Merton^coUege in 15€1, where he took
the degrees in arts^ and was ehosen fellowt When he
proceeded master of arts in 1570, he read .for that degree
on the Almagest of Ptotemy, which pmcnred him the re-
putation of a. man wonderfully skilled in mathematics and
the Gre^k language; in the former of whicbi he volun^
tarily read a public lecture in the university for some ttme^
1 Birch's Live8.—Roya1 and Noble Aatbora, hf Mr. F«rk.«»Mslsne'f l^k ^f
Drydeii.— Ck^sierfield's Itf emoirii by Dr. Matf . '
K A V I LE. wn
HivHig now gr«ftt interest, be wiit elecltd pfoctor ttv ttn^
yecrs togeiher, 1575. and 1576, an honour not veryooni*^
inon, for bs the proctors were ttieti chosen out of the wfaolii
body of the aniversiiy, by the doctors and diastera, and the
elemion was not, as now, confined to particular eoUegei^
none bat men of learning, and soch as had considerable
interest, durst aspire to that honour. In 1679 be Tisiied
the coMtinent, became acquainted with varioas learned
foieigners, and obtained many taluable MSS, or copies of
them, tie is said to have returned a man of high aecomJ>
plisbflsents, and was made totor in the Greek tfemgtte «e
queen Etiaabeth, or, as it is otherwise expressed, te read
Oreek and mathematics with her majesty, who had a great
^teem for him. In 1595 be wasmade warden of Merton** '
ooUege, which he governed sia and thirty years with .grefit .
credit^ and gi^atty raised its reputation lor learning, b^
a jttdiciottH patronage of stedents most distinguished for
lalents and industry. In 1596, he was chosen provost of
£ton«eollege, of which society also he increased the fame
by filling it with the most learned men, among whom waft
the ever-ademorable John Hales. It is said, however, thai
be ineurred some odium among the younger scholars by
1ms severity, and his dislike of those who were thought
uprightly wi)s. He used to say, *< Give me the plodding
aittdent. If I would look for wits, I would go to Newgate,
there be thewits.** John Earle, afterwards bishop of Salis-
bury, was the only scholar he ever accepted on the reoom-
nendation of being a wk. James I. upon his accession tA
the crown of England, e^tpressed a .particular regard for
him, and would have preferred him either an church or
state; hot sir Henry declined it, and only accepted the
^nourof knighthood from his majesty at Windsor on Sept.
diy 1604. His only son dying about that time, he devoted
his fortune entirely to the promoting of learning. In 1619
he founded two lectures, or professorships, one in geome-
try, the other in astronomy, in tlie university of "Oxford ;
which he endowed each with a salary of 160/. a year, be*
sides a legacy of 600/. for purchasing more lands for the
aaine use. In the preamble of the deed, by which a salary
was anne^^d to tl^se two professorships, it is expressly
a»id that ^ geometry was almost totally unknown and aban-
doned in England." Briggs was his first professor of geo<»
sietry; but Anbr^y say^, on the authority of bishop Ward,
Haat be first 'sent ior Cnater fer that pvi^se^ who, coming
S0« S A VILE.
<Wiih bij sector and quadrant, *' fell to resolving of ^rl»-
angles and doing a great many fine things; Said the gra^e
knight, < Do you call this reading of Geometric ? This k
«bewing of tricks, man/ and so dismissed him with scome,
and sent for Briggs/' - Sir Henry also furnished a library
mth mathematical book? near the mathematical school, for
ibe use of bis professors ; and gave 100/. to the matfaema*
ileal chest of bis own appointing; adding afterwards a
legacyof 40/. a year to tbe same chest, to the universitj
and to his professors jointly. He likewise gave 120/. to^
•wards tbe new^buildrng of tbe schools ; several rare manu-
scripts and printed books to the Bodleian library ; and a
good quantity of matrices and Greek types to tbe printing«>
press at Oxford. Part of tbe endowment of tbe professor-
ships was tbe manor of Little Hays in Essex. He died, at
Eton-college, Feb. 19, 1&21-2, and was- buried in* tbe
chapel there, on the south side of the communion table,
near the body of bis son Henry, with an inscription on a
black marble stone. The university of Oxford paid him
tbe greatest honours, by having a public speech and verses
made in bis praise, which were published soon after in 4to,
under the title of ^* Ultima Linea Savilii,"*and a sumptu-
ous honorary -monument was erected to bis memdry on tbe
south wall, at tbe upper end of the choir of Merton- college
chapel. Sir . Henry Savile, by universal consent, rlinks
among tbe most learned men of bis time, and tbe most
liberal patrons of learning; and with great justice the
bigbest encomiums are bestowed on him by ail the learned
of bis time : by Isaac Casaubon, Mercerus, Meibomius^
Joseph Scaliger, and especially the learned bishop Mon^
tagu ; who, in bis " Diatribqe" ^ppon Selden's " History of
Tithes," styles bim *^ tbat magazine of learning, whose
memory shall be honourable amongst not only the iearned,
but the righteous for ever.^'
We have already mentioned several noble instances of
his muntficence to the republic of letters : and his works
.exhibit equal zeal for the promotion of literature. In 1581,
lie published an English version of, 1. '^ Four Books of
tbe Histories of Cornelius Tacitus, and the Life of Agri<?
cola; with notes upon them," folio, dedicated to quieen
Elizabeth. Tbe notes were esteemed so valuable as to be
.translated into Latin by Isaac Gruter, and published :at
Amsterdam, 1649, in 12mo, to which Gruter subjoined a
jlreatise of our author, pu\>Usbed in 1598, under the titl^^
S A V I L E. 'HOt
2. -'f A View of certain Military Ma^tersi or .commentaries
^nnicerning Roman War&re;'' whicb, soon after its; first
appearance, was translated injto Latin by Marquardusfre-
t^rus, and printed, at Heidelberg in 1601/ but having be*
come ex^cietedidg scarce, was reprinted by Gruten In 1,596,
he published .a collection of the best ancient writers .o( our
£ogU^b history, entitled, 3. ** Rerum Anglicaram Scrip*
tores post Bedam praecipui, ex vetustissimis codicibus.none
primum in lucem editi f* to which he added chronological
tables. at ^he end, from Julius Caesar to the coming. in of
William the Conqueror. This, was reprinted at Francfort
in 1601, which edition has a complete index to it. The
collection contains William of Malmsbury's history of the
kings of England, and the lives of the English bishops ; the
histories of Henry of Huntingdon ; the annals of Roger de
Hoveden ; the chronicle of Ethel werd, and the history of
Ingnlphus; with a dedication to queen Elizabeth, &e.
Wharton, in the preface to his " Anglia Sacra,*' objects
only to. Malmsbury's history, whiph he says was printed^
frpm an incorrect MS. 4. He undertook and finished an
edition, mo^t. beautifully printed, of *^ St. Chrysostom't
Works", in Greek, printed in. 1613, 8 vols, folio. In the
preface, he says, ^^ that, having himself visited, about
twelve years before, all the public and private libraries in
Britain^ and copied out thence whatever he thought useful
jto his design, he then sent sonie learned men into France^
Germany, Italy, apd the East ; to transcribe such parts as
be. had not already, and to collate the others with the best
manuscripts." At the same time, he makes his acknow«>
ledgnient to several great men for their assistance; as
Thuanus, Vdserus, Schottus, Isaac Casaubon, Fronto Du-
casus, Janus Gruterus, Hoeschelius, .&c. In the eighth
volume are inserted sir Henry Savjle's own notes, with those
of the learned John Boi^, Thomas Allen, Andrew Downes,
and other learned men. The whole charge of this edition,
including the several sums paid to learned men, at home
and abroad, employed in finding out, transcribing, and
collating, the best manuscripts, is said to have amounted
(to no less than 8000/. ; but, as soon as it was finished, the
.bishops and clergy of France employed, somewhat unfairly,
as has been said, Fronton .Due, or Fronto Ducasus, .who
was a learned Jesuit, to reprint it at Paris, in 10 vols, folio,
with a Latin translation, which lessened the price of sir
Hen ry'-s, edition ; yet we are told, that lhe..thousand copies
te4 S A V I L t.
which lie printed were all sold*. In 16 IB, he fmblkh^d a
Latin work, written by Thomas Bradwardin, abp. of Can-*
terbury, against Pelagitis, entitled, 5. ** Se Causa Dei
contra Pelaginm, et de virtnte causarum ;** to which he
prefixed the life of Bradwardin. This book was printed
from six M8S. carefully collated. 6. ** Naeianzen's Sce-
litentics," 1610. Towards this, says Oldys, he was fk-
Tonred with the MS epistles of Nazianzen out of the Bod-
leian library, " which was a singular courtesy, and done be*
cause of his affection to the storing and preserving of th^
library," as if any thing could have been refused to such a
benefactor. 7. •* Xenophon's Institution of Cyrus,'* Gr.
161S, 4to. In 1621, he published a collection of his own
mathematical lectures. 8* ** Prselectiones Tredecim in
princtpium Elementorum Euclidis Oxoni« habitse,** 4to.
&. ** Oratio coram Elizabeth^. Regina Oxoniae habita, anno
1S!>2," Oxon. 16^8, 4to; published by Dr. Barlow from
the original in the Bodleian library, and by Dr. Lamphire,
in the second edition of ** Monarchia Britannica,** Oxford,
1681, Bvo. 10. He translated into Latin king James'sr
** Apology for the Oath of Allegiance." Six letters of his,
written to Hugo Blotius^ and Sebastian Tenguageliu*,
keepers of the imperial library, were published in Lambe-
ciu8*s •* Bibliotheca,** vol. III.; four are printed among
•• Camdeni Epistote,^ and others are in the Cotton and
Harleian MBS. He was also concerned in the new trans*
lation of the Bible, executed by command of James 1. be-
ing One of the eight persons at Oxford who undertook to
translate the four Gospels, Acts, and Revelations. He left
behind him several MSS. some of which are now in the
Bodleian library, such as 1. "Orations." 2. "Tract of
the original of Monasteries." S. "Tract concerning the
Union of England and Scotland, written at the command
ef Iring James I.'* He wrote notes likewise upon the mar^
^in of many books in his library, particularly of Eusebius's
* Tint mnk reqnirtd ^ocb lon^ and bek^re ChrfSQitcm wat fiohhed. wbeai
close appUcariou, that sir Henr3''s lady ^ir Henry lay sick, said, " If sir
thoug1)t herself neglected, and coming Harry djed, she would burn Chrysos-
«t> hiai MM day nito bis study, she torn for kiHiog berhuaband.** Wiwdh
said, ** Sir Henry, I would I mere « Mr, Bois bearing j told bar, ** Tbsit
book too, and then you would a little would be a great pity, for be was one
taore respect me."' To which one of the sweetest preacher^ since fbn
'stMMitng by, TflpSed, « Yon must tivea iqiosllcs' tines $'» with wfaich the
be an almanack, madam, that he might to satisfied, that she said, « i|^ moiM
tAiaflge etrery year :" which answer dis* not do it for all tbe world."
flMfBd lMr««-llM Ml« My, a IKUi
S A.V I L E. ^$
^ £c€lefiastical History/* which were afterwsirdft used^ and
thankfully acknowjedged, by Valesius, io bis editioa of
that work in 1659. He is mentioned a9 a member of the
society of Antiquaries, in the introdnctioQ to the ^^ Arcb««
cHogia,*' and indeed there was no literary honour at that
time of which he was not worthy*
He had a younger brother, TjSOMAS Savilb, who was
admitted probationer-fellow of Merton college, Oxford, iu
1580; afterwards travelled abroad into several countries;
upon his return, was chosen fellow of Eton college ; and
died at London in 1592-3, whence his body was removed
to Oxford, and interred with great soiemnity in tbe choir
of Merton college chapel. He was a man of great learning,
and an intimate friend of Camden ; among whose letters
there are fifteen of Mr. Savile^s U> him.
There was another Henry Savile, related to tbe above
family, and familiarly called Long Harry Savile, who en*
tered a student of Merton college in 1587, during the war«^ ,
denship of sir Heury, and was soon after made one of the
portion tats, commonly called postmasters. After taking
the degree of B. A. he left Merton college, and removed to
St Alban-hall, where in 1595, he took the degree of M. A.
Under the inspection of his learned kinsman, he became an/
eminent scholar, especially in the mathematics, physic (in
which iuculty be was admitted by the university to ptac-»
tise), chemistry, painting, heraldry, and antiquities. After-
wards, in (Mrder to extend his knowledge, he travelled into
Italy, France, and Germany, where he greatly improved
himsel£ He is said to have written several things, but npne
have been poblished. He gave Camden the ancient copy,
of Asser Menevensis^ which he published in 160S, and ,
which contains the leg^idary story of the discord betweeou
the ilew scholars which Grimbald brought with him to Oxh
ford, at the restoration of the university by king Alfred,
&c. This Henry Savile lived some years after his re^tarn
firom the continent, in the parish of St Martin's in the
Fields, London, and dying there April 29, 1617, aged
forty «nine, was buried in the chancel belonging to the pa-
lish church, where was a monument to his memory. Among
the Cotton MSS. is a letter from him to Camden,. *^con^
cerning antiquities near. Otley in Yorkshire*'^.
There still remains one of this family to be noticed, sir
JbHN Savile, elder brother to sir Henry, who wad born at
Bradley in 1 545^ and entered a coauxioaer e£ Brasenioae ^
206 SAVri'E.
a
f
college about 1561^ whence, without taking a degree, Tie'
went to the Middle Temple for the study of the law. Be- *
ing called to the bar, he became autumn reader of that
bouse in 1586, steward of the lordship of Wakefield, Ser-
jeant at law in 1594, one of the barons of the exchequer*
in 1598, and at the same time one of the justices of assize.
In July 1603, a little before his coronation, king James
conferred the honour of kiiightbood on him, being one of
the judges who were to attend that solemnity. He died at
London, Feb. 2, 1606, aged sixty-one, and was buried at
St. Dunstan's church, Fleet-street, but his heart was bu-
ried in Methley church, Yorkshire, where is a monument
to his memory, erected by his son. Camden acknowledges »
the assistance he received from sir John Savile in his his-
torical labours. He left at his death several pieces fit for
publication, but none have appeared, except " Reports of
divers cases in the courts of common pleas and exchequer,'
from 22 to 36 Elizabeth," a thin folio, printed first in 1675,
and again in 1688.'
SAVONAROLA (Jerome), a celebrated Italian monk, '
was born at Ferrara in 1452. In 1466 he became a Domi-'
nican at Bologna, and afterwards preached at Florence, but
with very little success, and left the place. In 1489 he
was invited by Lorenzo de Medici to return to Florence,
where he became a very popular preacher. By pretensions
to superior sanctity, and by a fervid eloquence, he hiir-
ried away the feelings of his hearers, and gained an ascen«
dancy over their minds by his prophecies, which were
directed both against church and state. Having by these
means acquired a powerful influence, he began to tiespise
the patronage of Lorenzo, and avoided his presence.*
After the death of Lorenzo, he placed binbself at the head'
of a popular party in Florence, who aimed at the establish-^
ment of a free constitution. Savonarola seems to have pro-
mised them something between a< republic and a theocracy.
By such means his party became very formidable ; and ta
flatter them yet more, he denounced terrible judgments to
the court of Rome, and to the rest of the Italian states. In'
1498 many. complaints having been carried to Rome, in
which hevifas accusterd of having reproached, in his sermons,'
the conduct of that court and the vices of the clergy, he'
• • • •
1 Ath. Ox. to). J. — Biog. Brit.— rWalson's Halifax.— Harwood's AUimni Eto* '
nens^s, p. 9 and 62.— -P^Ksk's Desiderata.— ^rype*8 Wbitgift, p. 344.— ^Letten
l^y £i»iB«at Bi»r«ms, lai^ 9 vob» aTiK«-*Wood^ A«im1s. >
SAVON A R O L A, 207-
was publicly exconunonicated, which at ^ first he tegaMed
so far as to abstain from preaching, bat finding that silence'
was considered as submission, and would ruin his cause, he
resumed his function, and renewed his invectives against-
th6 pope and the court of Rome. But when the pope
Alexander threatened to interdict the city, the magistrates
commanded him to desist from preaching. At length be
procured the assistance of a friar of his own convent, named
Fra. Domenico da Pescia, who proposed to confirm his
master^^ doctrines by the ordeal of walking through the
flames, provided any one of their adversaries would do the'
same. The challenge was accepted by a Franciscan friar,
and a day was appointed for the trial. Savonarola, findiug'
tl^at the adverse party were not to be intimidated, proposed
that Domenico should be allowed to carry the host with
him into the fire. This was exclaimed against by the whole
assembly as an impious and sacrilegious proposal. It was,
however, insisted upon by Domenico, who thereby eluded
the ordeal. But the result was fatal to the credit of Savo-
narola, who was deserted by the populace, apprehended'
and dragged to prison, and condemned, to be first stran-
gled and then burnt, which sentence was put into, ex ecu--
tipn on the 23d of May,. 1498.
Various opinions have been entertained of this man's
real character. Some of the friends of liberty and protes-
tantism have considered him as a man who had elevated
views and good intentions, though perverted by a spirit 4>f
fanaticism y and there seems no reason, to doubt that be was
really a friend to the liberty of Florence^ and felt an honest
indignation at the profligacy of the court of Rome, and
th^~ corruption of the catholic church. For these last rea-
sons, some have even admitted him among the reformers '
and martyrs. But his title to this honour seems veryques-i
tionable, and the character of a leader of a party is as dis-
cernible in his conduct as that of a reformer. There are a ;
great number of his sermons remaining, and other works
in Latin and Italian^ most of them on religious subjects.
His life, inserted in Bates's " Vitae Selectorum," was written
in Latin by John Francis Picus de Mirandola, prince of
Concordia. Queti published an edition of it, to which he-
added notes, with the Latin . translation of some of Savo-
narola's works, and a list of. tl^edi.' .
I TirtkboMhi.— lUwoe'f Lorenao.— Gen» Diet.
90B SAWYER.
SAWYBE (Sir Robert), an emiBefit lawj^er in %ht «e^
venteenth century^ was a member of M^dalen college^
Cambridge, where he took his degree of M*A. in 1655^
Md was the saoie year admitted ad gundan at Oxford. He
was afterwards a benefactor to the library of his colleger-
After studying law at the Inner Temple^ he was admiuedl
to the bar, and bad a large share of practice at LoAdot),
and on the Oxford circuit. In 1661 be was knighted, aiidb
in Feb. 1680, was appointed attorney-general. As a Iawye€
he formed himself after the lord chief ^justice Hale, undef^;
whom he practised, and of whom he was a just admirer^
Like that excellent person, he was a man of gei^eral learn-*'
ing, and, according to Granger, of an integrity that nothing:
could corrupt ; but bishop Burnet represents him as a duU
hot man, and forward to serve all the designs of the court.
Had this been always the case, however, king James would
not have dismissed him from the office of attorney general^
which he did in 1687, because he perceived that sir Ro*
bert could not have been prevailed upon to mould tlie laws
to such purpose as were never intended by the legislature*
On the other hand, Granger, allows that be was justly cen-
sured for his harsh treatment of lord Russel on his trial,
and it is certain that he supported some of king JamesV
arbitrary measures, being the manager in depriving the
city of London of its charter. At the time of the revolu-
tion, be sat as member of parliament for the university of
Cambridge, and was expelled the house for -being con-
cerned, as attorney <> general, in the prosecution of sir Tho-
ibas Armstrong, who was executed for being one of ti^
conspirators in the Rye-house plot. In the next sessiona:
he was re-chosen, and appears to have sat quietly for the.
Remainder of his life. He died in 1692, at HigbclearJif
Hampshire, where be had an estate, and rebuilt the parish
church. His only daughter married the earl of Pembfoke»
and died in 1706. Under his name, and those of Heneage
Finch, sir George Treby, and Henry Pollexfen, were pub-^
lisbed^in 1690, tblio, *^ Pleadings and arguments with other
proceedings in the court of king's bench upon the Quo
Warranto, touching the charter of the city of London, wttia
the judgment entered thereupon."^
SAXE (Maurice, Count of), a celebrated com«a»nder»
was born October 19, 1696, at Dresden, and was the
1 Aih. Ox. Tol. II.-^Buraet's Own Timtoi.«^-<:idU>s liS AOieiMB la Brit. Mat.
^MSraaf er.— Nortb't Life of Lor4 Keep«r Oailford, p. SS7.
S A X E. 20$
ustiiml son of Frederick Augustus II. king of Poland, and
Aurora, oountess of Konigsmarc. He gave evident (5roofii
of his taste for military affairs from his childhood ; was
taught to read and write with the utmost difficnlty ; nor
could he ever be prevailed upon to study a few hours in
the morning, otherwise than by a promise that hts should
ride on horseback in the afternoon. He liked to have
Frenchmen about him, for which reason their language was
the only foreign one which he willingly learnt grammati^
eally. He attended the elector in all his military expedi-
tions ; was at the siege of Lisle in 1708, when only twelve
years old, and mounted the trenches several times both at
the city and at the fortress, in sight of the'king, kis father,
who admired his intrepidity. Nor did he discover less cou-
rage at the siege of Tournay, the year following, where he
twice narrowly escaped death ; and iat the battle of Mai-'
plaquet, far from being shocked by the dreadful carnage
which attended the engagement, he declared in the even-
ing, -•• that fee was well pleased with the day." In 1711,
he followed the- king of Poland to-Stralsund, where he
swam over the river, in sight of the enemy, with his pistol
in his band, during which time he saw, without any seem-
ing emotion, three officers and above twenty soldiers fall
by hi» side. When he retired to Dresden, the king, who
had been witness to bis courage and abilities, raised a com-
pany of bdrse for him. Count Sa^e spent the whole win-
ter in teaching his regiment some new evolutions, which
he bad invented, and marched them against the Swedes
the year following. Tliis regiment suffisred much at the
battle of Gadelbush, where he made them return three
times to the attack. This campaign being ended, mad. de
Konigsmarc married him to the young countess de Loben,
a rich and amiable lady, whose name was Fiitorta, which
name, count Base* afterwards said, contributed as much td
frr bis choice on the countess, as her beauty and large for-
tune. Thi» lady brought him a son, who died young, andf
the coant having at length a disagreement with her, pro-
cured his marriage to be dissolved in 1721, but proniised;
Ae coantess never to marry again, and kept bis word. She
married a SaKon officer soon after, by whom she had three
ttbildren, and they li^ed in harmony together. It was with
gfreat reluctance that the countess had consented to her
tnarriage being dissolved, for she- loved count Base ; and
the ^ latter frequently repented afterwards of having taken
Vol. XXVII. • P
SlO S A X E.
such a step. He continued to signalize bioti^lf in the war
against Sweden, was at the siege of Stralsund in December
1715, when Charles XII. was blocked up, and bad the
satisfaction of seeing him in. the midst of his grenadiers*
The behaviour of this celebrated warrior inspired, count
Saxe with a high<legree of veneration, which be ever re*
tained for bis memory. He served against the TurJcs in
Hungary in 1717, and on bis return to Poland in 1718^
received the order of the white eagle from the king. In
1720, be visited France, and the duke of Orleans, tbeji re-
gent, gave him a brevet of marechal de camp. Count Saxe
afterwards obtained leave, from bis Polish majesty to serve
it) France, where he purchased a German regiment in 1722,
which afterwards bore his nam^. He changed the ancient
exercise of this regiment for one of bis own invention ; and
the chevalier Folard, on seeing this exercise, foretold im-
mediately, in his Commentary on Polybius, torn. Ill.b. ii.
chap. 14, that count Saxe would be a great general. >Dur«»
ing bis residence in France, he learnt mathematics ami the
art of fortification with astonishing facility, till 1725, wh«n
Srince Ferdhiand, duke of Courland, falling dangerously
. 1 in the month of December, he turned his thoughts to
obtaining the sovereignty of Courland. With this view, fae
set otit for Mittau, and arrived tbere,' May 18, 1726. He
was received with open arms by the states, and had seve^^
ral private interviews with the duchess, dowager of Cour-
land, who had resided there since her husband's decease.
This lady was Anne Iwanaw, second daughter of the cz,ar
twan Alexiowitz, brother of Peter the Great. Count Saxe^
having communicated his design to h^r, soon engaged her
in his interests ; and she acted with such indefatigable ar*
dour, and conducted affairs so well, that be was unani-
Qiously elected duke of^ Courland, July 5, 1726» This,
choice being opposed by Poland and Russia, the duchess
supported count Saxe with all her interest, and even went
to Riga and Petersburg, where she redoubled her soliqita-
tions in favour of the late election. There seems indeed
to be no doubt, but that, if the count bad ret^urned her
paasion, he would not only have maintained his ground in
Courland, but shared the throne of Russia, which this prin-
cess afterwards ascended ; but, during his st^y at Mittau^
an affair of gallantry between him and one of her ladies
broke off the marriage, and induced the duchess to abao-
Aou him. From that moment tHe count's affairs took aa
SAX E. 211
linhappy turn, and he was forced to go back to Paris iit
1729. The following remarkable, circumstance occurred
during the. course of ^is enterprise : Having written from
Courlandto France for a supply of men and money, made*
moiselle le Couvreur, a celebrated actress, who was at that
time attached to him, pawned her jewels and plate, i^nd
sent him 40,000 livres. When count Saxe returned to
Paris, he applied himself to obtain a complete knowledge
of the mathematics, and acquired a. taste for mef:hanic^»
He refused the command of the Polish army oSered him
by the king, his brother, iu; 1733, and distinguished him*-
self on the Rhine under marechal Berwick, particularly at
the lines of Etlingen, and th^ siege of Philip^burg, a^ter
which he was made lieutenant-general Aggust. 1, 1734*
Hostilities having recommenced on the death of the empe*
rpr Charles VI. count Saxe took Prague by^assault^ Nov.
26, 1741, then Egra and Ellebogen, raised a .regiment of
Hulians, and brought back marechal de BrogUo^s arqiy
upon the B^hine, where h^ fixed various posts, and ^seized
the trenches of Lanterburg. He was appointed marechal
of Flrance, March. 26, 17^4, atud commanded the main
body of the army in Flanders, where he, so exactly ob-
served the motions of the enemies, who were superior, ia
number,, and made use of such excellent ma,noeuvres, that
he reduced tnem to remain inactive, for they were afraid
to undertake any thing. . This caoapaign in Flanders did
count Saxe great honour, and was considered as a chef-
d'oeuvre of tlie military art. , Pe wonthe famous battie.of
Fontenoi, undei^ the king's compaand^ May U> 1745, where^
though sick and weak, he gave his orders with such pre-
sence of mind, vigilance, qourage, and judgment, as n^ade
him the adnriiration of the whole army. This victory was
followed by the capture of Tournay, whiqh the French be-
sieged ; of Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, Osteqd, Ath,,&c«;
and at the time that the campaign was supposed tovbe
finished, he took Brussels, February 28, 1746. Nor was
the next campaign less honourable to count Saxe. He
won the battle of Raucoux, Oct. 1 1, the same year, 1746 ;
' and bis majesty, to reward such a constant series of glo-
rious services, declared him marechal general, of his camps
and^nrmies, Jan. 12, 1747.. Marechal Saxe carried troops
into Zealand, gained the battle of Lanfeldt, July 2 follow-
ing, approved the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, of which M.
de Loewen made himself roasted, and took Maestrecbt,
P 3
212 S A X E.
May ly 1748. In consequence of these victories a peace
was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle^ Oct. 18, the same year^
Marecbal Saxe went afterwards to Chambord, which the
king had giten him, ordered his regiment of Hullans thU
ther^ and kept a s^ud of wild horses, more proper for lio^ht
cavalry than those used by the French. ,He visited Berlin
some time after, and was magnificently entertained by hi»
Prussian majesty. On his return to Paris, he formed a plan
for the establishment of a colony in the island of Tobago ;
but gave it up, when he found that England and Holland
opposed it. Count Saxe died, after a nine days^ illness, at
Chambord, Nov< 30, 1750, in the fifty -fourth year of his
age. He ivrote a bbok on the art of war, called ^^ Mes
Reveries," of which a very splendid edition, with his life,
was published in 1757, 2 vols. 4to. There is also an Eng-
lish translation of it. His ** Life" was printed in 1752, 3
vols. 12mo, reprinted often.
Count Saxe was a man of ordinary stature, of a robust
censtitutioh, and extraordinary strength. To an aspect,
noble, warlike, and nlild, he joined many excellent quali-
ties of disposition. AfFabJe in his manners, and disposed
to sympathize with the unfortunate, his generosity some-
times tarried him beyond the limits of his fortune. He
was remarkably careful of the lives of his m^n. One day
a general officer was pointing out to him a post which would
bare been of great use ; ^ It will only cost you," said he,
^< a dozfen grenadiers:" "That would do very well," replied
the marshal, " were it only a dozen lieutenant-generals.''
He had been edu€iated and died in the Ltuheran religion.
*^ It is a pity (said the queen of France, when she heard of
Ills death) that we cannot $2iy o, smg]e De-profundts Jor a
iban who has made us sing so many Te Diums^ Religion
had not much influence on his general conduct, but on his
death-bed he is said to have reviewed bis errors with remorse,
«knd expressed much penitence.'
SAXI, or SAS8I (Joseph Anthony), an ecclesiastical
historian, was born at Milan in 1673. He for some time
taught the belles lettres in his native city, and afterwardi
was employed as a missionary. Iii 1703 he was admitted a;
doctor of the, Ambrosian college at Milan, and eight years
afterwards was appointed director of that college, and keeper
0f its fine library. He died about 1756. He wa» author
»Dict.BUj,, . , . : ,,
« A X I. iiS
^ lOany tbeologicftl^ bistioricaly and chronological works,
4aioDg which are, 1. *^ Epistolaad Card. Quirium de Lite*
ratura Mediolanensiuoi," 4to. 2. '< De Scudiis Medioia*
nensium Antiquis et Novis/' Milan, 1729. 9u << Arcbi*
episcoporuin Mediolanensiuin Series critico-chronologioa,*'
ibid. 1756, 4to. 4. '< St. Caroli Borromei Homilie, prefa*
tione et notis/* 1747, &c. 5 toIs. fol. Some of' the works
of Saxi have been inserted in the collection ^^ Rerum ItaK**
carum Scriptore^" by Muratori.^
SAXI US (Christopher), a very learned philologer and
literary historian, wa$ born at Eppendorff, a village betweM
Chemnitz and Freyberg, in Saxony, where his father was
a clergyman, Jan. 13^ 1714. His proper name was Chris*
topher Gqttlob Sacb, which, when he commenced author,
he Latinized into Sachsius, and afterwsrdff into Saxius,
dropping the Gottlob altogether. His father first gave blm
some instructions in the learned languages, which he after*
wards improved at the school of Chemnitz, but more effec*
tually at the electoral school of Misnia, where he also stu*
died classical antiquities, history, and rhetoric, and in 1735
went to Leipsic with the strongest recommendatioas for tn«>
dustry and proficiency. Here he studied philosophy under
the celebrated Wolff, but as he had already perused the
writings both of the ancient and modern philosophers witk
profound attention, he is said to have had the courage to
differ from the current opinions. Philosophy, however, as
then taught, was less to his taste than the.study of antiqui-
ties, classical knowledge, and literary history, to which be
' determined to devote his days ; and the instructions of pro*
fessor Christ, and his living in the house with Menkenius,
who had an excellent library, were circumstances which
very powerfully confirmed this resolution. He had not been
here above a year, when two young noblemen were confided
to his care, and this induced him to cultivate the modern
languages most in use. His first disputation had for its
subject, " VindicifiB secundum libertatem pro Maronis
JEneide, cui manuih Jo. Harduious nuper assertor injece-
rat," Leipsic, 1737. Amongother learned men who iiighly
applauded this dissertation was the second Peter Burmann,
in the preface to his Virgil, but who afterwards, in his
character as. a critic, committed some singular mistakes in
condemning Saxius, while be applauded Sachsius, not know*
> Diet. Hist.
«1* S A X I U S.
ing that they were one and the same. In 1738 Saxius took
' bis master^s degree, and commenced his literary career by
writing a number of critical articles in the " Nova acta
eruditoram," and other literary journals, from this year to
1747. This employment involved him sometimes in' con-
troversies with bis learned brethren, particularly with Peter
Burmann, or with foreign authors with who^e- works henad
taken liberties. In 1745 he visited the most considerable
parts of Germany, and Was at Franckfort on the Maine
during the coronation of the Emperor. In 1752 he was
appointed professor of history, antiquities, and rhetoric at
Utrecht, and on entering on his office pronounced an ora*
tion on the science of antiquity, which was printed in 1753,
4to. . After this his life seems to have been devotf d entirely
to the duties of his professorship, and the composition of a
great many works on subjects of philology and criticism,
some in German, but principally in Latin. The most
considerable of these, the only one much knQwnin this
country, is his " Onomasticon Literarium," or Literary
, Dictionary, consisting of a series of biographical and criti-
cal notices or references respecting the most eminent writers
of every age or nation, and in every branch of literature^
in chronological ordeir. The first volume of this appeared
in L775, 8vo, and it continued to be published until seven
▼olumes were completed, with a general Index, in 1790,
To this, in 1793, he added an eighth or supplementary vo-
lume, from which we have extracted some particulars of his
lif^, as given by himself. This is a work almost indispen-
sable to biographers, and as the work of one man, must
have been the production of inany years' Ubour and atteur
tion. Some names, however, are omitted, which we m^gbt
have expected to find in it ; and the English series, as in
every foreign undertaking of the kind, is very impeffect.
We have seen no account of his latter days. lie lived to a
very advanced age, dying at Utrecht, May 3, 1.806, in his
ninety-second year.* " , •
SAXO (Grammaticus), a Danish historian, is supposed
to have been a native of Denmark, but this has been a
disputed point. As to bis name Sachse^ it is evident from
inany monuments of Danish antiquity, that it is of no ob-
scure or late origin in the history of Denmark. Saxo him*
self calls the D^nes his countrymen, Denmark l^is country;
> Saxii Onomast. toI. VIIL-^Haclti de Vilis Philolcgorum, vol. I.
8 A X O; 215
. . . •
tnd'speaking of the kings^ he terms them our kings. Some
attribute bis'oirigin to Ambria', othefs with more reason tq
Stalandia, a Danish island. The natne Scalandicus is also
added to that of Saxo, in some editions of his works. He
has been called Longus, which has induced some to attri-
bute his descent to the noble family of the Langii. Others
have rather chosen to ascribe this name to the height of his
stature. Saxo, in bis preface, speaks of his ancestors as
having been distinguished in war, which indicates that they
were of no ignoble race. His name of Grammaticus was
titular, and expressive of his attainments in literature.
There are difiFerent opinions concerning the year of his
birth. It is, however, certain that he flourished in the
twelfth century. Carpzovius endeavoured, by some acute
and subtile reasonings^ to ascertain the date. The educa-
tion of Saxo is equally involved in uncertainty. Pontoppi-
dan supposes that he studied at Paris, and there acquired
the elegance of style for which he afterwards was distin-^
guished« It is certain, that in the 12th century the Cimbri
and the Danes frequently went to France for education. It
ma}', howevei*, be doubted, whether in the rage for trifle
which then prevailed at Paris, Saxo could have procured a
master who was capable of instructing him. We must bQ
rather inclined to suppose that he owed his attainments tq
his own industry and talents. It appears that he applied
to theology, for we find him appointed capitular in the
bishopric of Lundens, and afterwards a prefect in the ca*
thedral of Roschild. While he filled this office he was sent,
in 1 161, by Absalon, the bishop of Roschild, to Paris, with
a view of inviting some monks from St. Qenevieve, who
might correct the depraved morals of those which belonged
to Eskilsco. William Abbas accepted the invitation of
Saxo, and three brothers followed him. These monks in-
troduced into Denmark the monastic discipline which had
been prescribed by St. Augustine. Various opinions have
been offered about the date of Saxons death. Pontanus
supposes it to have beenin the year 1208. Some conjecture
the time to bavebeen^ 1190, others in 1201. But, when
we reflect that in his preface he speaks of Waldemar II.
who ascended the throne of Dennoark in 1203, and that
Andrew Suno, to whom the history is dedicated^ succeeded
Absalon in the bishopric in 1202, we cannot agree with
those who have adopted the earlier dates. Thou|;h some
others have fixed the date in 1204> and others in 1206, the
316 S A X O.
general opinion is, that he died in 12O89 aged upwardg ctf
seventy; He was buried in the cathedral of Roschild.
Three centuries afterwards, an inscription was added to hia
tomb by Lago Urne, bishop of Scalandre. Though more
elegant verses might have been invented, says Klotzius,
none could have been more true.
Absalon, bishop of Roschild, first instigated Saxo to un<»
dertake the history of Denmark, and assisted him with his
advice and with books. Saxo employed twenty years iii
accomplishing his undertaking, and at last rendered it wor-
thy the expectations of Absalon : who, however, died be-^
fore the history was completed, which Saxo inscribed to
Andrew Suno, who was the successor to the see. After
remaining in MS. for three hundred years, Cfaristianus Pe«
traeus undertook the publication, having received the ma<»
nuscript accurately written from Bergeius the archbishop
. of Lundens. It was delivered to be printed to Jodocus Ba«
dius Ascensius, and was published at Paris in 1514, and
re-published at Basil, in i534> by Oporinus. A third edi«
tion appeared at Francfort on the Maine, in 1576. At last,
jStephanus Johannes Stephanius, historian to the king, and
professor of eloquence and history in the university of Soraj
with the aid of some Danish nobles, and the liberal con^
tribution of the king, was enabled to publish an edition of
Saxo, in folio, printed at Sora, 1644. A second part df
the volume appeared in the following 3^ar, containing the
*^ Prolegomena,'* and copious notes. There is a later edi«
tion by Christ. Adolphus Klotz, printed at Leipsic in
177 J, 4to, and there are several Danish translations. The
credibility of Saxo is somewhat doubtful, but his style it
good, and much praised by critics of authority.^
SAY (Samu£L), a dissenting minister of considerable
talents, was born in 1675, and was the second son of the
Kev. Giles Say, who had been ejected from the vicarage
of St. MichaePs in Southamptoh by the Bartholomew-act
in 1662 ; and, after king James the second's liberty nf con-
scieiice, was chosen p^istor of a dissepting congregation at
Guestwick in Norfolk, where he eontinued till bis death,
April 7, 1 6953, Spme years after, the subject of this article
beiug at South wark, where he bad been at school, and
conversing with some of ^the dissenters of that place, met
•
1 From the last edit, of thli Diet, probably tak^n from Klotaiaa'f Prolefpomeoi*
^ — Diet. HifU
SAY. sit
with a woman of great reputation fof pletf^ who told him^
with jpy, that a $eraion on P9. cxix« 130^ preached by his
father thirty years before^ was the means of her conversion.
Being strongly inclined to the ministry, Mr. Say entered
a$ a pupil in the academy of the Rev. Mr. Thomas Rowe
at London about 1692, where he had for his feliow^stu-
dents Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Isaac Watts, Hughes the poet,
and Mr. Josiah Hort, afterwards archbishop of Tuam. When
he had finished his studies, he became chaplain to Thomas
Scott, esq. of Lymioge in Kent, in whose family he conti-
nued three, years. Thence he removed to Andover ip
Hampshire, then to Yarmouth in Norfolk, and soon after
to Lowestoffin Suffolk, where he continued labouring in
word and doctrine eighteen years. He was afterwards co-
pastor with the Rev, Mr. Samuel Baxter at Ipswich nine
years; and lastly was called, in 17S4, to succeed Dr. Ed-
mund Calamy in Westminster, where he died at hi^ house
in James-street, April 12, 1743, of a mortification in his
bowels, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.
In his funeral* sermon, preached by Dr. Obadiah Hughes,
and afterwards printed, a due elogium is paid to his mini-
sterial abilities ; and, soon after his death, a thin quarto
volume of his poems, with two essays in prose, '^ Ou the
Harmony, Variety, and Power of Numbers," written at
the request of Mr. Richardson the painter, were published
for the benefit of his daughter, who married the Rev. -Mr.
Toms, of Hadleigh in Suffolk. The essays have been much
admired by persons of taste and judgment. And the Gen-
tleman^s Magazine, for 1780, p. 568, has rescued from
oblivion some remarks, by the same judicious hand, from
the margin of a copy of Mr. Auditor Benson's *^ Prefatory
Discourse to his Edition of Johnston's Psalms, and the
Conclusion of that Discourse, 1741.''
. In the preface to his works, we are told that Mr. Say
*^ was a tender husband, an indulgent father, and of a most
benevolent, communicative disposition, ever ready to do
good, and to distribute. He was well versed in astronomy
and natural philosophy; had a taste for music and poetry,
was a good critic, and a master of the classics. Yet so
great was his modesty, that he was known only to a few
select friends, and never published above two or three ser-
mons, which were in a manner extorted from him." Among
the modern Latin poets Broukhusius was his favourite^
among the English, Milton, whose head, etched by Mr.
ai J SAY.
JUchairSsbn/ » prefixed to fam second essay. A letter froni
Mr. Say to Mr. Hugfaies, and two from Mr. Say to Mr. Dun-
coipbe, with a Latin translation of the beginning of '< Pa«
radise Lost," are printed among the " Letters of Eminent
Persons deceased/, vol. I. and vol. H. His characters of
Mrs. Bridget Bendysb, grand-daughter of Oiiver Cromwell,
in tl^e appendix to vol. IL first appeared (without a name)
in Gent. Mag. 1765, p. 357. In the same volume, p. 423,
<* The Resurrection illustrated by the Changes of the Silk-
worm^', is by the same hand. And some of his poetical
pieces are in 'Nichpls's "Select Collection, vol. VL
Mr. Say had collected all the forms of prayer on public
occasions from the time of archbishop Laud, which after
his death were offered to the then archbishop of York (Dr.
Herring), but were declined by him as " never likely to be
employed m compositions of that sort for the public, that
work being in the province of Canterbury," Yet, unlikely
as it: seemed, this event soon happened.'
SCiEVOLA. See St. MARTHE.
; SC ALA (Bartholomew), an Italian, eminent as a states-
man and man of letters, when letters were just reviving in
Europe, was born about 1424, some say. 1430. He was
oply the son of a miller; but, going early to Florence, he
fell under the notice of Cosmo de Medici; who, observing
uuconqmon parts in him and a turn for letters, took him
;iinder his protection, and gave him an education. He stu-
died the law ; and, taking a doctor's degree in that faculty,
frequented the bar. After the death of Cdsmo in 1464,
Peter. de Medici shewed the same regard, for hiin ; and
Scala,, througti his means, was trusted by the republic in
the mos^ important negociations. In 1471, the freedom of
tbe city was conferred on him and his descendants ; and the
year after he obtained letters of nobility; he was then se-
cretary or chancellor of the republic. In 1484, the Flo-
rentines sent a solemn embassy to Innocent VIII, to con->
gcatulate him on his being raised to the potitificate ; . when
Scala, one of the embassy, delivered a speech so very
pleasing to the pope, that be was made by hiofi a knight of
'the golden spur, and senator of Q,ome. In 1486, he was
made holy-standard-bearer to the republic. He died at
Florence in 141>7 ; and left, among other children, a daugb-
• •
1 Geot. Mag. See Index. — Abp. Hemoj^s Letters.^WiUon^t Hi^t. of Di^*^
Hnting ChurchcF.
S C A L A. ns
ter. named AleKandra. who afterwards bebame fanioas foe
ber learDing and skill in the Greek and Latin tongues.
During his life-time were published the abovemeationed
speech to pope Innocent ; another speech which he made
as chancellor of Florence, ^^ Pro Imperatoriis militaribus
signis dandis Constantio Sfortise Imperatori^'* 1481; and
^^ Apologia contra vituperatores civitatis Florentise/' 1^96^
in folio. His posthumous works are four books, ^^ De His-
toria Flbrentina," and " Vita di Vitaliafni Borromeo ;" both
printed at Rome in 1677, 4to. This history of the Floren-^
tine r^p^blic was written in' twenty books, and deposited in
the Medicean library ; but, as only four of these books and
part of a fifth were finished, no more have been thought fit
for the press. He was the author also of "Apologues,**
and of some Latin and Italian ^* Poems/' Some few of his
letters have been published ; and there are eight in the
colfection ' of Politian, with whom Scala, as appears from
the correspondence, had the misfortune to be at variance.
Politian probably despised him for being his superior in
evetry thing but letters; and Scala valued himself too much
on his opulence. Erasmus also has not passed a very fa-
vourable judgment on him : he represents him as a Cicero-
nian in his style. Scala*s daughter Alexandra, above men-
tioned, was no less distinguished by her personal beauty,
than i)l3r literary acquirements^ She gave her hand to the
Greek Marullus (See Makullus); and Politian is numbered «
among her unsuccessful admirers; a circumstance that may
in some degree account for the asperities which marked his
controversy with her father. She is said' to have been as«
sisted in her studies by John Lascaris, and Demetrius Cbal-
condylks; In evidence of her proficiency, we are told
thac*she replied t6 a Greek epigram, which the gallantry of
Politian 'addressed to her, in the same language and mea-
sure; and in a public representation of the '* Electra*' of
Sophocles at Florence, she undertook' to perform the prin-
cipal female character, which, according to Politian, she
did with great success. She died in 1506.^
SCALIGER (Julius C^sar), a very learned and emi-
nent critic, was born, according to h^ son^s account, April
23, 1484, at Ripa, a castle in the territory of Verona, and
was the son of Benedict Scaliger, who, for seventeen years,
comrmanded the troops of Matthias, king of Hungary, to
I Tirabos'chf. — ^Geo. Diet.— OreiswelPs Politian.«->Roicoe'9 Lorenxo.
SiO S C;A L I G E R.
whom ha WM rejatied. His mother was Berenice Lodronia,
daughter of count Paris. From the same authority we
learn, that Scaliger was a descendant from the ancient
princes of Verona ; bul while other particulars of the birik
and family of Scaliger are. called in question, this seems to
be refuted by the patent of naturalization which Francis L
granted him in 152B, in which such an honourable descent
would unquestionably have b^en noticed, whereas in this
* instrument he is called only ^^ Julius Csesar della Scala de
Bordons, doctor of physic, a ns^tire of Verona*'' When
therefore, his critical asperities had raised him enemies,
they did not fail to strip him of bis royal origin, and in-
stead of it, asserted that he was the son of a school-master
(some say an illuminator) of Verona, one Benedict Bor-
den, who, removing to Venice, took the name of Scaliger,
either because he had vl scale for his sign, or lived in a street
called from that instrument; and although Thuanus seems
. inclined to consider this story as the fabrication of Augus-
tine Niphus, out of pique to Scaliger, it is certain that the
royal origin of the Scaligers has always appeared doubt-
ful, and we have now no means to remove the unc^*
tainty.
He was taught LatiA at home, and, according to his son^
bad for his preceptor John Jocundus of Verona, whom he
himself in various parts of his works mentions as his qaaater;
but even this circumstance his opponents are not disposed
to credit, and tell us, that as he was the descendant of
princes, it was necessary to provide him with a preceptor
like Jocundus, who was a man not only of high character,
but a gentleman by birth. They also add some circum-
stances which certainly make it doubtful whether Scaliger
really was taught by Jocundus, because it was neither by
-his knowledge of Latin, nor by philosophy or theology,
that Jocundus acquired his reputation, but by bis- skill in
the fine arts. (See JocuKDUS.) It appears, however^ less
questionable, that at the age of twelve Scaliger was pre-
sented to the emperor Maximilian, who made him one of
his pages, and that he served that emperor seventeen years,
and gave proofs of his valour and dexterity in several exr
peditions, in which he attended his master. He was at
the battle of Ravenna in 1512, in which be lost his father
and brother Titus, whose bodies he conveyed to Ferrara,
where his mother resided, who some time after died with
grief.
S C A L I G E R. Ml
His father dying in narrovr circuoistanceSy Soaliger found
himself almost without a maintenance, and therefore re-
solved to enter into the Franciscan order, for which purpose
be went to Bologna, and applied himself vigorously to
study, especially to logic and Scotus^s divinity ; but chang-
ing his views of the ecclesiastical profession, he agarn
entered into the army, and served some time in Piedmont.
A physician, whdm be knew at Turin, persuaded hira to
study physic ; and accordingly he prosecuted it at his lei*
sure hours, while he was in the army : he likewise learned
the Greek language, of which he had been entirely igno^
rant till then. At length, frequent attacks of the gous
determined him, at forty years of age, to abandon a mili-
tary life, and devote. himself entirely to the profession of
physic. In this he had already acquired both skill and
fame, and the bishop of Agen, being indisposed, and ap«
prehending some need of a' physician in his journey to his
diocese, requested Scaliger to attend him. 8caliger con<«
sented upon condition that he should not stay at Agen
above eight days : there, however, he conceived an at*»
lachment for a young lady, said to be not more than thir-^
teen years of age, and remained at Agen waiting for her
parents' consent. That obtained, he married her in 1529,
lived with her twenty-nine years, and had fifteen children
by her, seven of whom survived him. Whatever bis ori«
gin, he must have beien now a man of some consideration,
tor this lady was of a noble and opulent family.
After his settlement at Ag^n, be began to apply himself
seriously to those general studies which made him most
known in the literary world. He learned the French tongue^
at bis first cominjg, which he spoke perfectly well in thn&e
months ; and then made himself master of the Gascon,
Italian, Spanish, German, Hungarian, and Sclavonian^
During these studies, he maintained himself by the prac*
tice of physic. It is probable that he had taken a doctor's
degree in, this faculty at Padua; for, the letters of natu*
ralieation, which were granted him by Francis I. in 1528>
give him this title. As he begdn his studies late, it was
J' roportionably so before he commenced author, none of
is ivorks having appeared until he was forty»seven; but
he soon gained a name in the republic of letters, which
was jboth great and formidable. From this time^ compo-
fcuion and controversy employed htm till his death, which
happitaied ia 14^58, in the seventy-^fourlb year of k^i
^M S C A L I G E R.
age. His epitaph waS| ^'Julii Caesaris Scaligeri quod
fuit.''
His son Joseph has described him as a man with many
excellent qualities both of body and mind ; tall, well-made^
of a noble and venerable air, and yery strong and active
even to old age ; of such sagacity*^ that he could divine
the characters of men from their looks ; of a prodigious
memory ; singularly averse to every departure from truth,
and so charitable that his house was a kind of hospital to
the indigent and distresfsed. With these good qualities,
however, he had an insupportable pride and vanity, and
a fastidious aud petulant temper, which was excited to fury
by every difference from his opinions, and every, the least
contradiction, or fancied mark of disrespect. This ap-
peared particularly in his treatment of Erasmus, wjho, in
his " Ciceronianus, sivevde pptimo dicendi genere,". had
ridiculed certain of the learned in Italy, who would allow
no expressions to be pure latinity but what were to be i
found in Cicero ; and had even criticised the style of Ci-
cero himself, for whom, nevertheless, ' he had the pro-
fouhdest veneration. This provoked Scaliger to publish
two orations in his defence; m which he treated his. an-
tagonist with the utmost virulence of contempt. The death
of Erasmus, however, which happened while th^ second
oration was printing, appears to have softened Scs^liger^s
heart,. and he wrote a poem, in which he expressed great
grief at his dying before they were reconciled, and shewed
a willingness to acknowledge bis great virtues and.merit.
Julius CsBsar Scaliger was certainly a man of extraordi-
nary capacity, and of great talents both natural and ac-
qtiired^ but those who were his contemporaries, or who
}ived nearest to his times, have spoken of him in language
too nearly approaching to extravagance. Colerus dpes not
scruple to say, that he was the greatest philosopher sinoe
Aristotle, the greatest poet since Virgil, and the greatest
physician since Hippocrates. Lipsius goes a little. farther,
find not only gives us Homer, Hippocrates, Aristotle, and
Scaliger, as the four greatest men that ever appeared, but
adds, that he prefers Scaliger to the three others. The
elder Vossius ascribes to him a sort of human. divinity ;.and
H^et thinks he was expressly formed by nature as a con*
solation for our degeneracy in these latter days.' From
these, and other encomiums, which might be multiplied
by a reference to the works of. bis contemporaries and im^
S C A L- I G EJEU 331
tnedjate successors, it is le^ident that his repataHon was
great and extensive ; and if he tfegaa tgo study and to write
so late in life as has been report^d^ it is .«ai»y to believe that
his endowcneqts and appiicatipQ^Qiu^t have been of the
most extraordinary kind. A: list >of his principal worksy
therefore, seems necessary to illugstrate his character.. !•
*^ Exotericarum exercitationum liber quintus deci^tnus de
subtilitate ^d Hieronymum Cardanum/' Paris, 15,5,7^ .4to,
often reprinted in 8vo. He calls this attack on Cacdao the
fifteenth book, because he had written fourteen others
under the same title of " J^xercitationes," which had no
relation to Cardan.. [These, however, never were pub-
lished. 2. " In Theopbr^sti libros sex de cgusis planta-
rum commentarii," Geneva, 1566, folio. 3. "Commen-
tarii in Aristoteli ail^qriptos; libros duos, de plantis," ,ibid^
1566, folio, 4. V^A|ristp(e]is Hist. Animalium liber decimus,
ac versione et comq^ntario," Lyons, 1584, 8vo. This was
a prelude to the entijre work published by Maussac at
Toulouse, in 1619, fol. " AristoteJis Hist. Animalium, Gr.
& Lat. ex versione et cum comme.ntariis J. C. Scaligerl"
5. " Animadversiones in Theophrasti historias plantarum,''
Lyons, 1584, 8vo. 6. " Commentarii in Hippocratis li-
brum de Insomniis,'* Gr. & Lat. Lyons, 1538, 8vo, re-
printed several times after. 7. " De causis linguas Latinas
libri XIII." Lyons, 1540, 4to, &c. This is esteemed one
of his most valuable Works. 8. " J. C. Scaligeri adversus
Desiderium Erasmum orationes duae elpquentise Komanas
vindices, cum ejusdem epistolis & opusculis," Toulouse,
1621, 4to. The first of these orations, which we have al-
ready noticed, was printed at Paris in 1531, 8vo, andseejoas,
therefore, to have been the first of pur authors publica-
tions, an earnest of what the world might expect both
from his genius aod temper. 9. " Epistolae," Leyden, 1600,
8vo. 10. ^^ Epistolsc nonnullaB ex manuscripto Biblto-
thecaeZ. C. ab UfFenbach," printed in the sixth and eighth,
volumes of the *' Amcenitates Litterarise," by Schelhorn.
They all'relate to his orations against Erasmus. H. " De
Analogia sermonis Latini," subjoined to Henry Stephen^s '
" Appendix ad Terentii Varronis assertiones analogiae ser-
monis, Latini," 1591, 8vo. 12. " Poetices Libri Sfeptem,,'%
1561,. fol. and several times reprinted ; this is. his greatest
critical work, in which, however, many, mistakes and many
Ufltennble opinionis have ,been discovered by more recent
critics, 13, ** Heroes," or epigrams on Various personage»
«24 S C A L I G £ R. ,
of antiquity, Lyons/ 1539, 4to. 14. " Epidorpides, seU
carmen de sapientia et beatitudine," ibid, 1573, 8vo. 15.
'< Poemata in duas partes divisa,** 1574 and 1600, 8 vol
16. **' De comicis dimensionibus," prefixed to an edition
of Terence printed at Paris, 1552, foL*
SCALIGER (Joseph Justus), son of the preceding, and
heir to his talents and temper, was born at Agen in 1540 ;
and, et eleven years of age, was sent with two of his bro-
thers to the college of Bordeaux, where he was taught
Latin. Three years after, on the appearance of the plague,
he was obliged to return home to his father, who theii
superintended his education. He required of him every
day a short exercise or theme upon some historical sub-
ject, and made him transcribe some poems, which he him-
self had composed. This last task is supposed to have in-
spired him with a taste for poetry^ and so eager was he to
show his proficiency, that he wrote a tragedy upon the
story of Oedipus before he was seventeen. His father
dying in 1558, he went to Paris the year following to study
Greek, and attended the lectures of Turnebus for two
months. But finding the usual course too dilatory, he re-
solved to study it by himself, and with the assistance of
some knowledge, of the conjugations, attenripted. to read
Homer with a translation, in which he succeeded very
soon, and at the same time formed to himself a kind of
grammar, with which he' was enabled to proceed to the
other Greek poets, and next to the historians and orators,
and by persevering in this course, he gained in the space
of two years a perfect knowledge of the language. He
afterwards turned his thoughts to the Hebrew, whicli he^
leajrned by bimselT in the same manner. All are agreed
indeed, that he had an extraordinary capacity for learning
languages, and is said to have been well skilled in no less
than thirteen. He made the same progress in the sciences,
and in every branch of literature; and he at length obtained
the reputation of being the most learned man of his age,
and his biographers have handed down to us little else than
the progress of his studies and the chronology of his publi-
cations. In 1503 he was invited to the university of Ley-
den, tq be honorary professor of Bellas Lettres, on which
occasion, if we may believe the " Menagiana," tienry IV.
1 Gen. Bict.-'-l^iceroD, vol. £XlII.r-Life by b» son in Bates'i Vit» Seieetoi-
ru».— $.«xii OuoiQiasticon.
9. C A I; I O E R, 9ii
of F<tTi0e tr^ted bim with. great ctMn^s$ add ntsg^tdx^
Scaliger had determined to accept the offer ; andf waiting
upon the king to acquaint him ivith his jonrnej^ and th^
occasion of it, \^ Well, Mr. Scaliger,** said his maje^ty^
*^ the Dutch want to have yoo with them, and tp allow you
a good stipend : I am glad of/ it," adding some other re*
mAf]^ of a grosser kind. , Henry was no patcoa of learning
t>r learned men; but soo^ have supposed that he wished to
mortify Scaliger, who had already shewn too much of his
fatber^s vanity and arrogant spirit. He now went to Ley-»
den, where he spent the remainder of his. life; and died
there of a dropsy, Jan. 21, 1609, without having ever been
married* He was i man of perfect sobriety of mannersi
and whose wbole time was well spent in study;* He had as
great parts as his father, and far greatei: Jeaming, having
been trained to it from bis infancy, which his father haa
not. He had a profound veneration for bis fatter^ aad unf
fortunately exteuded it to an imitation of bis irritable tem-
per, and disrespect for his learned contemporaries. ^ But he
was often a discerner and encouriger of inetit* While at
Ley den he was so struck with the early apf>eahince of .ta«
Lent in Grotius, that be undertook to dinect his studies.
Grotiqs repaid his care by the utmost respect, and Scali*
ger^s counsels were commands to him. ^ The elder Scaliger
lived and died in the church of Rome: but the son em«
bfaced the principles of Luther, and relates that bis fatber
also had intentions of doing so.
The works of Joseph Scaliger are very numerous u^
Various : but his ^^ Opus de Emeodatione Temppnun^'^
printed at Paris 1583 in folio, is his greatest performance^
\n which be has collected every thing which might serve to
fstablish the principles of chronology, and was the first
who undertbok to forqti a complete system. He has in this
work rendered his liame memorable to posterity, by th^
invention of ttie Julian period^ whioh consists of TdMyears,
being the continued ptoduct of the three cycles, of the
sun 28, the moOn 19, and Roman indiction 15. This pe^
riod bad its biegtnning fixed to the 764th year before tfa^
^eation, and is not yet completed, and comprehends all
other cycles, periods, and epochas, with the times of all
memorable actions and histories. Scaliger has, therefore,
been styled the father of chronology ; and his '^ Thesauros
Temporum, complectens Eusebii Pamphili Chronicon cpm
Isagogicis Chronologic Canonibus,** in which be has €ot«
You XXVII. Q
^26 &" C A L I G E It
%
I
fecied and teformed' many things ih bis" Opus dte En^efr*
dbtione Tenlpbrucn/* seems to give him a sufficient claini
to the title. The best edition 6f " De Emendatione Tem-
porum'* is that of Geneva, 1609, folio; o^f the "Thesaurus
Temporum*' that cff Amsterdatt), 1658, in 2 vols, folio.
He wrote notes and' animadversions uport almost all the
Gredk and Latin atfthors: those upon Varro " de Lingua
Latina** were Written by him at twenty years of age; but
scarcely any of liis editions of the classics are now held in
esteem. Gerard Vossius' observes, that his conjectures are
too bold, and quotes Peter Vicfcorius, who said, that Scali-
ger was born to corrupt the ancients rather than to correct
them. It is certain, at least, that ht dealt too much in
conjectural criticisni, although be often shows a great 'de«
gree of ingenuity, even in the most fanciful of the free-
doms be takes with bis author^s meanings and always leaves
the reader impressed with his extensive learning;
He wrote some dissertations upon subjects of antiquity ;
and gave specimens of bis skill in all branches of literature*
He made a Latin translation to two centuries of Arabian
proverbs, which were published at Leyden, 1623, with tb6
notbs of Erpenius, at the request of Isaac Casaubon, who
tells tis/, that he employed less time in translating it than
others who underistood Arabic would have done in reading
it. He was afso obliged to write some controversial pieces :
and bis controversy with Scioppius, concerning the biogra«^
phy of his family in his work, entitled ^' De vetustate &
splendore gentis Scalig^ranae,*' is a wretclied example of
literary rancour and personal obloquy. His "Poemata,**
iir which there is not much poetical spirit, were publisbect
at Leyden, 1615, 8vo; his ** £pistolds,*' which are learned,
and cotitain many interesting psfrticuUrs of literary history,
were edited by Daniel Heinsius, at the same place, 1637,^
8i^o. ' . \ * ; '
. There are two *' Scaligerana;'* one priritecf at the Hagud
in' 1666 ; the other at Groninlgeh 1669, and for some rea-
son or other called ^^ Scaligerana Prima." Desmaizeaux
piiblished a neat edition of tnem, together with the ^^ Thu-
ana^*' ** Perroniana," *' Fitboeana,'* and " Colomesiana,**
at Amsteirdam, 1740, in 2 vols. l2mo.'
SCAMOZZI (Vincent), a celebrated architect, was
born at Vieeiiza in 1550. He was educated under bis
\
> Gen. Diet.— Nieeroo, volrXXIIl.— Batesii Vile, &c.— ^lii Onomaat^
9 C A M O Z 2 I. 227
tfither, also an able arcf)itect, and went to Venice roFim*
proveaient, where afterwacds, on Palladio^s death, be be*
came the first architect, and was employed in rarroas
works, particularly the additions to the library of St. Mark/
the Olympic theatre at Vicenza, and the new theatre at
Sabbioneta. In 1615 he published iq 2 vols, small folio, a
work entitled " L'Idea dell' Architettura universalei" in
six bdoks^ the sixth of which, containing the five orders of
architecture, is most esteemed. The Fre^ich ha«^e atrans;;*
lation of his works^ and an abridgment by J<i>ubert. Sca-
inozzi also published '< Discorsi sopra le anticbita di Roma/'
1583, fol. with forty plates. He died in 1616.^ i *
SCAPULA (John), the reputed author of a Greek Lex-^
icon,., studied first at Lausanne; but bas his narpe reebrded
in the annals of literature, neither on account of his talent^
t ' *
and learning, nor for his' virtuous industry, but for a gro^$
act pf di^ingenuity and fraud which be coipmitted agaiiiisc
an eminent literary character of the sixteenth centuYy^
Being employed by Henry Stephens^ the celebrated prin-t
ter, as a corrector to his.pressj white he was. publishing hi$
"Thesaurus Linguae Graecie," Scapula extracted thpsQ
words and explications which be reckoned most usefui|.
comprised them in one volume^ and published them as an.
original work)' with his own nanie. The compilaiioa and
printing of the Thesaurus had cost Stephens immense labour
andexpence^ but it was so. much admired by the learned
men to whom be had shown it, and seemed to be of such
essential importaruce to the acquisition. of the Greek Ian-*
guage,. .that he reasonably hope^ his labour would b&
crowned with honour, and that the money he had expended
would hb repaid by a rapid and .extensive sale. : Before^
boweyer, bis work came abroad. Scapulars abridgment ap-
peared; which, from its size, price, and obvious utility,
was qidckly purchased, while the Thesaurus itself lay neg*
lected in the autbor^s . haiids. The consequence was a^
bankruptcy on the part of Stephens, while be who bad oc^-
casioiied it was^ enjoying the fruits of bis treachery. Sea*
pula's. Lexicon was first published in 15S0, in Mo.t It was
afterward enlarged, and published in folio. It has gone
through several editions, th^ best. of which is the Elzevir
of 1652, some copies of which have the following imprint,
'^ Londini, impeusis Josues Kirktou et Samuelis Thomp-
1 Tiraboscbi« .
Q2
325 SCAPULA,
son;" but it is the genuine Elzevir editioni the names cff
Kirkton atkid Thompson being appended only to the copies
they purchased from the Leyden proprietors. Stephens
charges the author with omitting a great many important
articles, and with misunderstanding and perverting hit
meaning, and tracing out absurd and trifling etymologies
which be himself had been careful to avoid* Dr. Busby,
to much celebrated for his knowledge of tbe Greek ]an<»
fuage, and his success in teaching it, would never permit
is scholars in Westminster-school to make use of Scapula.'
SCARBOROUGH (Sir Charles), an emiaent physi-
cian and mathematician, was bom about 1616. After th^
usual classical education he was admitted 6f Caius college,
Cambridge, in 1632, and took his first degite in arts in
1636. He was then elected to a fellowship, and com**
aaenciog A. M. in 1640, he took pupils. In the meifin
time, intending to pursue medicine as his profession, he
applied himself to all the preparatory studies necessary for
that art. Mathematics constituted one of these studies :
and the prosecution of this science having obtained him
the acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards bishop) Seth Ward,
then of Emanuel college, they mutually assisted each other
in their researches. Having met with some difficulties in
Mr. Ougbtred's ^^Clavis Mathematica,*^ which appeared to
them insuperable, they made a joint visit to the author,
then at his living of Aldbury, in Surrey. Mr. Oughtred
(See Oughtred) treated them with great politeness, being
sauth gratified to see these ingenious young men apply &>
aeaiously to these studies, and in a short time fully resolved
all their questions. They returned to Cambridge complete
masters of that excellent treatise, and were the first tfant
read lectures upon it there. In the ensuing civil wars, Mr-
Scarborough became likewise a joint sufierer with his fiel-
low-student for the royal cause, being ejected from his fel-
lowship at Caius. Upon this reverse of fortune lie witlt«
drew to Oxford, and entering himself at Merton college^
was incorporated A*M. of that univendly^ 23dof June,>
1646. The celebrMed Dr. Harvey was then warden of
that college, and being employed in writing bis treatiseL
^^ De Generatione AnimaliUIti,^* gladly accepted the assisl>-
ance of Mr. Scarborough. The Jattcr also became Ao
quaiftted with sir Christopher Wreo, then, a gentlematt
> Clark's Bibljog. Diet, vol IV.«.Bai)lei JagmeDt.— Morboff Polybiit
S C A R B O R O UGH. 22f
commoner of Wadhftm college, and engaged him to trans*
bte. *' Qughtred's Geometrical Dialling'* into Latin, which
was printed in 1 649.
Upon leaving Oxford, and taking the degree of doctor
of physic, Dr. Scarborough settled in the metropolis, where
he practised with great reputation. In the College of
Physicians, of which be was a fellow, he was particularly
respected as a man of uncommon talents; and, in 1658,
by the special appointment of the president,^he introduced,
with an elegant Latin speech, the marquis of Dorchester
for his admission into the college that year. In the mean
time Dr. Scarborough began to read his highly celebrated
anatomical lectures at Surgieons' Hall, which he continued
for sixteen or seventeen years, and was the first who in-
troduced geometrical and mechanical reasonings upon the
muscles.
Such extraordinary merit did not escape the notice of
king Charles IL, who conferred on him the order of knight-
hood in 1669, and at the same time appointed him his
principal physician. He was nominated to the same ho-
nourable office by his majesty's brother, which he held both
before and after his accession to the throne ; and he also
served king William in the ^ame capacity. He was like-
wise Appointed physician to the Tower of London, and held
that office till his death, which occurred about 1696. Sir
Charles Scarborough was married and left a son, who was
created doctor of civil lavv at Oxford, in August 1702. In
1705, this gentleman printed in folio, from his father^s
matiuscript,^^ An English Translation of Euclid's Elements,
with excelljBnt explanatory notes." Sir Charles also wrote
** A Treatise, upon Trigonometry;*' "A Compendium ^of
Lily's Grammar ;'^ and ** An Elegy on Mr. Abraham
C<5vi^ley."V .
SCAftHON (Paul), an eminedt* burlesque French wri-
ter, was the son of Paul Scarfon, a counsellor in parlia-
tnent, and born at Paris ia 1610. Although deformed, and
of very irregular manners, his father designed him for an.
ecclesiastic, and he went iii Italy for' that purpose, in his
twenty-fourth year, whetice he returned equally unfit for
his intended profession, and continued his irregularities un-
til he lost the use pf his limbs, and could only use big
I Biog. Brit. ▼•I.Vli.-^Siippleineat.— Knight's Life of Colet.-*Atb.Oie.Yo|. IK
Cole's MS Atjiea«.CaiiUb« in Brit* Mill.
230 S C A R R t) N.
h^pds and tongue. This happened in bis twenty^»eTeotfa
v€ar^ but, melancholy as his condition was, bis burlesque
humour never forsook him : he was continually talking and
w/iting in this strain ; and his house became the rendez-
vous of all tbe men of wit. Afterwards, a fre.sh misfortune
overtook him : his fatheor, who had hitherto supplied his
wants, incurred the. displeasure of cardii)al Ricbelieu, arid
was banished, and although Scarron presented an bumble
ri^quest to Richelieu, which from its humour j)leased
tbaL minister/ no answer appears lo. have been returned,
and both Richelieu and his'fiitber died soon after. Scar^*
ron at length, helpless, and deformed as he was^ c6o«
ceived thoughts of marriage; and, in 1651, was aotuatly
married to mademoiselle d'Aubign6, afterwards the cele«»
brated madam de Maintenon, wbp lodged near him, and
was about sixteen years of age. , Uiiequal a$ this maldl
Avas, she had influence enough to produce some salutary
change in his manners and habits, and her wit and beauty
^erv^d to increase the good company which frequented bia
house, Scarron, died in 1660, and within a few minutes af
las deaths when his acquaintance were about him all in
tears, ** Ah ! my good friends," said he, " you will nevejr
cxy for me so much as I have made you laugh.^'
, He had a considerable fund of wit, but could never pre-
vent it from running into buffoonery, which pervades his
works to such a degree, that few men of taste or deltdn^y
have be^u able to peruse them. They sunk into oblivion
in the refined age of Louis XVI. and have, never been
efi^ctually revived since. Yet his " Virgil Travestie" aad
lijjy "Comical Komance'* are occasionally read. The whoje
of his works were printed at Paris, in 168^, and at Auot-
3ter4am in. 1737. and 1752, 10 vols, l^mo."
SCHAAFx (Charles), a learned German^ was born at
Nuys, in. the electorate of Cologne, 1646; his father was
a n^jor in the army of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel., He
was educated for the church at Duisbourg; and| having
made the Oriental tongues his particular study, became
professor of them in that university in 1677. In- 1679 he
removed to Leyden, to fill the same post for a larger sti-
pend ; and there continued till 1729, 'when he died of acx
apoplexy. He published some useful books in the Oriei^
tal way ; as, 1. *' Opus Aramzeum, coaiplecteos Gram^
\ Morcri.«->Dict. Hist. — D^IiraeliVCuriotitiCf, vol. II.
« C H A A F. «3l
w^Cdm Chaldarcam & Syriacatn,'* 1686, 8vq. 2. '< No«
Tum Testamentuai Syriacum, cum versione Latina/' 1708,
ilto. The Latin version is that of Tremellius, retouche<i»
Leusden laboured jointly with bitn in this work till ..death,
which happened when they were got to Luke xv. 20 ; and
Schaaf wrote the remainder by himself. At the end of it
is subjoined, ^^ Lexicon Syriacum Concordantiale.^* 3.
V Epitome Gcammaticae Hebraic®," 1716, 8vo. 4. '^ A
Letter in Syriac of tlie bishop Mar Thqmas, written froin
Malabar to the patriarch of Antioch, and a Lfitin version by
himseir," 1714-, 4to. .5. *^ Sermo Academicus de Lingua-
mm Orientaliom scientia," an Inauguratioa-Speech. In
1711 he drew up, at the request of the curators of the aca-
demy aj; Leyden, a catalogue of all the Hebrew^ Chaldee,
JSyriae, and Samaritan books and manuscripts in the li-
Jbrary there ; which was joined to the catalogue of that li«
brary, published in 1711.'
SCHALKf^N (Godfrey), an ingenious painter, wai
iborh at J>ort, in 1643. His father placed him first witl|
.iM>lonion Van Hoogstraten, and afterwards with Gerar4
Dow, from whom he caught a great delicacy of finishing;
but bis chief practice was to paint candle-lights. He
placed the object and a candle in a dark room ; and look-
ing through a small hole, painted by day^light what he saw
in the dark chamber. Sometimes he drew portraits, and
came with that view to England, but found the business
:too much engrossed by Kneller, Closterman, and others^.
Yet he once drew king William; but,.^as the piece was tQ
\>e by candle-light, he gave his majesty the candle to hold^
till the tallow ran down upon his fingers. As if to justify
this ilUbreeding, he drew his own picture in the same situ-
ation. Delicacy was no part of his character : having
•drawn a lady^who was marked with the small-pox, but had
handsome hands, she asked him, when the face was finished|
if she must not sit for her hands : " No,'* replied Schalkea,
^^ 1 always draw them from my house- maid.'' After carry;-
ing on his business for some time in England, he settled at
the Hague, where he died in 1706. Some additional anec-
dotes of him may be found in our authority.*
SCHEELE (Charles William), avery learned chemist,
was born in 1742, at Stralsund in the capital of Swedish
1 Bibl. German, vol. XXIL— KiceroD, vol. XXXIX.— Chaufepie*
9 Wafpole'i Anecdotet.
f $« S C tl IE £ L E.
Ppmeraniai where bis father was a tradesman. Having
shown an inclination to learn pharmacy, be was bound ap-
prentice to an apothecary at Oottenburg^ with whom he
lived eight years, and at his leisure hours contrived to
makd himself master of the science of chemistry, reading
the best authors, and making such experiments as his con-
fined means would permit. From Gottenburg, he went to
MalmO, and two years after to Stockholm. In 1773 be
went to Upsal, and resided for some time in the house of
Mr. Loock. -Here Bergman first found him, saw bis merit
and encouraged it, adopted bis opinions," defended him
Ivitb -zeal, and took upon him the charge of publishing his
treatises. Under this liberal patronage (for Bergman pro-
cured trim also a salary from the Swedish academy),
Sdh)eele produced a series of discoveries which at once
astonished and deKghted the world. He ascertained the
nature of manganese ; discovered the existence and singu-
laif'prdperties of oxymuriatic acid : and gave a theory of
the composition of muriatic acid, which promises fair to
be the true one. He discovered a new earth which was
liflerwards called barytes ; and he determined the consti*
tuents of the volatile alkali. All these discoveries are re-
lated in one paper published about 1772. He discovered
Jand ascertained the properties of many acids, the nature
of plumbago and molybdena; analyzed filuor spar, which
lilid eluded the searches of all preceding chemists ; and
deteriEdtned the constituents of tungstate of lime. His
t#o e&s&ys on the prussic acid are particularly interesting,
end display the resources of his mind, and his patient in-
dustry, m a very remarkable point of view; His different
papers oti animal substances are particularly interesting,
and replete with valuable and accurate information. On
<me bCcasion, in bis treatise on fire, Scheele attempted
the very difficult and general subject of combustion; but
Ills attempt was not crowned with success. The acuteness,
\ay^^'se;t^ fvith which he treated it deserves our admiration ;
and the vast number of new and important facts, which he
i>rotight forward in support of his hypothesis, is truly
astonishing, and perhaps could not have been brought to-
gether by any other man than Scheele. He discovered
oxygen gas, and ascertained the composition of the atmo-
sphere, without any knowledge of what had been previously
done by Di^. Priestley. His views respecting the nature of
atmospheric air were much more correct than those of
S C H E E L E. at
Priestley ; and his experiments onTt^etattoin iind rdspiration^
founded on those viewi, were possessed of consideirable va^
lite* These and other discoveries wbidv stamp the charae^-^
fer of Scheele as a philosopher, are to be found f;eneraliy
in the transactions of the Royal Society of Stoekhohn. Dr.
Beddoes published an English tmnslation of most of hii
dissertations, with useful- and ingeuieus notes. There it
also an English translation of his dissertation on air and
fire, with notes by Ricb&rd Kirwan, esq.
' In 1777 he was appointed by the medical college to he
apothecary at Hoping ; and in this situation he reinained
until his death, although it was often wished that he had
obtained a more conspicuoufl sittiation. He is said t6 hare
been offered an annuity of 300/. if he would settle irt Eng^
land, and that bis death only preveiRed his accepting it.
On May 19, 1786, he was confined to his bed ; on the 2Ist
he bequeathed his whole property to the widow of his pre^*
decessor at Koping, whom, when bis end was lipprOaohingp
be married out of a principle of gratitude, tod od th'e ^m6
Any he died, aged only forty-foun
According to the report of his 'firiends^ the moral- tht*
racter of this ingenious man was irreproachable, arid though
his manners were reserved, and he mixed little in cOm<*
pany, be was of a very friendljp' and communicative dispo«i
sition. He attained high fame under Tery disadvantageout
drcumstances. He understood none of the modern lan-
guages, except the German and Swedish, so that he had
not the benefit of the discoveries made by foreigners', unleiA
by the slow and uncertain medium of traifislations. Hie
important services, howevet, which he rendered to natural
philosophy, entitled him to universal reputation, and h6
obtained it/
SCHEFFER (John), a learned German, was born at
Strasburg in 1621, and probably educated there. He apv
plied himself principally to the study of Gteek and Latin
antiquities, and of history ; arid made himself a tolerable
Verbal <^ritic upon Latin and Greek 'authors. He was dri-
ven out df his own country by the wars ; and, as Christina
of Sweden was at that time the general patroness of all men
of letters, h^ withdrew into her kingdom in 1648. He waa
made^ the same year, professor of eloquence and politics
1 CreU'B Chemical Joansl in Gent, tlaf, toI, LIX«— Thomf oa's Hist, of tiia
Royal Societj.
134 S t! H E F F E R.
|it Upsal ; afterwards, honorary professor royal of tlie l&w
of nature and nations, and assessor, of tiie royal college of
dotiquities ; and, at length, librarian of the university of
Upsal. He died in 1679, after having published a great
Dpoiber of works. Many of his pieces relate to Greek and
^oman antiquities, and are to be found in the collection of
'Qrp&vius and Groooiiius. He wrote notes upon many an-
jcient authors; upon ^lian, Phsdrus, *< Arriani Tactica,^'
of which last he made also a Latin version ; Petronius, Hy^
gin^s, Julius Pbs^quens, Justin, &c. • He was one of those
who stoutly defended the authenticity of that fragment of
Petronius, pretended to have been found at Trau ; which,
however, is generally jud^'ed to be a forgery, and accord*
ingly rejected by Burn^an and other critics.*
SCHEINER (CHftiSTOPHER), a considerable malbema-
tician and astronomer, was born at Muadeilheim in Schwa-
hen, in 1575. He entered into the society of the Jesuits
when he was tviwnty; and aft<erwards taught the -Hebrew
^oqgue and the matbentatics at Ingolstadt, Friburg, Brisaq,
and Rome. At length, he became rector of the college
of the Jesuits at Neisse in Silesia, and confessor to the
archduke Charles. He died in 1650, at the age of seventy**
five* .
« /Scbeiner was chiefly remarkable for being one of the
first who observed the spots in the sun with the telescope,
though not the very first; for his 6bservations of fbose
spots were first made, at Ingolstadt, in the latter part of
16 11« whereas Galileo and Harriot both observed them in
the latter part of the year before, or 1610. Sobeiner con*
^inued bis observations on the solar phenomena for many
years afterwards at Rome, with great assiduity and accu«
racy, constantly making drawings of them on paper, de-*
scribii^ their places, figures, magnitude,* revolutions, and
4>eriods, so that Riccioli delivered it as his opinion that there
was little reason to hope for any better observations of those
apots. Des- Cartes and Hevelius also say, that in their
judgment, nothing can be expected of that kind more sa«
jtiffaqtory. These observations were published in 161^0, in
Ptt.e volume folio, under the title of ^^ Rosa Ursina/' &c«
Almost every page is adorned with an image of the sun
|vitb spots. He wrote also several smaller pieces relating
(o mathematics and philosophy, the principal of whicli are»
1 G^n. Diet.— Nicero9, vol. XXXIX,
8 C H E I N E- R. fiS»
4.. ** OculuSi sive Fundamentum Opticum/* &c. ; wKich
was T/eprinted at London, in 1652, in 4to. 2. ^^So) Eolip^
ticusy Diaquisitiones Mathematical." 3. '* De Controver*
siis et Novitatibos Astronomicis.^* *
$GH£LHAMM£R (Gonthier Christopher), a cele^
Wated German physician and philosopher, was born March
3, 164.9, at Jena, and was son of Christopher Scfaelham-
mex, a. learned professor of anatomy and surgenry in that
city), ajQd at Keil, where be was also physician to the duke
pj^ Hoktein. Gonihier died January 1 1, 1716, in his sixty^
seventh year, leaving ^^ Introdtictio in artem medicam,*^
rl}aU. 17^6, 4to, and a great number of valuable audlearn^
■^d viForks Qu physic, of which it is to be wished that aieom^
plete collection was published. He published also sotHtS
bot^uicaji dissertations, and first described the {Peculiar
.cfaangjs which, .during germination, takes place in she co*
tyledon of palms. The Schelhaoiaiera, in botany, ' was so
called tn honour of him* His life, by Scheffelias, in Latin,
Visoiar, 1727, 8vo, is prefixed to the letters written to him
by several of the literati.' , .
SCHEUCHZER (John James), an eminent physician
and naturalist, was the son of a very. .learned physician of
the same names at Zurich, where he was born, August 2^
167^. His father dying in the prime of life, he appears
to have been left to the care of bis mother, and his mater*^
pal grandfather^ H« was educated at Zurich under tb^
ablest processors, of whom he has. left ua>a list, bmt says
that be might with great propriety add bis own name to
the number, as he went through the greater part of his
studies with no other guide than bis own judgment. « In
1692 be commenced his travels, and remainisd some tim6
at Altdorf, attending the lectures of Wagenseil, Hoffman^
father and son, Stqiun, &c. In 16^3 be went to^Uirecbt^
wh^re he took his degree of doctor of physic in Jan^ 1694^
and.in ld95 returned to Nuremberg and Altdorf tostudy
mathematics under Sturm and Eimmart. To Sturm be ad^
dressed a learned letter on ^the generation of ibssil riiells,
which he attempted to explain on mathematical principles i
hut, discovering the fallacy of this, he adopted the tfaeovy
of :Our Dr. Woodward, whose work on the subject oftra
natural history of the earth be translated into Latin, and
published at Zurich in 1.704. . .
* » Martin's Bipg. Philos.— Button's Diet.
* Diet Hist.— Refes*8 Cyclopsdia, art. Sehelhammerx.
«3$ 8 C B E U C H Z E R.
Returning to Zurich, before this period, he was appmnl-
ed 6rst physician. of the city, with the reversion of the pro-
fessorship of aiathematics. He now began to write various
dissertations on subjects t)f natural history, particularly that
of SwissCrland, and wrote a system of natural history In
iGerman, which he published in parts in the years 1705, €y
and 7, the whole forming three small 4to volumes. He
published afterwards three more in 17 16, 1717, and 1719,
which complete the natural history of Swisseriand, with
the exception of the plants, of which he had formed an
herbal of eighteen vast volumes in folio. . His ** Nova litte-
raria Helvetica" began in 1702, and were continued to
1715. In 1694 he began his tours on the Alps, which be
repeated for many years, the result of which was published
iHider the title of ^* Itinera Alpina,V* one volume of which
was published at Londoin in 1708, 4to, and four at Ley den
ID 17 13.. In the course of these journeys, he improved the
geography of his country, by a small map of Toggenbourg,
and by bis map of Swisseriand in four large sheets. Amidst
all these pursuits, his official duties, and his extensive lite-
rary correspondence^ he found leisure to gratify bis taste
for medallic history, and translated Jobert^s work on that
subject, which does not, however, appear to have been
printedu In 1712, Leibnitz, being acquainted with his
learning and fame, procured him an invitation from th^
csar, Peter the Great, to become his majesty^s physician,
btUt the council of Zurich induced him to decline the offer,
by an additional salary. Some time afterward, he obtained
a fianonry ; but, according to Meister, his colleagues bad
no very profojind respect for him, of which he gives the
following ludicrous proof : A favourite crane belonging to
Pr. Scheuchzer one day made her escape, and the doctoi^
^as obliged to climb the roof of the house to recover her,
which he did at no small risk. The canons are siiid to havl^
declared on this occasion, that they would have given a
pension to the crane, if the doctor bad broke his neck» It
appears that this disrespect was mutual. They considered
Scbeochzer as an intruder, and he despised their ignorancid
in condemning the Copernican system, and the theory of
Simammerdam, as profane and pernicious. He appears to
have had a considerable band in the political and ecclesi-
astical affairs of Zurich, and hkd at one time a sharp con«
tjroversy on religion with a Jesuit of Lucerne, whom Meis-
ter describes as tbe Don Quixote of the Romish church. .
SCHEUCHZER. «sr
In 1731 appeared bis great work, *' Pbysica eacritiF^' in
4 vols, folio, which was immediately republished in FreiK^
•at Amsterdam, in both instances enriched with a profusion
of fine plates illustrative of the natural history of the Bible.
This bad been preceded by some lesser works on the same
subject, which were now incorpcnrated. He did not long
survive this learned publication, dying at Zurich about the
end of June i 733« He was a member of many learned so-
icieties, of our Royal Society, and of those of Berlin, ViennSi^
'&c. and carried on a most extensive correspondence with the
principal literati of Europe. He left a well-^chosea and na*
pierous library, a rich museum of natural history, and a col-
lection of medals. Besides- the works we have incldentalljr
noticed, he published, 1. ** Herbarium Diluviannm,''^^ Ztt-
rich, 1709, reprinted and enlarged, at Ley den, 1?23, fbtiQ.
2. *^ Piscium querelas et viadiciae,^' Zurich, 1708, 4to. 3«
5^ Oratio de Matheseos usu in Theologia,*' ibid. 1711> 4to«
4. '< Museum Diluvianum,'' ibid. 1716, 8vo. 5. << Homo
diluvii tenis," ibid. 1 726, 4to. 6. ^* De Heivetii aeribus,
aquis, locis, specimen,^' ibid. 1728, 4to. He also wrote in
German, a treatise on the mineral waters of Swiisserland,
Zurich, 1732j 4to. In 1740, Klein published ^^ Sciagra-
phia litbologtca curiosa, seu lapidum figuratorum nomen^
cliator, olim 4 Jo. Jac. Scheuchzero conscriptus, auctus et
iUostratus,'' 4to. Of bis << Physica Sacra,*' we have bo«*
tiped the first edition publiriied at Augsburgh, 1731 — 1735^
four vols, folio, or rather eight volumes in four, the text
of .whicb is. in German ; this edition is valued on account of
its having the first impressions of the plates. The Amster-
dam edition, 1732 — 38, -8 vds. has, however, the advantage
of being in French, a language more generally understooc^
wid has the same plates. Sobeucbzer had a brother, pro-
fess<Mr of natural j^losophy at Zurich, who died* in 1737^
tud is known to all botanists by bis laborious and teamed
^' Agpt>stographia," no .valuable for its minute descrtptionf
of grasses. He bad a son rith whom we seem more inte-
rested, John Gaspar Scheu^hzer, who was bom at Zurich
in 1702, and after studying at home came over to England,
and received the degree of M. D, at Caflri>ridge, during die
royad visit of George I. in 1728, and died at London April
13, .1729, only twenty «seven years old. He bad mueh of
the genius and learning of his£uniiy, and wias a>good tnti«
quary, medallist, and natural historian. He tranidated into
Engjush Koempfer*s history of Japan, 1727^ 2 vols. foUo^ nA
V
j&n 8 C R E U C HZ E R.
iad begun a translation of Koempfer's travels in Mtistovy,
Penia, &c. but did not live to complete it. H« wrote alsb
ta treatise on inoculation. Some part of the correspondence
of this learned family is in the British Mnseum.^ ^
SCHIAVONI (Andrea), named Meduia, an eminent
^artist^ was born in 1522, at Sebenico, in Dalmatia. Ri^
purents, who were poor, placed him with a house*painter ^t
Venice, where, at bis leisure hours, he acquired a superior
taste^ by stndyi^ng the etchings and compositions of Pai^mi--
.giano ami the works of Giorgione and Titian in the ^libUc
buildings of the city. At length, Titian; being infoiKned
of his unfortunate situation and promising talents; xodk
him under his care, and soon afterwards employed him in,
.the Kbrary of St. Marco, where Schiavoni is said to hhv^
painted three entire cielings. Feeling his strength, he tnen-
ture.d to paint,, in competition with Tintoretto, a picturli
for the church of the Santa Croce, representing thfe visr-
^tation of the Virgin to Elizabeth; and though h^'did'not
equal hia antagonist, yet he received a cohsidet-afUe share
of applause. Schiavoni was accounted one of the finest
colourista of the Venetian school, and to colouring sacri-
jBeed almost every other attribute of the art ;' yet h^s trbm-
positJQPs are managed with great' dexterity, and executed
with astonishing freedom. Two of bis most admired ^orki
are in the church of the Padri Teatit)i at Rimini, fepre-
senting the Nativity and the Assumption of the Virgin, and
bis *^ Perseus and Andromeda,*^ and the *< Apostles at the
-Sepulchre,'* are in the royal collection at Windsor. He
died at Venice in 1 582, at the age of sixty.'
. SCHIAVONETTI (Lewis), a very ingenious artist, was
born« at Bassano, in the Venetian territory, Aprill, 1765*
Hia father .wassa stationer, who was enabled to give him a
useful, but limited education. From his infancy he had a
peculiar taste for drawing ; and attained such proficiency,
that an able painter, Julius Golini, to whom some of his
productions were shewn, undertook to instruct him in 'that
art. At the age of thirteen Lewis was put under his care,
and the high opinion he had formed of the boy^s genius wasr
confirmed by the rapid progress he niade, while his amiable
disposition endeared him so tnuch, that he loved bith zjs hia
own son. After three years of ' useful instruction, be had
tbe mififottune to lose this master, who expired in his arms.
. 1 Moreri.-i-Meister's Homines Illogtree de Soissc.— -Eloy, Dict« Hist, de Mede*^
cint;— Ayicough'f Catalogue of HISS, * Argcnville^ tol I.— StruU's Diet
SCHIAVO^ffr Tl. 2J»
Left fo pursue his own course, he turned his views to Count
Remaudiniy whose extensive typographical and chalcogra-
pfaical concern is rendered more fanK>us by. the giving em-
ployment to Bartolozzi and Volpato ; and the works of those
artists gave fresh impulse to the youth's ardour for imprdvie-
ment. About this time he became acquainted with one
Lorio, an indifferent engraver, with whom be worked about
twelve months, when, finding he had exhausted his fund of
instructions, be resolved to alter his situation. A copy of a
holy family in the litie manner, from Bartolofzzi, after Car-:
io Maratta, gained him immediate employment from Count
Remaudini, and attracted the notice of Mr. Suntach, aii
engraver and printseller in opposition to Remaudini. About
this time came to Bassano a wretched engraver of architec-
ture, but a-man of consummate craft and address. Hebe^
caii^e acquainted with Schiav^neiti at Mr. Suntach's, and
wa3 ultimately the means of bringing him to England, where
he became acquainted with Bartolozzi, apd lived in his
house uptil be established himself on his own foundation;;
after which Scbiavonetti cultivated his genius with a shccess
that answered the expectations which were first formed of
it, and conducted all his affairs with an uprightness &nd in*
t^rity that will cause bis memory to be equaUy revered as
a gentleman and an artist. . He died at Brompton, Juiie 7;
1810, in the forty^fourth year of his age; and on the 14th
was buried in Paddington church-yard, ifllh a solemnity
worthy of his talents and character.
In bis person, Mn Scbiavonetti. was rather tall and weif
inade, and his amiable modesty, equability of temper, at)d
promptness to oblige, won the good will of all who saw and
conversed with him. Many a^ts of his private life showed
the excellence of his character ; among others, as soon at
he began to derive profit from his profession, be devoted a
portion of it to the support of his relatives in It^ly; and
constantly remitted to his aged parent a stipend suffioienc
to etisure him comfort.
Some of his principal performances are, the " Madre
Dolorosa,'* after Vandyke: the Portrait of that Master in.
the character of Pariis : Michael Angelo's celebrated Cartoon'
Of the Surprize of the Soldiers on the Banks of the Arno :
a iieries of Etchings, from designs by Blake, illustrative of
Blair's Grave: the Portrait of Mr. Blake, after PhiiHps, fot
the same work : the. Landing of the British Troops in Egypt,
from Eoutherbourg ; and the Etching of the Canterbury
Pilgrimage, from Stothard*s esteemed picture*
Hi S C H I L L C R.
« »
him from reading his works, and is said to bavtif rodsed
him from those Habits of dissipation in which he had in*
dulgedy and to which he was in great danger of falling ^
victim* He was now patronized by the duke qf Saxe-Wei-
mat, who conferred on him the title of aulic counsellor, and
nominated him to the professorship of history and philoso*
phy at the university of Jena. He had previously written
an account of the " Revolt of the Netherlands from the
Spanish government,^' and he now set about composing hit
** History of the thirty Years' War in Germany,'* a work
which has been much admired in his own country. At
length he removed to Weimar, where the pension, as ho*
norary professor from the duke, was continued to him ; and
produced the ^^ History of the mo$t memorable Conspirao^
cies," and the " Ghost-Seer," which displayed the peculiar
tiirn of his mind, and were much read. In the latter part
of bis life he conducted a monthly work published at Tu-
bingen, and an annual poetical almanac, and composed a
tragedy entitled " The Maid of Orleans." He was the au-
thor of other dramatic pieces^, some of which are known,
though imperfectly, in this country, through the medium
of translation. ' He died at Weimar, May 9, 1 805, and
be was interred with great funeral solemnity. In his private
character Schiller was friendly, candid, and sincere. Iii
his youth he affected eccentricity in his manners and appear*
ance, and a degree of singularity seei^s always to have ad-
hered to him. In his ^orks, brilliant strokes of genius are
unquestionably to be found, but more instances of extra-
vagant representation of passion, and violation of truth and
naturae. They enjoyed some degree of popularity here,
during the rage for translating and adapting German playi
for our theatres; and although this be abated, they have con-
tributed to the degeneracy of dramatic taste, and have not
produced the happiest effects on our poetry.*
SCHILTER (John), an eminent jurist, was bom atPe*
gaw in Misnia, Aug. 29, 1632, and studied at Leipsic and
Naumberg, wherein 1651, he removed for two years td
Jena, and then completed his course at L^psic. In 1655.
he took the degree of doctor in philosophy, as he did the
same in the faculty of law at Strasburgh some years after.
He practised for some time as an advocate ^t Naumberg^
where prince Maurice of Saxe made* him keeper of his ar-
1 Qent. Mag.— 'Reel's Cytlepcdia.
SCHILTER. .;a«
iebfves, and intendant or director of the territory of Sul in
the county of Henneberg. About 1686 he accepted an
invitation to Strasburgb, where he was appointed counsellor
^nd advocate of the state, and honorary professor of^ the
academy. He died there, May 14, 1705, in the seventy-
third year of his age. He wrote a great many volumes on
subjects connected with antiquities and with his profession,
Ihe principal of which are, 1. ^' Codex juris Alemannici
feudalis,'* 1696, 3 vols. 4ta 2. <^ Thesaurus antiquitatuod
Tentonicarum," 1728, 3 vols. foL a posthumous publica-
tion, edited by Scherzius at Ulm. 3. *^ Institutiones Ca«
nonici," 1721, Svo, in which he endeavours to recopcile
the canon law to that iii use among the protestaut churches.
4. <Mnstitution«s juris publici,*' 1696, 2 vols. 8vo, one of
his first, and a very learned work.'
SCHMIDT (Christopher), a learned German, was bora
May 1 1, 1740, at Nordheim, and studied law at Gottingen.
In 1762 he visited St. Petersburgh in company whh count
Munich, in whose family be had been tutor for some time,
hut returned to his studies, and took his law degrees atGot-*
tinmen, whence he removed to Helmstadt. He was soon
after appointed professor in the Caroline college at Bruns-
wick, where he lectured on history, public law, and statis*
ties until 1779, when the prince made him a counsellor and
keeper of the archives at Wolfenbuttel. In 1784, the
prince added the title of aulic counsellor. He died in 180K
In bis visit to Russia he contracted a fondness for that coun-^
try and its language, and employed much of his time on
its history* This produced various works, published in
German, ** Letters on Russia," *^ Materials for a knowledge
of the Constitution and Government of Russia,'^ ^* An at*
tempt towards a new introduction to the History of Russia,?
&c. &c« He published also ^^ A manual of History," ^' His-
torical miscellanies," and " A History of Germany,^' which
IS spoken of as an eloquent and useful work.* ,
SCHMIDT (Erasmus), an excellent Greek scholar, wat
born atDelitzch in Misnia, 1560, and became eminent for
bis skill in the Greek tongue and in the mathematics ; botK
which, although they are accomplishments seldom found
in tlie same person, he professed .with great reput^^tion for
nany years at Wittemberg, where he died in 1637, He
1 NiceroD, toI. IL— Mereri.— Pict. Uiit— Saxii OnoiBMt.
f IMct. Bitt«
K 3
244 SCHMIDT.
published an edition of •* Pifldar*' in 1616, ito, with li
Latin version and learned notes. While Heyiie finds many
defects in this edition, he honours the editor with the title
of " Editornm Pindari faci^le ppineeps." He wrote notes
•alsd upon Lycophron, Dionys4u« Periegetes, and Hesiod ;
»which last was published at Geneva in 1693; an excellent
" Concordance to the Greek Testament,** fol. the best edi-
tion of which is that of 17 17 ; and a " Commentary on the
New Testame^n," much espt-een^ed, Argent. 1650, fol.'
- SCHMIDT (John Andrew), a learned Lutheran di^ne,
was born at Worms, in 1652. In his twenty-seventh year,
lie hurt bis right arm with a fail so much, that he could
never recover the use of it : he learned to write, however,
«o well with the left, as to be able to compose near a hun-
dred publications, without the help of an amanuensis, but
they are chiefly theses upon subjects of ecclesiastical his-^
tory. One of his pieces is entitled " Arcana dominationiv
in rebus gestis Oliverii Cromwelli ;" another is against a
book, supposed to be Le Clerc's, with this title, ** Liberii
tie sancto amore Epistolae Theologicee.'* He translated Par-
die's " Elements of Geometry" out of French iqto Latin.
He died in 1 726 ; and his funeral oration was made by John
Laurence Mosheim, who speaks very highly in' bis praise.*
SCHN'EBBELIE (Jacob), was son x)f a native of Zu-
rich, in Switzerland, lieutenant in the Dutch army at the
memorable siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747 ; when, after
a gallant resistance of two montfhs, it was, as generally be-
lieved, surprised by the French under marshal LowendaK
Upon quitting the service Mr. Schnebbelie carae over to
£ngiand, and settled in the business of a confectioner, iii
which capacity he had frequently the h©f>our of attending
on king George II. He afterwards opened a shop at Ro-*
cihester, where one of his sons still resides ; and the same
profession his son Jacob (who was born Aug. 30, 1760, in
Duke's Court, in the parish of St Martin in the Fields)
followed for some time, first at Canterbury, and afterwards
at Hammersmith ; till, nature pointing out to him the pro-
per road to fame and credit, he quitted his shop and com-
menced self-taught teacher, at Westminster and other
public schools, of the art of drawing, in which he made a
proficiency which introduced him to the notice of many
among the learned and the great. To the earl of Lei-
1 Moreri. — Diet. Hist. * Moreru
SCHNEBBELIE. 245
cester^s notice he was first introduced by accidentally
sketching a view in his park near Hertford, and was em*
ployed b^ him in taking some of the most picturesque
landscapes about Tunbridge Wells, with a view to their
publication for his benefit. At* their noble president's ex-
press recommendation he was appointed draughtsman of
the society of antiquaries ; and Biled that office with equa)
credit to himself and his- patron. The merits of his pencil
are too generally known and acknowledged to require any.
exaggerated eulogium. Happy in a quick eye and a dis-
criminating taste, he caught the most beautiful objects in
the happiest points of view; and for fidelity and elegance
of delineation, may be ranked high among the list of first*.
rate artists. The works put forth on his own account are
not numerous. In 17S1 he intended to publish six views
of St. Augustine's Monastery, to be engraved by Mr. Ro-
gers, &c. ; five of which were completed, and one small
view of that religious house was etched by himself. In
17S7 he etched a plate representing the Serpentine River,f
part of Hyde Park, with the house of earl Bathurst, a dis-
tant view of Westminster Abbey, &c. now the property
and in the possession of Mr. Jukes, intended to be aqua-
tinted for publication. Mr. Jukes purchased also from him
several views of Canterbury cathedral, St. Augustine's mo-
nastery, &c. In March 1788 he published four views of
St. Alban's town aiul abbey, drawn and etched by himself;
which in the November following were published, aqua*
tinted by F. Jukes. About the same time that he set oa
foot the ^'Antiquaries Museum,*' he became an associate with
the late James Moore, esq. F. S. A. and Mr. Parkyns, in the
*^ Monastic Remains*;" which, after five numbers had ap-
peared, be relinquished to his coadjutors. The assistance
he occasionally gave to ^^ The Gentleman's Magazine," the
smallest part of his merit, it will be needless to particu-
larize ; bis masterly hand being visible on whatever it was
exerted. It is of more consequence to his fame to point
out the beauties of many of the plates in the second and
third volumes of the " Vetusta Monumenta" of the Society
of Antiquaries; and in the second volume of the ^^ Sepul-
chral Monuments of Great Britain f," the far greater part
of the numerous plates in which are after him ; or in the^
very many drawings he had finished, and the sketches he
* See Gent. Mag. voK LXI. pp. 743, 1118, 1207.
f lo the preface te which b« n gratefally coQuaeiDonted.
m S C H O E P F L I N.
• ' . ' •
Paris he wetft to Italy, stajed at Rome six months, reV
ceived from the king of the Two Sicilies a copy of thef*
*' Antiquities of Herculaneum," and fronn the duke of
Parrtia the *^ Mirseum Florentinum." He came to Eng^
land at the beginning of the late krng*s reign, and left it
the day that Fere Courayer, driven out of Paris by theolo-
gical disputes, arrived in London. He was now honoured*
with a canonry of St. Thomas, one of the roost distinguished
Lutheran chapters, and visited" Paris a third time in 1728,
Several. dissertations by him are inserted in the " Memoiraf
of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres j'* one,
ascribing the invention of moveable types to Guttenberg of
Strasbou-rg, 1440, against Meerman,
In 1733, he narrowly escaped from a dangerous illnes»«
tie had long meditated one of those works, which alone, by
their importance, extent, and difficulty, might immortalise
a society, a " History of Alsace." To collect materials
for this, he travelled into the Low Countries and Oermany
in 1738, and into Switzerland 1744. At Prague be found
that the fragment of St. Mark's Gospel, so carefully kept
there, is a continuation of that at Venice. The chancellor
D'Aguesseau senc for hioi to Paris, 1746, with the sain<»
view. His plan was to write the History of Alsace, and to
illustrate its geography and policy before and under the
Romans, under the Franks, Germans, and its present go-*
vernors; and, in 1751, he presented it to the king of
France, who had before honoured him with the title of
** Historiographer Royal and Counsellor," and. tl>en gave
him an appointment of 2000 livres, and a copy of the cata*
logne of the royal library. He availed himself of this op-»
portunity to plead the privileges of the Protestant univer-^
sity of Strasbourg, and obtained a confirmatit^n of them.
His second volume appeared in 1761; and be had prepared,
as four supplements, a collection of charters and record*,
im ecclesiastical history, a literary history, and a li»t of
authors who had treated of Alsace: the publication of thesd
he recommended to Mr. Koch, his assistant and successor
in his chair. Between these two volumes he published fats
** Vindicise Cdticae,'* in which he examities the origin,
revolution, and language of the Celts. The ** History of
Baden'* was his last considerable work, a duty which be
thought he owed his country. He completed ibis history
in seven volumes in four years ; the first appeared in 176^
the last in 1766. Having h^ this history illustrated bis
S C H O E P F L I N. 4«
country, he pfevaiied upon the marquis of Baden to build
^ room, in which all its anciertt monuments were deposited
in 1763. He engaged with the elector palatine to found
the academy of Manheim. He pronounced the inaugural
discourse, and furnished the electoral treasury with an-
tiques. 'He opened the public meetings of this academy,
which are held twice a year, by a discourse as honorary
president. He proved in two of these discourses,' that no
electoral house, no court in Germany, had produced a
greater number of learned princes than the electoral house.
In 1766, he presented to the elector the first volume af the
** Memoirs of a Rising Academy," and promised one every
two years.
A friend to humanity, and not in the least jealous of his
literary property, he made his library public. It was the
most complete in the article of history that ever belonged
to a private person, rich in MSS. medals, inscriptions,
figures, vases, and ancient instruments of every kind,
colieeled by him with great judgment in his travels. All
these, in bis old age, he presented to the city of Strasbourg,
without any other condition except that bis library shauld
be open both to foreigners and his own countrymen. The /
city, however, rewarded this disinterested liberality by a
pension of a hundred louis. He was admitted to the de\
bates in the senate upon this occasion, and there compli-
inented the senate and the city on the favour they had
shewn to literature ever since its revival in Europe. No-
vember 22, 1770, closed the fiftieth year of the professor-
ship of Mr. S. ; this was celebrated by a public festival :
the university assembled, and Mr. Lobstein, their orator,
pronounced before them a discourse in praise of this ex-
traordinary man, and the whole solemnity concluded with
a grand entertainment. Mr. S. seemed born to outlive
himself. Mr. Ring, one of his pupils, printed his life in
1769. In 1771, be was attacked by a slow fever, occa-
sioned by an obstruction in his bowels and an ulcer in hii
lungs, after an illness of many months. He died August 7,
the first day of the eleventh month of his seventy-seventh
year, sensible to the last. He was buried in the colle<*
giate church of St. Thomas, the city, in his favour, dis-
pensing with the law which forbids interment within its
limits. *
1 Gent. Mag. 1783, by Mr, Goos^, aj^pMtwktr ff^n^ H«tl«i de Vitis PhllOs
lofforam, toL III. or from Ring'i Life.
350 SCHOMBERG.
SCHOMBERG (Alexander Crowcher), a learned
English clergyman, was born July 6, 1756,' and educated
at Southampton-school, where he laid the foundation of his
classical learning, and displayed his taste in some juvenile
performances which were much approved. He afterwards
cultivated these attainments under Dr. Warton at Winches-
ter-school, whence he removed to Magdalen -college, Ox-
fordj of which he became M. A. in 1781, and fellow and
tutor. Although formed to excel in polite literature, his
inclination led him into other pursuits, and the whole oeco-
pomy of human life became the subject of his observation.
The interests of nations, the relations of arts, the cir-
cuitous channels and the secret recesses of commerce, and
the wide range of operations in manufactures and agri-
culture, were open to his intuition. His " Chronological
View of the Rornan Laws,"- published in 1785, was the in-
troduction to a larger work, for which he had furnished
himself with ample materials, by his study of juridical an-
tiquities. Connected with this, was his " Treatise on the
Maritime Laws of Rhodes," in which he clearly investi-
gated the origin, and elegantly described the nature, of the
piaritime codes which bore an analogy to the Rhodiaii
laws. During the intervals of his occupation as tutor of
the college, he visited the principal seats of commerce and
manufactures in England and on the continent.' There*
suit of these researches was given, in 1787, in his *^ Histo-
rical and Political Remarks on the Tariff of the Commer-
cial Treaty with France,** which proved the very enlight-
ened progress he had made in the science of political
iteconomy. From that time he had, with minute attention,
observed the effects of that famous treaty upon both na-
tions ; and he had made a considerable progress in print-
ing a series of facts and collateral deductions, under the
title of *' Present State and Manufactures in France,'*
'when he was interrupted by an excruciating disorder,
>vhich proved fatal April 6, 1792, at Bath, whither he had
gone in hopes of relief from the waters. He was a man
of an amiable disposition, and greatly lamented by hi^
friends. He had taken orders, but had no preferment in
the church. *
SCHOMBERG (Frederic duke of), a distinguished ge-
neral, was descended of a noble family iii Germany^ and w^
' » Q^nt. Mas. t©1. IXlh
S C H O M B E R G, 251
the son of count Schomberg, by hisfirst wife, anEnglisb lady,
daughter of the lord Dudley; which count was killed at the
battle of Prague in Bohemia in 1620, together with seve-
ral of bis sons. The duke was born in 1608. He served
first in the army of the United Provinces, and afterwards
became the particular confident of William IL prince of
Orange ; in whose last violent actions he had so great a
share, and particularly in the attempt upon Amsterdam,
that, on the prince's death in 1650, he retired into France.
Here be gained so high a reputation, that, next to the
prince of Cond^, and Turenne, he was esteemed the best
general in that kingdom ; though, on account of his firm
adherence to the Protestant religion, he was not for a con-
siderable time raised to the dignity of a marshal. In Nov.
1659 he offered his service to Charles II. for his restora-
tion to the throne of England ; and, the year Following,
the court of France being greatly solicitous^for the interest
of Portugal against the Spaniards, he. was sent to Lisbon;
and in his way thither passed through England, in order
to concert measures with king Charles for the support of
Portugal. Among other discourse which- he had with that
prince, he advised his majesty to set up for the head of
the Protestant religion ; which would give him a vast as-
cendant among the princes of Germany, make him umpire
of all their affairs, procure him great credit with the pro-
testants of France, and keep that crown in perpetual fear
of him« He urged him likewise not to part with Dunkirk,
the sale of which was then in agitation ; since, considering
the naval power of England, it could not be taken, and th6
possession of it would keep both - France and Spain in a
dependence upon his majesty.
In Portugal he performed such eminent services to that
kingdom that he was created a grandee of it, by the title
of count Mertola, with a pension of 5000^. to himself and
his heirs. In 1673 be came over again into England, to
command the army ; but, the French interest being then
very odious to the English, though he would at any othet
time of his life have been acceptable' to them, he was at
that crisis looked on as one sent over from France to bring
pur army under French discipline. Finding himself, there-
fore, obnoxious to <the nation, and at the same time not
loved by the court, as being found not fit for the designs of
the latter, he soon returned to France. In June 1676, he
ivas left by the king of France, upon bis return to Parish
il52 SCHOMBERG.
with the command of bis army in Flanders ; and doon after
obliged the prince of Orange to raise the siege of Maesr*
tricbt, and was made a marshal of Frai>ce. But, when
the prosecution against those of the reformed religion wa^
begun in that kingdom, he desired leave to return into his
own country ; which was denied him, and all the favour be
«ould obtain was to go to Porlugal. And, though he had
preserved that nation from falling under the yoke of Cas^
tile, yet now, when he came thither for refuge, the inqui-
sition represented that matter of giving harbour to an
heretic so odiously to the king, that he was forced to send
i^he marshal away. He went thence to England ; and,
passing through Holland, entered into a particular con*
fidence with the prince of Orange ; and, being invited by
the etector of Brandenburgh to Berlin, was made governor
of Prussia, and placed at the head\of all tl^ elector's
armies. He was treated likewise by the young elector
with the same regard that his father had shewn him ; and,
in 1688, was sent by him to Cleves, to commaod the
troops which were raised by the empire for the defence of
Cologne.
When the prince of Orange was almost ready for his ex-
pedition into England, marshal Schomberg obtained leave
of the elector of Brandenbonrg to accompany bis highness
in that attempt ; and, after their arrival at London, he is
mipposed to have been the author of that remarkable stra*
tagem for trying the affections of the people, by raising
«n universal apprehension over the kingdom of tbe ap-
proach of tbe Irish with fire and sword. Upon the prince's
advanceuheut to the throne of England, he was appointed
master of the ordnance, and general of his majesty's forces ^
in April 16H9, knight of the garter, and the same month na-
turalized by act of parliament ; and, in May, was created a ba^^
ro», earl, marquis, and duke of this kingdom, by the name
and title of baron Teys, earl of Brentford, marquis of Har-
wich, and duke of Schomberg. Tbe House of Commons like-
wise voted to him 100,000/. for the services wliich he had
done; but be received only a small part of that sum, tbe king
after his death paying his son 5000/. a year for the remain-
der. In Ajug. 1689 he sailed for Ireland, with an arnnyy
for the redaction of that kingdom ; and, having, mustered
$11 bis forces there, and finding them, to be not above
14,000 men, among whom there were but 2000 horse, he
oAitrched to X>midaU;> where ho posted hiouolf ; img J^mcB
^CHOMBEBG 25S
1>«in£ oome to Ardee. within fire or »x miles of him, with
4tbove thrice his number. Scbomberg^ therefore, being
<lisapp<Mfited of the supplies from England, which had been
f>ro«iised him, and his arni}^ being so greatly inferior to the ^
Irish, resolved to keep himself on the defensive. He lay
there six weeks in a rainy season ; and his men, for want
of due management, contracted such diseases that almost
one half of them perished.
He was censured by some for not making a bold attemjit ;
and «uch complaints were sent of this to king William, 'that
iiis majesty wrote twice to him, pressing him on the sub-
ject. But the duke saw that tbe enemy was well posted
and .well provided, and had several good officers among
them; and knew that, if he met with a check, his whole
army, and consequently all Ireland, had been lost,' since
he could not have made a regular retreat. The surest me*
thod was to preserve his army ; which would save Ulster,
and although his conduct exposed hini to the reproaches of
tome persons, better judges thought, that bis management
of this campaign was one of the greatest actions of his life.
At the battle of the Boyne, July I, 1690, he passed the
river in his station, and immediately rallied and encou-
raged the French Protestants, who had been left exposed
by the death of their commander, with this short harangue;
*^ Allons, messieurs, voiR vos pers^cuteurs,^' pointing to
the French Papists in the enemy's army. But these word«
were scarcely uttered, when a few of king James's guards,
who retdrned full speed to their main body, after the
slaught«er of their companions, and whom the French re- '
fugees suffered to pass, thinking them to be of their own
party, fell furiously upon the duke, and gave him two^
wounds over the head, which, however, were not mortal.
Upon this, the French regiment acknowledged their erroi^
by committing a greater; for, firing rashly on the enemy,
tbey shot him through the neck, of which wound he in^
ftantly died. He was buried in St Patrick's cathedral,*
where die dean and chapter erected a small monument ta
his honour, at their own expence, with an elegant inscrip-
tion by I>r. Swift, which is printed in the Dean's works.
Burnet tells us, that he was ^^ a calm man, of great ap<^'
plication and conduct, and thought much better than he*
apoke ; of true judgment, of exact probity, and of an hum-*
ble and obliging temper." And another writer observes-,
that he had a thorough experience of the world ; knew
854 S C H O M B E R O.
men and things better than any nian of his pFofession e^et
did ; and was as great in council as at the head of an army.
He appeared coprteous and affable to every person, and
yet had an air. of grandeur that commanded respect from alL
.In king William's cabinet are the dispatches of the duke
of Scbomberg in Ireland to king William^ which sir John
Dalrympie has printed in the second volume of his me-
moirs ; " because/' he remarks, *^ they paint in lively co-
lours the state of the army in that country ; clear Scbom-
berg of inactivity, which has been unjustly thrown upon
him ; and do honour to the talents of a man, .who wrotd
with the elegant simplicity of Caesar, and to whose repu-
tation and conduct, next to those of king William, the
English nation owes the revolution. ^
SCHOMBERG (Isaac), one of a family of physicians of
^ome note in their day, w«s the son of Dr. Meyer Scbom^
berg, a native of Cologne, a Jew, and, as it was said,
librarian to some* person of distinction abroad, which oc-
cupation he left, and came and settled in London, where
be professed himself to be a physiician ; and, by art and
address, obtained a lucrative situation amidst the faculty*
In 1740 he had outstripped all the city physicians, and
was in the annual receipt of four thousand pounds. He
died March 4, 1761. This, bis son, was born abroad^
and at the age of two or three years was brought to Eng-
land, where he received a liberal education, and afterwards
studied at Leyden. After his retui*n to London he set up
in practice, but had a dispute with the college of physi-
cians, as, we are told, his father had before him. The
partic^ilars of this dispute are not uninteresting in the
history of the college.
After Dr. Schomberg had practised some years as a phy-
sician in London, he received a notice from the college of
their intention to examine him in the usual form, and to
admit him a licentiate. This notice he was thought to
have trieated with contempt ; for, instead of submitting to
the examination, be objected to the names of some persons
who were to be examined at the same time, and behaved, it
is said, with some haughtiness to those of the college who,-
hexornplained, had used him ill, in ordering him to be
axat^ined in such company. The college considering
themselves' the sole judges of what persons they should
. . •• '
J BirA^s Liv«*.— Burnet's Own Times.— Swift's Workt. Sec to^tz.
8 C H O M B E R O. iBS
tall upooy refused to attend to the doctor-s objection, but
examined the persons against whom he seemed most to
except ; but this not tending to make up the dispute, tbejr
proceeded to interdict the doctor from practice until he
bad given such satisfaction as his conduct required. la
the mean time the doctor submitted to be examined, and
in 1750 procured the degree of doctor of physic to be con«-
ferred on him by the university of Cambridge ; and, thug
supported, demanded his admittance a second time, not
as a licenciate, but one of the body. This demand was re^*
fused to be complied with, and it was objected, that the
doctor, though naturalized, eould not hold the office of
censor of the college, which was an office of trust ; and
this refusal brought the determination of the business tQ
the decision of the lawyers. A petition was presented to
the king, praying him, in the person of the lord chancellor^
to exercise his visitatorial power over the college, and re«
•tore the licenciates to their rights, which, by their arbi*
trary proceedings, the president and fellows had for a sue-'
cession of ages deprived them of. This petition came on
to be heard at Lincoln's Inn hall, before the lord chie^
justice Willis, baron Smythe, and judge Wilmot, lords
commissioners of the great seal ; but the allegations therein
contained not being established, the same was dismissed.
This, attack on the college was the most formidable it ever
$ustaii>ed.
In this dispute Dr. Schomberg was supposed to have
employed his pea against his adversaries with considerable
effect. It is certain he was well supported by bis friends ;
one of whom, Moses Mendez, esq. exposed bis opponents
to ridicule, in a performance entitled *^ The Battiad," since
reprinted in Dilly*s Repository.
From thi*s period Dr. Schomberg took his station in the
medical profession, with credit and approbation, though
without the success that inferior talents sometimes expe«
rienced. On the last illness of David Garrick, he waa
called in, and hailed, by his dying friend, in the affectionate
terms of — <' though last not least in|our dear love." He sur-
vived Garrick but a short time, dying at his house in Con-
duit-street, the 4th of March, 1780 J and the following
character was given of him by one who seems to have
known him well :
** His great Jtalents and knowledge in his profession,
were universally acknowledged by Uie gentlemen of the
isB S C H O M B E R G.
. faculty ; aod his t€«<Jerrie98 abd humanity recomm^niledl
bim to the friendship and esteem, a« well as veneration, of '
his patieqts. He was endued with uncommon quickness
und sagacity in discovering the sources, and tracing the
progress, of a disorder ; and though in general a friend to
jprudent regimen, rather than medicine, vfet,' in emergent
cases, he prescribed with a correct ahcf happy boldness
equal to the occasion. He was so averse from that sordid
avarice generally charged, perhaps often with great injus-
tice, on th« faculty, that many of his friends in affluent cir*
cumstanoes found it impossible to force on him that rewarcl
for bis services which he had so fairly earned, and which
iiis attendance so well merited. As a man he wis sincere
«nd just In his principles, frank and amiable in his temper^
instructive and lively in conversation; his many singulari-
ties endearing him still further to his acquaintance, as they
proceeded from an honest plaiii-ness of mannerj and visibly
Slowed from a benevolent simplicity of heart. He was, for
V flnany days, sensible of his approacbirig 6nd, which been*
countered with a calmness and resignation, not easily to
be imitated by those who now regret the loss of so good a
inan, ^o valuable a friend, and so skilful a physician.'*
Dr. Schomberg had a younger brother, Ralph Schoat-
£ER6, M. D. who first settled at Yarmouth ^$ a physidiari,
and published some works on pr6fession^l Subjects that' in-
dicated ability, and others from which he derived little rfi-
putation. Of the former kind are, 1. •*'Aphorisnii prac-
tici, sive observationes medicse/' for the u^e of studentfj;
und in alphabetical order, 1750, ^vo. 2. " Prbsperi Mar-
tiani Anpotationes in csecas pracnotationes synopsis,"'! 751.
5. "'Van Swieten's Commentaries" abridn;ed. ' 4.- ** A
Treatise of the Colica Pictonum, or Dry Belly-ache,*' f764;
Svo. 5. ** Diiport de signis morborum trbrl quatuor,'*
4766. Of tlie latter, are sonie dramatic pieces of very
little valufe, and 6. " An Ode on thfe present rebeJliort,*^
1746. 7. " An Account of the present rebellion," 1746;
6. "The Life of Maecenas," 1767, 12mo, taken without
Bckiiowledgment from Meibonvius. 9. *' A critical Disser-
tation on the characters and writings of Pindar and Hdrace;
in a letter to the right bon. ,the earl of B — ," also a shame-
ful instance Xif plagiarism from Blondell's " Comparison de
Pindare et D' Horace." It would have been well if his piU
ferings had only been from books ; but after he had removed
to iBakb, and practised there some years with considerAbi*
\i
S C H O M B E R 0. tfS7
success^ be tried bis skill upon ^he funds of a public cba*
rity^ and, detection following, was obliged to make a pre*
cipitate retreat from Bath, aiid from public practice. He
appears to have hid himself first at Paugbourn in Berkshire,
and afterwards at Reading, where he died June 29, 1792*
In the obituary be is called " Ralph Schomberg, I!sq.\^^
SCHONER (Joim), a noted German philosopher and
mathematician, was born at Carolostadt in 1477, and died
in J 547, aged seventy. From bis uncommon acquirements,
he was chosen matheipatical professor at Nuremberg when
he was but a young man. He wrote a great many works,
and was particularly famous for his astronomical tables,
which he published after the manner of those of Regiomon-*
tan us, and to which he gave the title of Resolutay on ac-*
count of their clearness. Bur, notwithstanding his great
knowledge, he was, after the fashion of the times, much
addicted to judicial astrology, which he took great pains
to improve. The list of his writings is chiefly as follows :
J. " Three Books of Judicial Astrology." 2. " The astro-
nomical' tables named Resolutas,'* 3. ^ De Usu Globi
Stelliferi; De Compositione Globi Coelestis ; De Usu Globi
Terrestris, et de Compositione ejusdem.'* 4. *^ iEquato-
rium Astronomicum.^' 5. '< Libellus de Distantiis Loco-
rum per Instrumentum et Numeros investigandis.'* 6. *^ De
Compositione Torqueti." 7. " In Constructionem et Usum
Rectanguli sive Radii Astronomic! Annotationes.*' 8.
'^ Horarii Cylindri Canones.^' 9. ^ Pianisphserium, sea
Meteoriscopium.*' 10. " Orgahum Uranicum." 11.** In-
strumentum Impedimentorum Lunse.** All printed at Nu-
remberg, in 1551, folio. Of these, the large treatise of
dialling rendered bim more known in the learned world
than all his other works besides, in which he discovers a
surprising getiius and fund of learning of that kind ; but
some have attributed this to his son.*
8CHONNING, SCHOENING, or SCHONING (Ger-
rard), a learned Norwegian, was born at Skatnss, in Nord-
tand, in 1722. He went in 1740 to the school of Dron-
tbeim, the rector of which conceived so high an opinion of
his ti^lents, as to assist him in carrying ou his studies a(
1 Eurob. Mag. Ibr 1803.— Kiobols*8 Bowyer.— Minutes of Proceedings of tbt
RoTal college of Physicians, relating to X>r. Isaac Scbomberg, from Feb. 5,
1146, to Bt& 99, 1/753, tvo, 1754.
s Martin's Biog. PbiL— Hutton't Pictionar7.«-Fnh«ri,Tb«atruiii.— Saxii On*"
vatticon.
Vol. XXVIT. S .
Si5d S G H O N N I N G.*
Copenhagen, wbe^e in 1758, be was elected a member of
the aoademy of sciences at Copenhagen. In 1764 be was.
appointed professor of history and eloquence^t Sera, and.
received literary honours from various societies. , In 1773,
1774, and 1775, be went on a tour,, at the king^s expence,
through various parts of Norway, to examine the remsiiot
of antiquity, but was recalled to Copenhagen to be keeper
of the archives, and in 1776 was appointed a member of
the society formed for publishing Icelandic works from the
collection of Arnas Magnseus. He died July 18, 178p.
He is said to have passed his time and employed his
thoughts entirely on bis peculiar studies, having an utter
aversion to theological controversy, and being equally par*
tial to men of merit of all persuasions. Hi& works are.nu-*
roerous, but many of them are academical disser|;atiQns«
Among those of a more permanent form are ^^ An Essay
towards the ancient Geography of the Northern Countries^
particularly Norway ;" " Observations on th^ old Nprthertt
Marriages and Weddings ;" ** De Anni Ratione apud ve-
leres Septentrionales ;" " History of Norway from tbo
foundation of the kingdom till the time of Harold^ Haar-
feger," 1771 — 1781, 4 vols. 4to, the last vohirne edited
by Sahm ; ** Travels through Norway," &c. He was aka
the contributor of many papers to tbe Transactions of the
Norwegian society, and of the. academy of sciences at Co-*
penhagen, on subjects of antiquity, bearing sonfie relation
to the northern nation«.^
SCHOOCKIUS (Martin), a learned and v^ry laborious
writer, was born April 1, 1614, at Utcecht, and was sue-
cessively professor of languages, rbetqric, hi^tony, natural
philosophy, logic, and experimental philqsopby in that
Qity, at Deventer, Groningen, and lastly, at Franoford
upon Oder, where he died in 1665, aged (ifty-one. Scbooc**
kius delighted in singular subjects, and has left a prodi-*
gious number of works. Burman says he never knew a
man who published so much and acquired so little- fame^ ia
the learned worlds Some of his works are qritijcal^ others
on philosophy, divinity, history, and literature, chiefly in
12GDO or 8vQ, &c. The mo.st known atre, tri^ts on turfs,
*^ De Turffis, sen de cespitibus Bituminosis ;'' *^ On But-
ter f* " On Antipathy to Cheese ;" " On Eggs and Chic^
kens ^** ^^ On Inundations ;'' *^ De Harengi^ seu Haleci^
» Diet. Hist 1
S C H O O C K lU S. 2S9
hm ;^* « De Sigiiaturis fotus f " De Ciconiw ;" « De Ni-
hilo ;** " De Sternutatione ;'* " De figmento legis Regi» ;'*
" De Bodtii Ecclesiasticis et Canonicis/* 4to ; " De Statu
Reipublicft foedecati Belgii/' &c* &c. He vrrote also agaiDi^t
Des CarteS) at the request of the famous VoetiuSy with
whom be was much connected. Some other pieces on sin-
golar subjects are in his " Exercitationes varia,'' 1663, 4to,
reprinted under the title of ** Martini Themidis exercitii-
tiohes," 1688, 4to, &c.*
SCHOOTEN (Francis), professor of mathematii^s at
Leyden about the middle of the Seventeenth century, ' i^as^
a very acute proficient in that science. He published, in'
1649, an edition of Descartes's geometry, with learned
and elaborate annotations on that work, as also those of
Beaunnie, Hudde, and Van He^uralt< Schooten pablisbed
also two very useful and learned works of his own compo^i-'
tioft ; " Principia Matheseos universalis," 1651, 4to; and
" Exercitationes Matbematicae," 1657, 4to.*
8CHOTT (Andrew), a very learned German, to wh6m
the republic of letters has been considerably indebted,^ utras
born at Antwerp, Sept. 12, 1552; and educated at Lou-
vain. Upon the taking and sacking of Antwerp in 1577^
he retired to Douay ; and, after some stay there, went to
Paris, where Busbequius received him into bis house, and
fnade him partner of his studies. Two years after, he went
into Spain, and was at first at Madrid ; then he removed
to Alcala, and then in 1580 to Toledo, where his great'
reputatioii procured hira a Greek professorship. The car-
dinal Gaspar Quiroga, abp. of Toledo, conceived at the
same time stich an esteem for him, that he lodged him in
Kis psilace, and entertained him as long as be remained in
that placev tn 1 584, he was invited to.Saragossa, to testch
rhetoric aftd the Greek latiguage r atyd, two years after,
entered into the society of Jestiits, and was called by Che
general of the order iht6 Italy ta teach rhetoric at Rotoe.
He continued thre6 years thercj and then returned to hisi
own country, where he spertt ihk remainder of a long life
in study and writing books. He was not only well skilled
in Latin and Greek learning, but had also in him a candour
Md generosity seldom to be found among the men of hirf
<^der. He had an earnest desire to oblige all mankind, of
- ' Kkeroiiy Yot.- XII. — Burman Traj* £radU.r-|^ico}8i's Vittt Professoruia
Grooingee.
* Hutton*s Diet, new edit. 1815.
S 2
260 S C H O T T.
•. «
what religion oi^ country soever ; and would freeljr cemmii^
ilicate even with heretics, if the cause of letters could be
served : hence protestant writers every where mention him
with respect He £ed at Antwerp Jan. 23» 1629, after
having published a great number of books. Besides works
more immediately connected with and relating to his owo
profession, he gave editions of, and wrote notes upon, se**
veral of the classics ; among which were Aureiius Victor^
Pomponius Mela, Seneca Rhetor, Cornelius Nepos, Vale«
ritts Flaccos, kc. He wrote the life of Francis di Borgia,
and- ^* Hfspania illustrata," 4 vols, folio, but there are rea-
sons for doubting whether the '* Bibliotheca Hispana9^^.S
vols, in one, 4to, was a publication of hia own ; it. seema
rather to have been compiled from his MSS. He published,;
howevetj an edition of BasiPs works, and is said to havei
triMislated Photius; but this has been thought to be so modi
below the abilities and learning of Schott, that some have
questioned bis having been the author of it.^
SCHOTT (Caspar), a learned Jesuit, was bom in 1608,
in the. diocese of Wurtzburg. His favourite studies were
philosophy and mathematics, which he taught till his death*
He passed several years at Palermo, whence be removed*
t» Rome, where he contracted an intimacy with the cele-^
brated Kircher, who communicated to bira several of hir
observations on the arts and sciences. Schott wasLauthor
of several works, of which the most remarkable are, 1^'
'* Pbysica curiosa ; stve Mirabilia Natures et arti»," J 667|r
4to. 2. << Magia naturalis et artificialis,''. 1657^^59^ 4 vel&
4to, reprinted in 1677. 3. "Technica curiosa," Norim*
berg, 1664, 4to, in which is foimd the first idea of the air*«^
pump. 4. ^<'Anat6mia Physico-hydrostatica Foatium ei
Fluminum.'* 5. ^^ Organum Mathematicum." In the va»
rious writings of this Jesuit are to be met with the germa of
the greater part of modern experiments'in pbysics* Coa<^
plete sets of them should consist of 20 vols, but they are
not easily procured, as they were almost entirely forgotten,
till brought to notice in 1785 by the abbe Mercier, in hisi
** Notice des ouvrages de Caspar Schott.-' *
SCHREVELIUS (CoaNEUUs), a Dutch commentator,
was the ion of Theodore Schrevelius, first rector of the
school at Haerlem, the lustory of which city lie published^
. 1 Dapin.— NiceroD» Tpl. XXVL-*Marehaii4 lo Psregriaos.*— Foppea's Bikti
lel)^.— Sanii Onoinaft.
K 0i«t Hist — BniB«t Maniisl 4u Ubraire*
S C H R E V E L I U S. 261
t
i
tnd afterwards rector of that of Leyden. He waa born pro-
bably at the former place, and removed to Leyden with biis
father in 1625, who being then advanced in years resjgfied
hi^ office in favour of Cornelius in 1642. Cornelius ap-
pears before this to have atudied and took his degrees in
medicine, but bis promotion to the school turned his at-
tention to classical pursuits, in the course of which he pub-
lished editions vamrum of Hesiod, Homer, Ctaudiitn, Vir.*
gil, Lucan, Martial, Juvenal and Perfiius, Erasmus's col-
loquies, &c. none of which have been so fortunate as to
obtain the approbation of modern critics. He applied^
however, to lexicograpby With more success, and besides
a good edition of the Greek part of Hesychius*s Lexicon,
published himself a Greek and Latin Dictionary, which has
been found so useful to beginners, that perhaps few works
of the kind hare gone through so many editions. Those <^
this country, where it still conttniies to be printed, have
been enlarged and improved by Hill, Bowyer,'aad others.
Schrevelius died in 1667.'
SCHULTENS (Albert), a German divine, was born $t
Grooingen, where he studied till 1706, and greatly <}iatin«
guisbed himself by taste and skill in Arabic learnings Hw
became a minister of Wassenar, and professor of tbe orien-
tal tongues at Franeker. At length he was invited to Ley*
4en, ' where he taught Hebrew and the oriental languages
with reputation till his death, which happened in 1750.
There are roatiy works of Schukens, which shew profound
learning and just criticism ; as, ^ Commentaries upon Job
and the Proverbs ;^* a book, . entitled ** Vetus et regia via
Hebraieandi ;'' *< A Treatise of Hebrew Roots,^' &c. ,He
had a son John Jacob Schultens, who was professor of divi-
nity and oriental languages at Leyden, in his room.^^ This
John Jacob was father to the subject of the following m^
tide.* -
SCHULTENS ( Henuy Albert ), was born Feb. 15,
1749, at Herborn (where his father was at that time divinity*
professor), and was educated at tbe university at Leyden,
where he applied himself with great diligence to the Ara^^
faic, under his father*^ instmcdions, and those of Scheie
dfais^ who then lodged in his house* By his fiber's wir^
vice, he commenced his study of the eastern langui^g^es by
1 Jopptn Bibl. Belg.-*BaiUct Jttf cmeDS.*-Moreri. *
s Mor«n.-^Dict. Hilt * -*-
^$» S C H U L T E N «.
JearniQg the Arabic, to which he applied during two ycnira,
:before be began the Hebrew. This» among other reasouf,
may account for the preference which he always gave to
th^ Arabic literature, and which was so great that he was
oftea heard to wish that the duties of bis station woujd al«
low him to devote the whole of his time to it. He, however,
studied the Greek and Latin classics with the utmost dili-
gence under Hemst^rhuis, Bhunkenius, and Vaikenaar*
He alio cultivated an acquaintance with the best modern
/^friters, among whom he in general gave the preference to
.^he English ; he was remarkably fond of JPope^ and of
.Sbakspeare he was an enthusiastic admirer.
In m2f when only in his twenty-^third year, he pub*
Jibbed a wprk entitled ^^ Antbolpgia Sententiarum Arabica*
•TQio,'' with a Latin translation and notes, of which sir Wilr
liam Jones testified his approbation. Soon after this ScbuU
^ena went tp England, in order to examine the Arabic MSS.
in the Bodleian library, and resided for some time at Oz*^
ford, as a gentleman commoner of Wadham college. Here
W less than three months during the short winter days, he
triauseribed Pocock's ^^ Meidanuis'' with his translation and
9ates, a work which, took up no Less than 646 folio pages*
The late professor White, in a letter to the father of ScbuU
teas, says of him : ** It is impossible for any one to be
morie geoecally respected in this place, or indeed to be
mode deserving of it. Hia abilities, his amiable disposition,
and Us polite behaviour, recomcqeod him strongly to alt
tbos^ among us who know him only by reputation, and en*
dear him toallwboare personally acquainted with him.^*
The university: testified its sense of his extraordinary merit,
by conferring on him ](in May 1773) the degree of M. A.
'by diploma. He. also visited Cambridge, where he spent
a fortmght ; during which time he corrected several errors
in the' catalogue of Arabic manuscripts, and made several
additions to it. In London be published a specimen of
Pocock's *^ Meidanius/' Dr. Morton offered to make him
Ilia assistant at the 'British Museum, and to secure to him
the reversion of his own place ; but the ambition of. Scbulr
tens was to be a professor of Ed^stern languages > and as
there was no probability of thii appointment in England,
be determined to return to Holland. Sir William Jones,
whose friendship he assiduously cultivated, advised him to
study the Persian, which he did with great diligence ; but
he complained that this pursuit was often interrupted by
S C H U. L T ENS. , 26S
Qtfaer avocations, and that be «vas not able to devote so
mucb time to it as he wi&bed.
Soon after bis arrival in tlie United Provinces, he was
chosen professor of oriental languages in the acadeifiical
school of Amsterdam, where he resided during five years,
and enjoyed the esteem and friendship of a numerous ac-
quaintance. Besides Latin lectures to the students, he de«
livered some in Dutch, on the Jeyvish antiquities and ori-
ental history, which were much frequented and greatly ad-
mired. On the death of jhis father, in 1778, he was cabled
to Leyden as his successor. In Nov. 1792, he was attack*
ed by a malignant catarrhal fever that terminated in a con-
Mmption, of which he died in August 179$. Some time
before his death, his physician found him reading the latter
part of St. John's gospel, of which he expressed the warmest
'admiration, and added, *^It is uo small consolation to me,
. that, in the vigour of health, I never thought less htgfaty of
the character and religion of Christ, than I do tioWi, in the
debility of sickness. Of the truth and esfcellence of Chris-
tianity I have always been convinced, and have always, f^s
far as human frailty would allow, endeavoured so to express
tbia conviction that, in these my last hours, I might with
confidence look forwards to a blessed immortality." Scbul-
tens, in his private character, was in every respect an
amifl^ble and worthy man.
. As a teacher, professor Schultens had the happy talent
of rendering the driest subjects plain and interesting to his
pupils. This was particularly the case with the principles
of the Hebrew grammar, > an intimate and accurate know-
ie^dge of which be recommended as indispensably necessary
to all who wished to understand the Old Testament in the
original language. In translating and explaining the Bible,
be preserved a judicious medium between those who
ithought the Hebrew text too sacred ^o be the subject of
criticism; and those whO| like Houbigant, without a sufH-
ioient acquaintance with the genius of the language^ ven-
tured on needless alterations. « Hence be was much dis-
pleased with a work by professor Kocberus of Benie, en-
titled '^ VindicisB sacri textua Hebrsei Esaies vatis, adversus
R. Lowthi criticam;'' concerning which he said, in a letter
to Dr. Findlay, of Glasgow, ^' It violates the bounds of
.moderation and decency by the assertion that the text of
Isaiah could not gain any thing by Dr. Lowt^i's conjectures.
I am of a vefy different opinion. When at Oxford and
264; SCHULTENS.
London, I was intimately acqaainted with bisbpp Lowtfa^i
hud an opportunity of knowing fais excellent dispositioHt'
and am therefore much vexed that Kocherus, from bis fiery
zeal against innovation, should have been induced to treat
him with severity, aa if the bishop had been a rash and pe*
thlant critic," Scbultens^s sentiments on this subject are
more fqily expressed iti some articles wiiich he wrote for
the ^' Bibliotheca Critica," published by Wyuenbach, par-
ticularly in tlie review of Kennicot's Bible. These judi*^
cious sentiments, together with bis extensive abilities and
knowledge of the subject, his ejulogist observes, rendered
him admirably qualified to have given a new version of the
Old 1 estameut. This at one time he designed, and nearly
finished a translation of the book of Job, which was pub-
lisihed after his deathly Herman Muntinge, 1794, 8vq, bu^
bis sentiments of this portion of sacred writ are so much, at
varianqe with those of the most able. and popular comment
tatqrs, that we question if it will meet with general appro-»
bation.
Professor Schulteos, though a very industrious student^
published little besides the ^^ Antbologia" already meution*
ed,..and the following, V Pars versionis Arahicse Ubri Co*
laili Wa Dimnab, sive Fabularum Bilpai;'' a supplement
, to D'Uerbelot's ^^ Bibliotbeque Orientate;'' a Dutqh trails-*
lation of Eichorn on the literary merits of Miobaelis ; and
three Latin orations. He at one time resumed his intended
editipn of Meidaoius, the care of which he left to.profes-
sor Schroeder, who published a volume 4to, under the title
^^ Meidani pvoverbiorum Arabicorj^m piars. Latiiie vertit et
notis illustravit H.A. Scultens. Opus postbumum," 1795.
It ought to consist of two more volumes, but we know not
that they have appeared*'
SCHULTETUS. See SCULTETUS.
SCHURMAN (Akna Maria a), a most learned German
lady, was the daughter of parents who were both descended
from noble Protestant families, and was born at Cologne, in
1607. She discovered from her infancy ah uncommon fa-
cility in acquiring various accomplishments, as cutting with
her scissors upan paper all sorts of figures, without any
model, designing Bowers, embroidery, music vocal and in-
^rumental, painting, sculpture, and engraving ; and is said
to have succeeded equally in all these arts. Mr. Evelyn,
1 Kantelaar'a Euloj^y, Amst. 1794; 8vo, in Montk. Rev. vol. XV, N. S.
S C H U R M A N. 265
in hh <* History of Chaleograpby/' has obserred, that ** tbe
very knomng Anna' Maria a Schurnian is skilled in this art
witb ionuncierable others, even to a prodigy of her sex.**
Her hand -writing in all languages was intmitable ; and some
curious persons have preserved 8f>eoiinens of it in their
cabinets. M. Joby, in his journey to Munster^ relates, that
he was an eye<* witness to the beauty of her writing, ia
French, Greek, Hebre%v, Syriac, and Arabic ; and of her
skill in drawing in miniature, and making portraits upoft
glass witb tbe point of a diamond. She painted her own
picture by means of a looking-glass; and made artificial
pearls so like natural ones, that they could not be dtstin^
guished but by pricking them with a needle.
The powers of b^ understanding were not inferior ta
her skill in those arts : for at eleven, when her' brothbi^
were examined in Latin^ she often whispered to them what
they were to answer, though she was only a casual hearef
of their lessons. Her Either therefore began to instruct
her more perfectly in that knowledge which made her so
justly celebrated; and very soon the Latin, Greek, and He*
hreiML languages became so familiar to her, that she not
only wrote, but spoke them, in a manner which surprised
tbe most learned men. She made a great progress also in
the Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, and Ethiopic ; and 'of the
livtDg languages, she understood and spoke readily, tbe
French, English, and^Italian. She was competently versed
in geography, astronomy, philosophy, and th^ sciences,
so, as to be able to judge of them with exakstness : but aM
these accomplishments yielded at last to divinity, and the
study of tbe scriptures. •
Her father, who had settled at Utrecht while she was an
infant, and afterwards removed to Franeker for the more
convenient education of his children, died there in 1623.
His widow then returned to Utrecht, where Anna Matia
cooftinuedher studies very intensely ; wbi^h pfobabty pre-
vented her from marrying, as she might have done advan^-
tageously with Mr. Cats,. pensionary of HoHand, and a
cdebrated . poet, who wrote verses in her praise when she
was only fourteen. Her modesty, which was as great as
hec knowledge, would have kept her in obscurity, if Rive^
tiis, Spanheim, and Vossius, had not made her merit known.
Saluiasius also, Beverovicius, and Huygens, maintaijied a
literary correspondence with her; and, by shewing her
letters, spread her fame into foreign countries. This pro-
36« S C H U HM A Nv
cured ber a correspondence with Balzac, Gassendi, Mer^
sennus^ Bochart, Conrart, and other emkient men ; personsr
6f the first rank paid her visits^ and cardinal Richeliea
likewise shewed her marks of his esteem. About 1650, a
great alteration took place in her religious system. She
performed her devotions in private, without frequenting
any church, upon which it was reported that she was in-
clined to popery ; but she attached herself to the famous
mystic Labadie, and embracing his principles and practice,
lived some time with him at Altena, in Holstein, and at-*
tended him at his death there in 1674. Sh^ afterwards
retired to Wiewart, in Friseland, where the famous Penn,
the Quaker, visited her in 1677 ; she died at this place in
1 678* She took for her device these words of St, Ignatius :
<* Amor meus crucifixus est"
She wrote '^De vitsB humanee termino," Ultra}. 1639;
i* Diasertatio de ingenii muliebris ad dootrinam et meliores
literasaptitudine,",L. Bat 1641, ,12mo. These two pieces^
with letters in French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, to her
learned correspondents, were printed in 1643, under the
title of ** A. M. a Schurman Opnscula • Hebrsesii, Gneca^
Latina, Gallica; prosaica & metrica;*' enlarged in a 2d
edition at Leyden, 1650, ]2mo. She wrote afterwards^
^^ Eukleria, seu melioris partis electio.*' This is a defence
of her attachment to Labadie, and was printed at Altena in
1673, when she was with him.^
SCHURTZFLEI8CH (Conrad Samuei,), a learned
German, was bora December 1.641, at Corback, in the
county x>f Waldeck^ Having taken a doctor^s deigree in
philosophy at Wittemberg, in 1664, he returned to Corbao,
where he taught during some time instead of his father,
'and/ then returning to Wittemberg, published a learned
piece, entitled /'Judicium de novissimis prudenties civilis
•criptoribus,'' &c^ under the assumed name of ** Eubulus
Tb^odatus Sarckmasius.^^ In this little work, which con^
sifits but of a leaf and half, the author passes judgment very
freely on fifteen German lawyers, or political writers, whidi
•raised him many enemies, and engaged him in a literary
war, which- produced a great number of pieces collected
lijr Crusius, 8vo, under the title of *' Acta Sarckmasiana,**
.and even occasioned his being struck out from the list of
1 Gen. Diet — Niceroa, vol. XXXIIL— Bullart's Academie des Sciences. —
Bttrman Traject Erudrt.
S C H U K T Z F L E I S C H. IJCT
doctors by the university of Wittembcrg, He was, faovr-
evety not only riestor^d to that title two y^ars after, but
appointed professor of history, then' of poetry, and at
]ength of Greek. Jn 1 700, Scburtzfleisch succeeded to the
rhetorical chair, and became counsellor and librarian to the
duke of Saxe-Weimar, and died July 7, 170S. He left a
great number of learned works on history, poetry, criticism^
hterature, &c. the most celebrated of which are, ** Dispu*
tationes bistoricsB civiles,*' Leipsic, 1j699, 3 tom.4to. Henry
Leonard Schurtzfleisch, his brother, Was also author of
some works, among which is, *^ Historia' Ensiferorum ordi**
wis Tieutonici," Wittemberg, 1701, l2mo.'
SCHWARTZ (Bertholet), who passes for being the
discoverer of that fatal composition so well known by the
name of gun-powder, was born at Friburg in Germany in
the thirteenth century, and is said to have discovered this
dangerous secret in pfison, as he was making some chemi-
cal experiments. Albertus Magnus speaks of him as a
Cordelier, and says that he invented stole sorts of fire*
arms. The discovery of this fatal secret has been attributed
by^ome to the Chinese, and by others to our countryman,
Roger Bacon.: however, the use of artillery was introduced
about the time of the battle of Crecy, 1346, and made an
absolute change in the whole art of war ; whether a benefit
eial one, has not yet been decided.'
SCIOPPIUS (Gaspar), a learned German writer, and
one of the most arrogant and contentious critics of his time,
was born about 1576 ; and studied first at Amberg, then at
Heidelberg, afterwards at AltdoFf, at the charges of the
elector palatine. Having m^de a considerable stay at In*
golstadt, he returned to Altdorff, where he began to publish
some of his works. Ottavia Ferrari, a celebrated professor
at Padua, says, that he ^^ published books when he was hut
sixteen, whi^h deserved to be admired by old men ;'* some,
however, of his early productions do not deserve this en-
comium. He took a journey into Italy; and, after he had
beeo some time at Verona, returned into Germany, whence
he went again into Italy, and published at Ferrara a pane-
gyric upon the king of Spain and pope Clement Vlll. In
1599, he embraced the Roman catholic religion, but had
an extraordinary antipathy to the Jesuits ; against wh6m,
Baillet tells us, he wrote about thirty treatises under ficti-
} KiQCfOB, Tol. I,— Moreri. * Bullart*i Acadebile des Sciences.— Moreri.
aes S C I O P 1? I U S.
iious Dames. Nor was he more lenient to the Protestant^
and solicited the princes to extirpate them by the mo^t
bloody meansy in a book which he published at Pavia in
1619, Udder the title of '^(^^sp. Scioppii Consiliarii Regii
Classicum belli sacri, - sive, Heldus Redivivus." The fol;>
lowing is the title of another, printed at Mentz in 1612^
against Philip Mornay du Plessis; and which, as he telliL
us in the title-page, he sent to James I. Of England, by
way of new-year's gift : " Alexipbarmacum Regium felli
draconum et veueno aspidum sub Philippi Mornaei de Ples-
sis nuper Papatus historic abdito apposituro, et*sereniss*
Jalcobo Magnae Britanniae Regi strensB JanuarisD loco mu^
neri missum/' He had before attacked the king of England^
by publishing in 1611, two books with these titles : '* £c<-
clesiasticus auctoritati Sereniss. D. Jacobi, &c. oppositus,**
and " Collyrium Regium Britanhiae Regi graviter ex oculis
Jaboranti muneri missum :" that is, *^ An Eye-salve for the
use of his Britannic majesty/' In the first of these pieces
he ventured to attack Henry IV. of France in a most violent
manner; which occasioned his book to be burnt s^t Paris,
He gloried, however, in this disgrace ; and, according to
bis own account, had the farther honour of being hanged
in effigy in a farce, which was acted before the king of
England. He did not, however, always escape with impu-
nity; for, in 1614, the servants of the English ambassajdoc
are said to have beaten him with great severity at Madrid,
Of the wounds he received in this conflict, he, as usu^l^
made his boasts, as he also did of having beeii tne princi-
pal contriver of the Catholic league, which proved so
ruinous to the Protestants in Germany. In his way through '
Venice in 1607, he had a conference with father Paul, '
whom be endeavoured by promises and threats to bring over
to the pope's party; which, perhaps, with other circum-
stances, occasioned his being imprisoned there three or four
d^ys. After he had spent many years in literary contests,
he applied himself to the prophecies of holy scripture, and
flattered himself that he had discovered the true key to.
them. He sent some of these prophetical dispoveries to
cardinal^iyiazarine, who paid no attention to them. It baa
been said that he had thoughts at last of going back to tha •
communion of Protestants ; butithis, resting upon the sin-
gle testimony of Hornius, has not been generally believed^
He died in 1649.
He was indisputably a very learned man ; and, bad his
SCIOPPIUS. 26»
«
jnoderation and probity been eqaal to his learning, might
justly have been accounted ah ornament to the republic of
letters : his application to study, his memory, the multitude
af his books, and his quickness of parts, are surprising.
Ferrarius tells us that he studied day and night ; that, dur«
itig the last fourteen years of his life, he kept himself shut
Qp in a little room, and that his conversation with those
who went to visit hiYn ran only upon learning ; that, like
another Ezra, he might haverestored the holy scripture, if
it had been lost, for that he could repeat it almost by heart;
and that the number of his books exceeded the* number of
his years. He left behind him also several manuscripts,
which, as Morhoflf tells us, ** remained in the hands of
Picruecius, professor at Padua, and are not yet published,
to the no small indignation of the learned world/' He wa«
nevertheless a man of a malignant and contentious spirit^i
and lived in continual hostility with the learned of his time,
nor did he spare the best writers of ancient Rome, even
Cicero himself,- whose language he censured for impropri-
eties and barbarisms. Niceron enumerates upwards of an
hundred different publications by Scioppius, all of which
are now fallen into oblivion, or only occasionally consulted.
They are mostly polemical, on subjects of criticism, reli-
gious opinions, the Jesuits, Protestants, &c. many of them
under the fictitious names of Nicodemi^s Macer, Oporinus
Grubinius, Aspasius Crosippus, Holofernes Krigsoederus,
and other barbarous assumptions/
SCOPOLI (John Anthony), an eminent naturalist, was
born in 1725, at Cavalese, in the bishopric of Trent. He
studied at Inspruck, and at twenty years old obtained tlie
degree of licentiate in medicine, and afterwards was in-
tmsted with the care of the hospitals of Trent, and of his
native town Cavalese ; but as this stage was too small for hit
anibition, he requested that his parents would permit. him ,
fo go to Venice^ In that city, under the auspices of Lo-
taria Lotti, he extended bis knowledge of nredicine, and
added to it a more intimate acquaintance with pharmacy^
botany, and natural history. On his return he traversed
the mountains of Tirol and Carniola, where he laid the
foundation of his " Flor^" and •' Entoraologia Camiolica."
In 1754 be accompanied count de Firmian, prince bishop,
' and afterwards cardinal^ to Gratz, from whence he went to
470 s c o p; 0 t I.
J
Vienna to obtain a diploma to practice in the Ausfrian do*,
tninions. His examinatioii ia said to have been rigproos^
and bis thesis on a new method of classing plants to havte
been received with great regard* The friendship of Via^
Swieten^ if in this instance it can be called friendships pro-,
cured him the office of first. physician to the Austrian mioem
ofTirol* In this banishment he continued more than ten
years ; for it was only in 1766, after repeated solicitations^
that he obtained the post of counsellor in the mining de-
partment, and professor of mineralogy at Schemnitz ; but
in this interval he produced his *' Anpi tres Historico-na«
turales," 1769 to 1771, 8^o. In this new office he was
indefatigable iiv teaching, exploring new mines, composing
different works on fossils, and improving the method of
treating minerals ; but after ten years' labour^ be was not
able to obtain the newly-established chair of natural bis-*
tory at Vienna ; yet soon after his attempt, about the end
of 1776, be was appointed professor of chemistry and bo-
tany at Payia. In this situation he published some pharma-
ceutical essays, translated and greatly augmented Macquer's
dictionary, and explained tbe contents of the cabinet of
natural history belonging to the university, under the title
of ^^ Deliqise Florse et Faunae Insubricse/' the last part of
which he did not live to complete, Tbe president of the
Linnsean society, who dedicated the Scopolia to his memory^
informs us that, after some domestic chagrin, and mucb
public persecution, he died at Pavia^ May 8, 1788. Ha
had been concerned with all tbe most eminent men of that
university, Volta, Fontana, and others, in detecting the
misconduct of their colleague, the celebrated Spallanzani^
who bad robbed the public museum. But the emperor^
loth to dismiss sq able a professor, contented himself with
a personal rebuke at Vienna to the culprit,, and his accusers
were silenced, in a manner which was supposed to have
caused the death of Scopoli. The survivors told theif
story, as explicitly as they durst, in a circular letter to tbe
learned of Europe.'
SCOTT (David), was born near Haddington, in East
Lothian, 1675, and brought up to the law in Edinburgh ^
but never made any figure at the bar. Attached to the royal
family of Stewart, he refused to take the oaths to the revo-
lution-settlement, which brought bioi into many difficulties^
1 Crit. RcT. vol. l^VIt— Reo^s Cyclppttai»Bi<t Scopolis.
SCOTT- 271
smd soiD^iaies imprisonmetit. fie had no great knowledge
o£ bistory ; but an t>pibion of bis own abilities induced him
to write that of Scotland^ which was published in 1727^ iti
one volume folio. It is a performance of not much value.
He died at Haddington, 1742, aged sixty -seven .^
SCOTT (Daniel), a dissenting mini&ter, was the son of
a merchant in London, and was educated with Butler and
Seeker, afterwards eminent prelates in the church of Eng-
land, under the learned Mr. Jones, at Tewkesbury, in
Gloucestershire, from whose seminary' be removed td
Utrecht, in HoHand, pursued his studies with indefetigable
«eal, and took his degree of doctor of laws. While he was
ill this city, be changed his^ opinion concerning the mode
of baptism, and became a baptist, but occasionally joined
in communion with other denominations. On his retiirn to
England, he settled in. London or Colchester, and devoted
his timeto varions learned and useful treatises. In 172r^
appeared his ^^ Essay towards ^ Demonstration of the Scrip-
ture Trinity,'' without his name, which was for some timci
ascribed to Mr. James Pierce, of Exeter. - In 1738, a se-
cond ' edition, with some enlargements, was sent out from
the press^ and in both editions the author's friends have
laboured to prove that dishonourable methods were taken to
prevent the spread of it. A new edition of this Essay,- freed
from the learned quotations with which it abounded, wa)
printed, some years back, in 4to, and, without any disho-
nourable means, added very little to the So<^inian cause.
In 1741, he appeared to more advantage in f* A New Ver-
sion of St. Matthew^s Gospel, with Critical Note$; and an
Examination of Dr. Mill's Various Readings ;" a very learn-
ed and accurate performance. At the persuasion of his
dignified friends. Seeker and Birtler, to whom he dedicated
his work, .be published, in 1745, in two volumes, folio, an
*^ Appendix to H. Stephen's Greek Lexicon ;" a monument
9f bis aosazing diligence, critical skill, and precision. He
l^t sevesal hundred pounds by this publication, and, by
bis close application to it for many years, broke his health
and spirits. He was never married, and died suddenly, in
a retirement near London^ March 2.9, 1759.
His father,, by his first wife, had a son, Thomas Scott, a
dissenting minister at Norwich, who published several ocr
csQidfial Bermons, and died in 1 746, leaving two sons, one
( Preceding edition of this Diet.
?72 SCOTT.
TbonOas Scott, a dissenting minister at tpswichi authoi^ of
a poetical version of the Book of Job, a ^second editioo of
which was printed in 1774. This has been thought nnore
Taluable as a commentary than as a translation. His other
son was Dr. Joseph Nicol Scott, who was first a dissenting
minister, and published 2 vols, of sermons *' preached in
defence of all religion, whether natural or revealed.^' He
was a strenuous opponent of the doctrine of eternal punish-
ments. He afterwards pcactised pbjsic in London, and
died about 1774.'
SCOTl^ (George Lewis), a learned member of the
royal society^ and of the board of longitude, was the eldest
son of Mr. Scott, of Bristow, in Scotland, who married
Miss Stewart, daughter of sir James Stewart, lord advo-
cate of Scotland io the reigns of WiiUam UI. and queen
Anne. That lady was(* also his cousin-german, their mo«
Ihers being sisters, and both daughters of Mr. Robert
Trail, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, of the same fa-
mily as the rev. Dr. William Trail, the learned auibor of
the ^^ Life of Dr. Robert Simson, professor of mathematics
at Glasgow/'
Mr. Scott, the father, with bis family, lived many years
abroad, in a public character ; and he had three sons born
while residing at the court of Hanover. The eldest of these
was our author, George Lewis, named, in both these natnes^
after his god*father, the elector, who was afterwards George
I. George Lewis Scott was a gentleman of considerable
talents and general learning ; he was well-skilled alsoio .tbe
mathematical sciences *, for which he manifested at times
a critical taste, as may be particularly seen in some letters
which, in 1764, passed between him and and Dr. Simson^
of Glasgow, and are inserted in Dr. Trail's account of ^' The
Life and Writings of Dr^ ^irnsoii.'* Mr. Scott was also the
author of the ^^ Supplement to Chambers's Dictionary,** in
2 large folio volumes, which was much esteemed, and for
which be received 1,500/. from the booksellers, a consi-
derable price at the time of that publication. Mr.
Scott was sub-preceptor, for the Latin language, to hia
present majesty when, prince of Wales. After thia^t he was
^ From the preface to a new edition of ** An Essay towards a demonstration
of the Trinity ,»> reprinted in 1775 or 1779.
* Dr. Bunieyi in tbe Cydopsdia, speaks of- Dr. Scott as an exeellant A«*
sician, and the autboj' of some valaable articles on that subjecti in th« Suppie«
meat to Cbambers^s Dictionary.
S C O T T; 273^
appointed a Commissioner of excise ; a situation which Kis
friends considered as not adequate to bis past deserts, and
inferior to what he probably would have had, but for the
freedom of his political of/inions. From some correspond-*
enoe *with Gibbon, to whom, in particular, he wrote an
ejLCelient letter of directions for mathematical studies,- we
may infer that he did not differ much from that gentleman
in matters of religfous beliet^. Mr. Scott died Dec. 1780.-
He was elected F, S. A. in 1736, and F. R: S. in 1737.
. Mrs. Scott, his widow, survived him about fifteen years,
and (lied at Catton, near Norwich,- in Nov. 1795. She was
sister to the late celebrated Mrs; Montagu, of Portman-
square. From the pen of a very intelligent and equally
candid writer, we have the following account of this lady :
^^ She was' an excellent historian, -of great acquirements,
eKtraordinany hiemory, and strong sense; and constantly
emplbyed in literary labours ; yet careless of faniie, and*
free from vanity and ostentation. Owing to a disagreement
of tempers, she soon separated from her husband ; but in
e%!ery other rellition of life she-was, with some peculiarities,'
a woman of exemplary conduct, of sound principles, en-
livened by -the warmest sense of religion, and of a charity
so unbounded, so totally regardless of herself, as to be
almost excessive and indiscriminate. Her talents were not
so. brilliant, nor her genius so predominant, as those of her
sister, Mrs. Montagu : but in some departments of litera-'
ture she was by no means her inferior. When she left her
husband she united her income with that 9f.ber intimate
friend, lady Bab Montagu, the sister of lord Halifax, and
they continued to live together to the death of the Matter.
From that period Mrs. Scott continually changed her ha-
hitation, for restlesst^ss was one of her foibles. Her in*
tercoiirse with the world was various and extensive ; and
there .were few ikerary people of her day with whom she
had not either an acquaintance or a correspondence. Yet
when she died, not one of her contemporaries who knew
her literary habits came forward to preserve the slightest
memorial of her; and she went to her grave as unnoticed
as the most obscure of those who have done nothing worthy
of reniembrance. Under these circumstances, the writer
of this article trusts to a candid reception of this imperfect
memoir^ while he laments that Mrs. Scott herself shut out
some of the^best materials, by ordering all her papers and
voluminous correspondence, which came into the hands of
Vol. XXVII. T
?74 SCOTT.
ber executrix, to be burnt ; an order fpacb to be lamented^
because there is reason to believe, from the fragments
\i^hich remain in other hands, that her letters abounded with
literary anecdote, and acute observations on character and
life. Her style was easy, unaffected, and perspicuous ;
her remarks sound, and her sagacity striking* Though her
fancy was not sufficiently powerful to give the highest at-^
traction to a novel, she excelled in ethical remarks, and
the annals of the actual scenes of human nature. In dra*
naatic effect, in high-wrought passion, and splendid imagery^
perhaps she was deficient.*'
The following is given on the same authority, as an im«.
perfect list of Mrs. Scott's works, all published at London,
without her namey and one with a fictitious name, 1. <^The
History of Cornelia," a novel, 1750, 12mo. 2. "A' Jour-
ney through ev^ry stage of Life," 1754, 2 vols. ]2mo. 3.
*^ Agreeable Ugliness ; or, the triumph of the graces," &c.
1754, }2mo. 4. ^^ The History of Gustavus Ericson, king
of Sweden, with an introductory history of Sweden, fronn
the middle of the twelfth century. By Henry Augustus
Raymond, esq." 1761, 8vo. 5. " The History of Meck-^
lenburghj" 176?^ 8vo. 6. " A Description of Milleniun^
Hs^li," second edition, 1764, 12mo. 7. "The History of
sir George Ellison," 1776, 2 vols. 12mo. 8. "The test of
Filial Duty," 1772, 2 vols. 12mo. 9. " Life of Theodore
Agrippa D'Aubigne," 1772, 8iV0. '
SCOTT (Dr. John), a learned English divine, was son
of Mr. Thomas Scott, a substantial grazier, and was born
ip tijie parish of Cbippingham, in Wiltshire, in 1638. Not
being intended for a literary profession, be served an ap-
prenticeship in London, much against his will, for about
tbr^e years i but, having an inclination as well as talents
for learning, be quitted his trade and went to Oxford.
He wa^ admitted a commoner of New Inn in 1657, and
mac^e a. great progress in logic and philosophy ; but left
the university without taking a degree, and being ordained,
caod^ to London, where he officiated in the perpetual cu-
racy of Trinity in the Minories, and as minister of St.
Thoips^'s in Southwark. In 1677 oe was presented to the-
rf ctory of St. Peler Le Poor ; and was collated to a prebend
in St Paul's cathedral in 1684. In 1685 he accumulated
the degrees of bachelor and doctor in divinity, having be<»
^ Ilutton's Dictionary, new edit.r— Censura Literaria, vols. I. and XL— Shef-
aeki's Life of Gibbon.— Geat, Mag« vol, UCVllL and LXXV. whti e are some •f
Mrs* Scott's Iflten.
SCOTT. 27*
fore taken no degree in any otheif faculty. Ih 1^91 6e
sacceeded Sharp, afterwards archbishop of York, in Che
rectory of St. Giles in the Fields ; and the satnie year wds
made canon of Windsor. Wood says that **' he might sot)ri
have been a bisliop, had not some scruples hinderecl him ;"
alid Hicfces has told us that he refused the bishopric of
Chester, because he could not take th^ oath of homage ;
and afterwards another bishopric, the deanery of Wor-
cester, and a prebend of the church of Windsor, because
they were aU places of deprived faen. This, however, _
Dr. Isham attributes entirely to his growing infirmities.
He died in 1694, and was buried in St. Giles's church : his
funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Isham, and afterwards
printed in 1695. In this sermon we are told that " he had
niany Virtues ih Him of no ordinary growth : piety towards
God; kindness, friendship, affability, sincerity, towards
men ; zeal and consta/ncy in th6 discharge of the pastoral
office ; and, in a word, all those graces and virtues which
matke the good Christian and the good man." When po-
pery was encroacbihg under Charles II. and JamesII. he was
one of those champions who opposed it with great warmth
and courage, particularly in the dedication of a sermoa
preached at Guildhall chapel, Nov. 5, 1683, to sir Wil-
liam Hooker, lord-mayor of London, where he declares
that *' Domitian and Dioclesian w^ere but puny persecu-
tors and bunglers in cruelty, compared with the infal-
lible cut-throats of the apostolical chair.'*
This divine wrote an excellent work, called " The Chris-
tian Life," vyhich has been often printed, and much read.
The first part was published 1681, in 8vo, with this title,
** The Christian Life, from its beginning to its consumma-
tion in glory, together with the several means and instru-
ments or Christianity conducing thereunto, with directions
for private devotion and forms of prayer, fitted to the se-
veral states of Christians;" in 1635, another part, "whereiri
the fundamental principles of Christian duty are assigned,
e'Xplained, and proved ;*' in 1686, another part, "wherein
th6 doctrine of pur Saviour's mediation is explained and
proved." To these volunies of the " Christian Life" the
pfious author intended a continuation, had not long infir-
mity, and afterwards death, prevented him. This work is
itot now much read, although the ninth edition was pub-
lished in 1729* Mr. Orton, in his " Letters to young Mi-
-fiisters/' seems tq recommend the first volume only,
T 2
276 SCOTT*
>
Dr. Scott published two pieces against the papists: Ic
^* Examination of Bellarmine's eighth note concerning sane*
tity of doctrine." 2. ** The texts examined, which papists
cite out of the Bible concerning prayer in an unknown
tongue." Both these pieces were printed together, Oct.
1688; while king James was upon the throne. He wrote
also ^^ Certain Cases of Conscience resolved, concerning the
lawfulnese of joining with forms of prayer in public wor«
ship," i683, in two parts; which were both reprinted,, and
inserted in the second volume of a work entitled ^* A col-
lection of Cases and other Discourses lately written to re-
cover Dissenters to the Communion of the Church of £ng«
land," 1685, 4to. His whole works, including sermons,
&c. were published in 2 vols. fol. 1704. ^
SCOTT (John), a poet of considerable genius, and a
very amiable man, was the youngest son of Samuel and
Martha Scott, and was born January 9, 1730, in the Grange*
Walk, in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey.
His father was a draper and citizen of London, a man of
plain and irreproacliable manners^ and one of tlie society
of the people called quakers, in which persuasion our poet
was educated, and continued during the whole of his life,
although not with the strictest attention to all the pecu-
liarities of that sect. In the seventh year of his age he waa
put under the tuition of One John Clarke, a native of Sc6t-
land, who kept a School in Bermondsey-street, attended
young Scott at his father's house, and instructed him in the
rudiments of the Latin tongue. In his tenth year his father
retired with his family, consisting of Mrs. Scott and two
SODS,, to the village of Amwell in Hertfordshire^ where, for
some time, he carried on the malting trade. Here our
poet was sent to a private day-school, in which he is said
to have had few opportunities of polite literature, and those
few were decUned by his father From a dread of the small- .
pox, Which neither be nor his son bad yet caught. This
terror, perpetually recurring as the disorder made its ap-
pearance in one quarter or another^ occasioned such fre-,
quent removals as prevented his son from the advantages
of regular education. The youth, however, did not neg-
lect to cultivate his mind by such means as were in bis
power. About the age of seventeen he discovered an in-
clination to the study of poetry, with which he combined a
> B'log. Brit.^Atb. Ox. vol. IL '
SCOTT. «77
'delight in viewing the appearances of rural nature. At
this time he derived much assistance from the conversation
and opinions of one Charles Frogley, a person in the hum-
ble station of a bricklayer, but who had improved a natural
taste for poetry, and arrived at a considerable degree of
critical discernment. This Mr. Scott thankfully acknow-
ledged when he had himself attained a rank among the wri-
ters of his age, and could return with interest the praise
by which Fro'gley had cheered his youthful attempts. The
only other adviser of his studies, in this sequestered spot,
was a Mr. John Turner, afterwards a dissenting preacher.
To him he vvas introduced in 1753 or 1754, and, on the
Temoval of Mr. Turner to London, and afterward^ to Col-
leton in Devonshire, they carried on a friendly corre-
spondence on matters of general taste.
Mr. Scott's first poetical essays were published in the
Gentleman's Magazine, " the great receptacle for the ebul-
litions of youthful genius." Mr. Hoole, his biographer,
has not been able to discover all the pieces inserted by
him in that work, but has reprinted three of them, whieh
are added to his works in the la^e edition of the English
poets. With the taste of the public during his retirement
at Amwell he could have little acquaintance. He had
lived here about twenty years, at a distance from, any lite-
rary society or information. His reading was chiefly con-
fined to books of taste and criticism; but the latter at that
time were not many nor very valuable. In the ancient or
modern languages it does not appear that he made any
progress. Mr. Hoole thinks he knew very little of Latin,
and had no knowledge of either French or Italian. Those
who know of what importance it is to improve genius by
study, will regret that such a man was left, in the pliable
days of youth, without any acquaintance , with the noble
models on which English poets have been formed. They
will yet more regret, that the cause of this distance frooi
literary ^society, the source of all generous and useful
emulation, was a superstitious dread of the small-pox^
already mentioned as obstructing his early studies, and
which continued to prevail with his parents to such a de-
gree, that although at the distance of only twenty miles^
their son had been permitted to visit London but once in
twenty years. His chief occupation, when not in a humour
10 study, was in cultivating a garden, for which he had
a?? SCOTT*.
a particular fondness^ and at length rendered one of tb^
ipost attractive objects tp the visitors of Amwell.
About the year 1760, be began to make occasional,
though cautious and short visits to Loudon ; and in tbc
spring of this year, published his ** Four Elegies, DfBscrip-
tive and Moral/' epithets which may be applied to almost
all bis poetry. These were very favourably received, and
not only praised by the public critics, but received the va-
Juable commendations of Dr. Young,, Mrs. Talbot, and
Mrs. Carter, who ]pved poetry, and loved it roost when in
cpnjqnction vyith piety. But for many years he abstained
from farther publication, determined to put in np. claiais
that were not strengthened by the utmost industry and frer
fjueqt and careful revisal. This, probably, in soipp Cfkse^
checked his enthusiasm, ai)d gave to his longer poen^ an
fipp^^r^nce of labour. ♦,
In 1761, during the prevalence of the ^mall-pox at
llYar^y he re^ioved to St. Margaret's, a small hamlet about
tvvo milos distant from Amwell, where, Mr. Hool^ informs
V9^ he became first acquainted with him, and s£^w the first
jsketph of bis poem of Amwell, to which he th^n gave the
title of ** A Prospect of Ware J^nd the Country a^acent."
Ip 1 76^, he becamp sensible of (he many disadvantages h^
labpured upder by living in continual dread of the spiall-
pox, and h^(l the courage to submit to the operation of
inoculation, which was successfully. performed by t^ie lat^
^aron Dim^d^le. He now visited London more frequently^
and Mr. Hoole had the satisfaction to introduce him, among
others, tp J)r, Johnson. <^ Notwithstanding the great dif*-
ferf qce of their political principles, Scott had too much
)ovp ifor gopdness and genius, npt to be highly gratified ip
the opportunity of cultivating a friendship with that grei^t^
lexemplar of human virtues, and that great veteran of hur
paan learning ; while the doctor, with a mind sujperior t9
the distinction of party, delighted with equ^l cprpplacency
ii^ the amiable qualities pf Scott, of whqm he ^Iwfiys spokf
with feeling, regard."
In 1767, he married Sarah Frogley, tfae^'daughter of bi«
early friend and adviser ^harles Frogley- l^he bride wa%
previous to her nuptials, admitted a member of the society
of quakers. For her father he ever preserved the highest
^respect, and seems to have written bis Eleventh Ode with
a view to relieve the mind of that worthy man from the
SCOTT. ft»
apprehension of being neglected by him. The eonnec-^
tton be bad formed in bis family^ bowever, was not of long
duration. His vrife died in childbed in 1768| and tbe same
year be lost his father and bis infant-child. For some time
be was inconsolable^ and removed from Amwell^ where so
many objects excited the bitter remembrance of all he held
dear, to the bouse of a friend at: Upton. Here^ when time
and reflection bad mellowed his grief, be hononred tbe
memory of his wife by an elegy in which tenderness and
Jove are expressed in ^he geonine language of nature* As
he did not wish to make a parade of bis private feelings, a
few copies only of this elegy were given to his friends, nor
would be ever suffer it to be published for sale. It pro*
cured him the praise of Dr. Hiiwkeswortfa, and the friend^
ship of Dr. Langborne^ who, about this time^ bad be^ii
viiifed by a similar calamity. His mother, it ought to bav#
b^en mentioned, died in 1766; and, in 1769^ be lost bis
friend and correspondent Mr. Turner.
In November 1770, be married his second wife, Mary d^
HornCy daughter of tbe late Abraham de Home : *' a lady
whose amiable qualities promised bim many years of un^
interrupted happiness.*' During bis visit in London^ fae
increased his literary circle of friends by an introduction
io Mrs. Montagu's parties. Among those who principally
noticed bim with respect, were lord Lyttelton^ sir William
Jones, Mr. Potter, Mr. Micklcj and Dr. Beattie^ who paid
bim a cordial visit at Amwell in 1773, and again in 1781,
and became one of bis correspondents.
Although we have bitberto contemplated our author as a
student and occasional poet» be rendered himself more
conspicuous as one of tbose reflectors on public affiurs
who employ mocb of their time in endeavouring to be use>-
ful. Among other subjects, his attention bad often been
called to that glaring defect in human polity, the state of
tbe poor; and having revolved the subject in bis mind^
vritb the assistance of many personal inquiries, be published
in 177S ^< Observations on tbe present state of tbe paro^
cbial and vagrant Poor." It is needless to add, that bis
advice in this matter was rather approved than followed.
Some of his propositions, indeed, were incorporated in
Mr. Gilbert^s Bill, in 1782 ; but the whole was lost for want
of parliamentary support
In 1776 he published bis <' Amwell/' a descriptive poemy
which be had long been preparing, and in wbicb be fondly
tM • SCOTT.
hoped to immortalize his favoarite viHage. Hii bibgrap^
pher, however; has amply demonstrated the impossibitity
df communicating^ local enthusiasm by any attempt of this
kind. The reflections occasionally introduced, and the
historical or encomiastic digressions, are generally selected
as the most pleasing passages in descriptive poetry ; but all
that '|s really descriptive, all that would reiiK)ve us from
the closet to the scene, is a hopeless attempt to do that by
the pen which can only be done by the pencil.
At such intervals as our author could spare, he wrote
various anonymous pamphlets and essays, on miscellaneous
subjects, and is said to have -appeared among the enemies
of the measures of government who answered Dr. Johnson's
<* Patriot," " False Alarm," and " Taxation no Tyranny."
On the commencement of the Rowleian controversy^ he
tooji the part of Chatterton, and was among the first who
questioned the authenticity of the poems ascribed to Row-
ley. This he discussed in some letters inserted in tbe.Gen*
tleman's Magazine. Of course he was led to admire the
wonderful powers of the young impostor, and in his XXIst
ode pays a poetical tribute to his memory^ in which, with
others of his br^ren at that time, he censures the unfeel-
ing rich for depriving their country oC a new Sbakspeare
or Milton. -
These, however, were his amusements ; the more valu-
able part of his time was devoted to such public business as
is ever best conducted hy men of his pure and independent
character. He gave regular attendance at turnpike-meet-
ings^ navigation trusts, and commissions of land tax"*, and
proposed and carried various scheme^of local improvement^
.particularly the fine road between Ware and Hertford, and
some useful alterations ii\ the streets dF Ware. AmK)ng bia
neighbours he frequently, by a judicious interference or
.arbitration, ^checked that spirit of litigation which destroys
the felicity of a country life. During the meritorious em-
^ployments of his public and political life, it can only be
imputed to him that in bis zeal for the principles he es*-
poused, he sometimes betrayed too great warmth ; and in
»
* When once asked whether he was that an oath and an affirmatWe are sub-
in the commission of the peace, he stantialty the same, and that the mode
answered without hesitation that his of appeal, to the Searcher of hearts is
principal objection to taking the oath, of little consequence, though he cer-
was the offence, which it would give to tainly preferred the ktter. Monthly
ihM Socieiy. His own opinion was, KeTiew, toI. YII. N. S. p. dd*7.
a. C O T T. £«1
answering Dr. Johnson's pamphlets, it Jias been altowed
that he made use of expressions which would better beconae
those who did not know the worth of that excellent cba-
racten
In 1778^ he published a work of great labour and oti«
lity» entitled ^^ A Digest of the Highway and general Turn-
pike laws." In this compilation, Mr. Hoole informs us,
all the acts of parliament in force are collected together,
and placed in one point of view; their contents are ar-
ranged under distinct heads, with the addition of many
notes, and an appendix on the construction and preserva-
tion of public roads, probably the only scientific treatise on
the subject A part of this work appeared in 1773, ui^der
the. title of a ^^ Digest of the Highway Laws.'* In the
fiipring of 1782, be published what he had long projected, a
volume of poetry, including his elegies, Amwell, and a
great variety of hitherto unpublished pieces. On this vo«
lunxe it is evident he had bestowed great pains, and added
the decorations of some beautiful engravings. A very fa-
vourable account was given of the whole of its contents in
the Monthly Review ; but the Critical having taken some
personal . libertjes with the author, hinting that the orna- .
jsients were not quite suitable to the plainness and simpli*
city of a quaker, Mr. Scott thought proper to publish a let-
ter addressed to the authors of that journal, in which he
expostulated with them on their conduct, and defended his
poetry. Every friend, however, must wish he had passed
over their strictures in silence. .His defence of bis poetry
betrays him into the error of which he complained, and we
see far more of the conceited egotist than could have been,
supposed to belong to his simple and humble character.
After this contest, he began to prepare a work of the
critical kind. He had been dissatisfied with some of Dr.
Johnson's Lives of the Poets, and had aoutssed in the course
of- bis own reading and reflection, a number of observations
on Denham, Milton, Pope, Dyer, Goldsmith, andvThoni-
son,. which he sent to the press, under the. title of "Cri-
tical'Essays," but did not live to publish them. On the
25ih of October 1783, he accompanied Mrs. Scott to Lon-
don for the benefit of medical advice for a complaint under
which she laboured at that time ; but on the 1st of Decem-
ber, while at his house at RadclifF, he was attacked by a
putrid fever, which proved fatal on the 12th of that mouth,
and he was interred on the 18th in the Quaker burying-
S82 SCOT T.
ground at Radcliff. He bad arrived at his fifty-fourth year,
and left behind a widow and a daughter, their only childi
then about six years old. His death was the more lament-*
ed as he was in the vigour of life, and had the prospect of
many years of usefulness. ^' In his person he was tall and
ulender,. but his limbs were remarkably strong and museum
Jar : he was very active, and delighted much in the ezer-*
cise of walking ; his countenance was cheerful and ani«
mated.'' The portrait prefixed to bis works is not a very
correct likeness, nor was .he himself satisfied with it.
- His public and private character appears to have been ia
every respect worthy of imitation, but what his religious
opinions were, except that he cherished a general reve-
rence for piety, is somewhat doubtful. Professedly, he
was one of the society called Quakers, but the paper which
that society, or some of his relations, thought it necessary
to publish after his death, seems to intimate that in their
opinion, and finally in his own, bis practice had not in all
respects heen consistent.
His <^ Critical Essays" were published in 1795 by Mr.
Hoole, who prefixed a life written with much affection, yet
¥ritb impartiality. As a poet, Mr. Scott seems to rank
fuaiong those who possess genius in a moderate degree, who
please by short, efforts and limited inspirations, but whose
taleuts^ are better displayed in moral reflection and pathetie
sentiment than flights of fancy. His ** Elegies,'* as they
vrere the first, are among the best of his perforiodniees.
Simplicity appears to have been his general aim, and he
was of opinion that it was too little studied by modern
ifriters« In the *^ Mexican prophecy," however, and in
. *^ Serim/' there is a fire and spirit worthy of the highest
•chool. Hifs *^ Amwell" will ever deserve a distinguished
place among descriptive poems^ but it is liable to all the
objections attached to descriptive poetry. His feeblest
effort is the *^ Essay on Painting," a hasty sketch, in which
be professed himself, and that not in very humble term^,
to be the rival of Hayley. Upon the whole^ however, the
vein of pious and moral reflection, and the benevolence
and pbiknifhropy which pervade all his poems, will con*
tini»e to make them acceptable to those who read to be im-
proved, and are of opinion that pleasure b not the sole end.
«f poetry.*
> JUC» bf Mr, JBoQl«.-*£D9lii)i Poets, 1810. mw tdiW 31 vsli. Sva.
s CO T, m
t
SCOT {Micju^i), of Balwirie, a learoed Scotch autiior
of the fifteenth century^ made the tour of France ^nd Ger«>
jDiany, and was receivi^d with spme diitinction at tho court
of thq eqf^p^rqr Frederick II. Having travailed enough to
gratify his curiosity, b^ returned to Scotland, and gave
himself up to study afid ^jontemplatioo. Ha was ^killed in
Unguages; and^ considering the age iti which be livedo
vlfi^ no mean proficient in philosophy, mathenaatics, and
fnedicine. He transUlod into L^atin from the Arabic^ the
history of animals by the celebrated physician Avicenna.
He published the whole works of Aristotle, with notes, and
aflfected much to reason on the principles of that great phir
losopber, He wrote a book concerning ^' The Secrets of
Nature," and a tract on ^^►The nature of the Stm and Moon,"
in \yhich be shews bis belief in tho philosopher's stpne.
He likewise published what he called *^ Mensa Philosoi-
phica," a treatise replete with a9trology and chiromancy.
He was much admired in his day, and was even suspected
of magic, and had Roger Bacon and Cornelius Agrippa
for his panegyrists.'
SCOT (R£ynoldb), a learned English gentleipan, waa
a younger son of sir John Scot, of Scot's-ball, near Smeeth
in Kent» where he was probably born ; and, at about seven*^
teen, sent to Hart-hall, in Oxford. He retired to his native
country without taking a degree, and settled at Smeeth ;
and, marrying soon after, gave himself up solely to read-
ing, to the perusing of obscure authors, which bad by the
generality of scholars been neglected, and at times of lei^-
sure to husbandry and gairdening. In 157^, he published
a second edition, for we know nothing of the first, of "A
perfect platform of a Hop* garden,'' &c. iii 4to; and, in
1584, another work, which shewed the great depth of.hia
researches, and the uncommon extent of bis learning, en^-
titled ." The Discoverie of Witchcraft," &c. reprinted in
1651, 4to, with this title: ** Scot's Discovery of Witch-
craft ; proving the common opinion of witches contracting
with devils, spirits, familiars, and their power to kill, tor-
pient, and consume, the bodies of tnen, women, and chil-
dren, or other creatures, by diseases or otherwise^ their
flying in the air, &c* to be but imaginary erroneous concept
tioos a,nd novelties. Wherein also the practices of witch*
mongers,, conjurors, inchanters, soothsayers, also the de*
1 EQcycL 3rltsimica.-»Hac](enzi«'s Lifes*
284 SCOT.
Idsions of astrology, alchemy, legerdemain, and many other
things, are opened, that have long lain hidden, though
very- necessary to be known for the undeceiving df judges,
justices, and juries, and for the preservation of poor peo-
ple, &c. , With a treatise upon the nature of spirits and
devils," &c/ In the preface to the reader he declares, that
4iis design' in this undertaking, was " first, that the glory
of God be not so abridged ana abased, as to be thrust into
the hand or lip of a lewd old woman, whereby the work^of
the Creator should be attributed to the power of a crea-
ture : secondly, that the religion of the gospel may be seen
to stand Without such peevish trumpery : thirdly, that fa-
vour and Christian compassion be rather used, towards
these poor souls, than rigour and extremity,'* &c.
A doctrine of this nature, advanced in an age when the
reality of witches was so universally believed, that even
the great bishop Jewel, touching upon the subject in a
sermon before queen ' Elizabeth, could "pray God they
-might never practise farther than upon the subject," ex-
posed the author to every species of obloquy and persecu-
tion ; and^ccordingly Voetius, a foreign divine, informs
lis in his ** Disput. Theolog." vol. III. p. 564, though Wood
says nothing of it, that his book was actually burnt. It
'was also opposed, and, as it should seem, by great autho-
rity too : for, James I. in the preface to his ** Demono-
iogie," printed first at Edinburgh in 1597, and afterwards
•at London in 1603, observes, that he " wrote that book
x'hiefly against the damnable opinions of Wierus and Scott;
the latter of whom is not ashamed," the king says, ** in
public print to deny, that there can be* such a thing as
Witchcraft, and so maintains the old error of the Sadducees
in the denying of spirits," an inference which by no means
follows from Scot*s premises. Dr. John Rayiiolds, in his
*' Prselectiones upon the Apocrypha," animadverts on se-
veral passages in Scot's " Discovery ;" Meric Casaubon
treats him as an illiterate person; and Mr. Joseph Glanvil,
one of the greatest advocates for witchcraft, aflSrms, that
'< Mr. Stot doth little but tell odd tales and silly legends,
which he confutes and laughs at, and pretends this to be a
confutation of the being of witches and apparitions: in all
which his reasonings are trifling and childish ; and, when
iie ventures at philosophy, he is little better than absurd."
Scot did not live to see the full effects of his endeavours to
abate the prejudices of the times/ nor could this indeed ht
SCOT. 285 .
the work of a single hand, contending against the king on *
the throne, many very learned men, almost the whole body
of the people, and what was the last to yield, the .statute-*
' law of the land. His work, however, was reprinted in 16^1,
4to, and in 1665, folio, with additions, and was translated
into German.
Thi9 sensible, learned, upright, and pious man (for we
know ths^t he possessed the two first of these qualities, and
be is universally allowed to have had also the two last) died
in 1599, add was buried among his ancestors in the
church at Smeeih. '
SCOT, alias ROTH&IIAM (Thomas), a munificent,
benefactor to Lincoln college, .OsCford, was born at Rother*
am, in Yorkshire^ from whence he took his name, but that-
of his family appear^ to have been Scot. He rOse by bis
talents and learning to the highest ranks in church and.
state, having been successively fellow of King's college,
Cambridge, master of Pembroke Hall, chancellor of that
university, prebendary of Sarum, chaplain to kjng Edward.
ly. provost of Beverley, keeper of the Privy Seal, seqre-
tary to four kings, bishop of Rochester and Lincoln, arch«.
. bishop of York, and lord chancellor. His buildings at
Cambridge, Whitehall, Southwell, and Thorp, are eminent
proofs of his magnificent taste and spirit.
He was promoted to the see of Lincoln in 1471, and we
learn from his preface to his body of statutes, that a visit .
through his diocese, in which Oxford then was, proved the
occasion of his liberality to Lincoln college. On his ar-
rival there, in 1474, John Tristroppe, the third rector of
that society, preached the visitation sermon from Psalm
Ixxx. 14, 15. ^^ Behold and visit this vine, and the vine-
yard which thy right hand hath planted, &c." In this
discourse, which, as usual,, was delivered in Latin, the
preacher addressed his particular requests to the bishop,
exhorting him to complete his college, now imperfect and
defective both in buildings and government. Rotheram is
said to have been so well pleased with the application of
the text and subject, that he stood up and declared that he
would do what was desireci Accordingly, besides what be
contributed to the buildings, he increased the number of
fellows from seven to twelve, and gave them the livings of^
of Twyford in Buckinghamshire^ and Long Combe in
» Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Oldys's Librarian, p. 213.— See his epitaj^h on Sir Thomas
Scot^ ip Peck^a CronweU ColUctions^ p. 3S.^Q«ii» Diet,
286 s o o r.
Ozfordflhire. He formed ako in 1479, a body of statute,
in which, after noticing with an apparent degree of dts-*
pleasure, that although Oxford was in the diocese of Lin-
coln, no college bad yet made provision for the natives of
that diocese, be enjoined that the rector should be of the
diocese of Lincoln or York, and the fellows or scholars
should be persons born in the dioceses of Lincoln and
York, and one of Wells, with a preference, as to those
from the diocese of York, to his native parish of Rotheram.
This prelate died in 1500 at Cawood, and was buried in
the Chapel of St. Mary, under a marble tomb which he .
had built. * . •
SCOUGAL (Hrkry), an eminent Scotch divine, and
second son of Patrick Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, was
born June 1650, at Salton, in East Lothian, where bis
father, the immediate predecessor of Bishop Burnet, was
rector. His father, designing bim for the sacred ministry,
watched over his infant mind with peculiar care, and soon
bad the satisfaction of perceiving the most amiable dispo-
.sttions unfold themselves^ and his jinderstanding rise at
once into the vigour of manhood. Relinquishing the
amusements of youth, young Scotigal applied to his studies
with ardour:. and, agreeably to his father's wish, at an
early period directed his thoughts to sacred literature,
ile perused the bistorical parts of the bible with peculiar
.pleasure, and then began to examine its contents more
minutely. He was struck with the peculiarities of the
Jewish dispensation, and felt an anxiety to understand why
its rites and ceremonies were abolished. The nature and
evidences of the Christian religion also occupied his mind.
He perused se<*mons with much attention, committed to
writing those passages which must affected him, and could
comprehend and remember their whole scope. Nor was he
inattentive to polite literature. He read the Roman clas-
sics, and made considerable proficiency in the Greek,
Hebrew, and other oriental languages. He was also well
versed in bistory and mathematics. His diversions were of
a manly kind. Afcer becoming acquainted with Roman
bistory, he formed, in concert with some of his companion?,
a little senate, where orations of their own composition were
delivered.
At the age of fifteen he entered the university, where
1 Wood's Colleges and Halls.— -Chalmerses Hist. ofOxfurd.
S 0 O U G A L. 28T
he behaved with great modesty, sobriety, and diltgence.
He disliked the philosophy then taught^ and applied him-
self to the study of natural philosophy : and in conse*
quence of this, when he was only about eighteen years of
age, he wrote the reflections and short essays since pub-
lished : which, though written in his youth, and some of
them left unfinished, breathe a devotion, which show»
that his mind was early impressed with the most important
ooRcerns of humau life. In all the public meetings of the
students he was unanimously chosen president, and had a
lingular deference paid to his judgment. No sooner had
he finished his courses, than he was promoted to a profes-
sorship in the university of Aberdeen, where he conscien-
tiously performed his duty in training up the youth under
his care in such principles of religion and learning as might
fender them ornaments to church and state. When any
divisions and animosities happened in the society, he was
very instrumental in . reconciling and bringing them to a
good understanding. He maintained his authority among
the students in such ^ way as to keep them in awe, and at
the same time to gain their love and esteem. Sunday
evedings were spent wkh his scholars in discoursing of,
am) encouraging religion in principle and practice. He
allotted a considerable part of bis yearly income for the
poor ; and many indigent families of different persuasions,
were relieved in their difficulties by his bounty, although
so secretly that they knew not whence their supply came.
Having been aj professor of philosophy for four years^
be was at the age of twenty-three admitted into holy orders,*
and settled at Auchterless, a small village about twenty
miles from Aberdeen. Here his zeal and ability in his^
great Master's service were eminently displayed. He
catechised with great plainness and affection, and used the
oiost endearing methods to recommend religion to his
bearers;. He endeavoured to bring them to a close attend-
ance on public worship, and joined with them himself at
the beginning of it He revived the use of lectures, look-
ing upon it as very edifying to comment upon and expound
large portions of scripture. In the twenty-fifth year of hisi
age, he was appointed professor of divinity in the King's
college^ Aberdeen, which he at first declined, but when
indcicad to accept it, he applied himself with zeal and dili-
gence to the exercise of this office. After he had guarded
bis pupils against th^ common artifices of th^ Roousb mit-^
288 . S C O tT G A L.
sionarles in making proselytes, be proposed two subjects'
for public exercise :. the one, of the pastoral care, the
other, of casuistical divinity.
The inward dispositions of this excellent man are best
seen in his writings, to which his pioi\s and blameless life
was wholly conformable. His days, however, were soon
numbered : in the twenty-seventh year of his age, be fell
into a^ consumption, which wasted him by slow degrees :
but during the whole time of his sickness he behaved with,
the utmost resignation, nor did he ever shew the least im-
patience. He died June 20, 1678, in the twenty-eighth
year of his age, and was buried, in King's college church,,
in Old Aberdeen. His principal work is entitled ''. TUei^
Life of God in the Soul of Man," which has undergone
many editions, and has been thought alike valuable for the,
sublime spirit of piety which it breathes, and for the purity,
and elegance of its style. He left his books to tb^, library^
of his college, and five thousand marks to the odice of pro-
fessor of divinity. He composed a form.of morning and
evening service for the cathedral church of Aberdeen,
which may be seen in Orem*s *' Description pf the Cha-
nonry of Old Aberdeen," printed In No. 3 of. the ". Biblio.-:
theca Topographica Britannica." His treatise on the
" Life of God," &c. was first printed in his life-time by
bishop Burnet about 1677, without a name, which the
author's modesty studiously concealed. It. went through.
sever*nj subsequent editions, and was patronised by the.
society for promoting Christian knowledge, and w^ i^e-*
printed in 1726 with the addition of ^' Nine discourses, ou
important subjects," by the same author, and bis funer^.
sermon, by Dr. G. G. *
SCRIBONIUS (Largus), a Roman physician/, lived in
the reign of Claudius, and is said to have accompanied this,
emperor in his campaign in Britain. He wrote a treatise
" De Compositione Medicamentorum," which is*Very often
quoted by Galen, but was pillaged by Marcellus the em-
piric, according to Dr. Freind. At a time when it was the^
practice of many physicians to keep their compositions
secret, Scribonius published bis, find expressed great con-
fidence in their efficacy ; but many of them are trifling,,
and founded in superstition, and his language is so inferior^,
to that of bis age, that some have supposed be wrote bis
^ Bibl. Topo|p. Britan.-^asd Encyclop. Britannica.
8 C R t B O K t U 8. « 88t
^fot\i in Greek, and that it was tfanslated into Latiti bj
tome later hand : but Freind and others seem of a
difFereftt opinion^ The treatise of Scribonms has been
»everal times reprinted, and stands among the *^ Medical
Artis Principes'* of Henry Stephens, 1567.^
SCRIMZ£Oft (H£NRY), one of the most learned caeil
t>f the sixteenth century^ was born at Dundee in Scotland^
in 1506, and after making great progress in the Greek and
Latin languages at the grammar school of that place, studied
}>failosopby at St« Andrew's university with equal succes$i
He afterwards studied civil law at Paris and Bourges. At
this latter city be became acquainted with the Greek pro^
fessot*, James Amiof, who recommended him to be tutor to
Iwoyoting gentlemen; and this served also to introduce hiok
to Bernard Bometei, bishop of Rennes, a celebrated poIiti-»>
cal character) who invited Mr. Scrimzeor to accompanj^
him to Italy. There he became acqtiainted with the most
distinguished scholars of the country. The death of the
noted Francis Spira * happened during his visit at Padua^
and as the charatter and conduct of this remarkable person
at that time engaged the attention of the worId> Mu
Scrimzeor is said to have collected memoira of him^ which>
iM>wev^ does not appear in the catalogue of his works.
After he had stored his mind with the literature of foreign
countries^ and satisfied his curiosity as a traveller^ it was
his intention to have revisited Scotland ; but, on his jour«
ney horheward, through Geneva, the syndics and other
naagistrates requested him to set up the professipn of phi*
losophy in that city ; promising a suitable compensation.
He accepted the proposal, and established the philosophical
# Francis ^pira «ra8 a lawyer of g^eat p\ie&% Shoitly after he fell into a
Irepi^tatton at Cittadella in the Venetian deep iQelancholy, lost bis health, and
State, at the fateginnifkg pf th« sixteenth was reiQoyed to Padaa for the ad-
ceotury. He bad imbibed the prin« tice of physicians and divines; but
eiplet of the Aefbmiation, and was ac» bis disorders augmented. The re-
cused before iobn de la Cas8> areh- canlation, which he said he had mada
bisbo^ of BeneventOy the pope*ii nuA- Anom cowardice and' interest, AUed hit
vio at Venice. He made aome coti- mind with continual horror and remorse^
cessionSi and asked fmtdon of the pa^^ and no means being found to restore
jpal mififilKcfr for Mf crirorsw But the teither his health or peace of mind, ha
mincio inSHttetfapova public rtfcanta- fell a victim to his miserable situatiou
tkfa* Spira was exceedingly averse to in 1548.-«^Collier's Diet. art. Spira.
Ifala meaauris but at the pressing in- There have been many editions of a
fftancea of hh wife and his friendli, who '*■ Life of Spira^ published in England
represented to. him, that he must lose and Scotland, as a *^ warning to apos-
his practice and rtfin bis affairs by tatesv"
ptfftisting against it, he at last com-
1 Freiad's Hiftw of Pbysi<!.-^EIoy Diet. Hiil.
Vol. XXVII. W
290 S C R I M Z £ O Rr
chair ; but after he had taught for some time at Genera, a
fire broke out in his neighbourhood, by which' bis hodse
was consumed', and he himself, reduced -to great distress.
At this time flourished at Augsburg that famous mercantiie
family, the Fuggers. Uiric Fugger, its then represents*
live, a man possessed of prodigious wealth, and a munifi-
cent patron of learned men, having heard of the misfor"
tune which had be/alien Mr. Scrimzeor, immediately sent
him a pressing invitation.to accept an asylum beneath his
roof till his affairs could be re-established.' Mr. Scrinazeor,
gladly availing himself of such a hospitable kindness, lostnio
time in going to Germany.
Whilst residing at Augsburg with -Mr. Fugger, he was
much employed in augmenting his patron's library by vast
collections, purchased from every corner of Europe, par-
ticularly manuscripts of the Greek and Latin authors. He
also composed many works of great learning and ingenuity,
whilst he continued in a situation so peculiarly agreeable
%o the views and habits of a scholar ; and when he was de-
sirous of returning to Geneva to print them, Fugger re-
C^ommended him, for this purpose, to the very learned
flenry Stephens, one of his pensioners.
Immediately on bis arrival at Geneva, 1563, be was
earnestly solicited by the magistrates to resume the chair
of philosophy. With this he complied, and notwithstand-
ing the dedication of much of his time to the study of phy-
sics, he, two years afterwards, instituted a course of lectures
in the civil law, and had the honour of being its first pro-
fessor at Geneva. Being now settled here, he intended
to have printed his various works, but a suspicion which
Henry Stephens entertained, that it was his intention to
set up a rival press at Geneva, occasioned great dissentions
between them. The result of the dispute was, that almost
all Scriinzeor's publications were ppsthumous. Among
Uiem are critical and explanatory notes upon Athenaeus*;
>* Deipnosophists," published by Isaac Casaubon at Ley*
den in 1600, but without distinguishing his own notes from
those of Scrimzeor; also a commentary and emendations
of Strabo, which were published in Casaubon's edition of
that, geographer^ 1620, but likewise without acknowledging
the assistance he derived from Scrimzeor. Scrimzeor col-
lated different manuscripts of all the works of Plutarch,
probably with a view to an edition of that author, and also
the ten books oti Diogenes Laertius on the lives of the phi-
S C R I M 2 E O R. . fl9t
losophers. < His corrected text of this autbor, with t^otei
full of erudition, came into Casaubon's possession, and is
supposed to have contributed much to the value. of his
edition of Laertius, printed at Paris in 1593. The works
of Phornutus and Palaephatus were also among the collar'
ttons of Mr. Scrimzeor. To the latter of these authors he
made such cotlsiderable additions that the work became
partly his oWn; The manuscripts of both these were for
some time preserved in the library of sir Peter Young, after
that of liis uncle Scrimzeor, which was brought into Scot-
land in 1573, had been added to it. What became of this
valuable bequest at the death of the former, is not known«
Our learned philologer left also behind him, in manuscript,
the orations of Demosthenes, ^schines, and Cicero, and the
Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, all carefully collated ;
and among, his literary remains^ vyas a collection of his'
Latin epistles. But of the many performances which had
exercised his pen, 'it does not appear that any were pub-
lished by himself but his translation of ^^Justinian's Novels''
into Greek. This was printed at Paris in 1558, and agaii\^
with Holoahder's Latin version at Antwerp in 1575. This
work has been highly extolled both for the purity of its
language and the accuracy of its execution. He wrote
also a Latin translation of *' The Basilica," or Basilics, a
collection of Roman Laws, which the Eastern emperors
Basil and Leo, who reigned in the fifth century,- com-
manded to be translated into Grefek, and which preserved
their authority till the dissolution of the Eastern empire.
Almost the whole of his life, although he arrived at old
age/ was spent in his library. The time of his death is
uncertain ; but it appears most likely, from a comparison
of different accounts, that it happened very near the ex-
piration of 1571, or at the beginning of the succeeding
year, about the sixty-sixth year of his age. He died in.th^
city of Geneva/
• SCRIVERIUS, or SCHRYVER (Peter), a consider-
able philologer and poet, was born at Harlem in 1576.
He was educated at Harlem and at Leyden, where he read
law in his early days, but devoted himself* afterwards to a
private and studious life^ which ended April 30, 1660, in
the .eight}'-fourtb year of his age. His works are : ^* Ba-
I Mackenzie's Scatck Writers, vol. lI.^Life by Mr. Lettice, in Euroyu Mef.
Ar 1795.
U 3
t»9 S C R I Y E R I U S.
tavia illustrata.'' ^* Batarise comitiimq;. ooiDiuti Historia*^
** M iscellafiea Philobgica.'* <^ GarmFina Latb»a & Belgioai'^
^< Poputare HoliandisB Ghronicoo." <f CoUecfcanea Yete*
rum Tragicoruou^* He likewise corrected the copy 0l
*< Yegetius," and enlarged and wrote itetet ujpw AqitiUu^a
** Chronicoii Grddricum ;*' and was the author or editor of
various other works,* clastical and historical. '
' SGUDERI (George db), a French writer of eminfeiice
in his day, was descended from an aacieot audi nobli^
fiftniily ,of Apt in Provence, and born at- Havre-de-Gmce
in 1603*.* He spent part of his youth at Apt^ and. after-
wards came and settled at Paris, where at first be subsisted
by the efforts of his pen, particularly in poetry^ and dm*
matic pieces, none of which are now isi any estimatioui^
and we may, therfefore^ be spared the trouble of giving
tbeir titles* In 1627 be published observations upon the
** Cid'* of Comeille, with a vieir of making bis court to
cardinal Richelieu, whe was absurdly enTious of- that great
]}oet, and did every thing he could to oppMe the vast re«
putation and success of the *^ Gid :*' and by his influence
alone enabled even such a man as Scuderi ^^ to balance^**
aa Ypltaire says, '< for some time, the reputation of Cor«»
iieille;'* Scuderi was received a member of the acadeasy
is 1650, He had before been made governor of the castle
of Notre- Dame de la Garde, in Proveuc^; and although
this was a situation of very little profit, Scuxler^ who was
still more vain than indigent, gave a pompous description
of it in a poem, which drew upon him the raillery of Gha-
pelle and Bachaumont. Scuderi died at Paris, May 14,
1667, leaving a name now better known than his works.*
SCUDERI (Magdeleine de), sister of the precedmg,
Itnd his superior in talents, was born at Havre^de-Graee in
1607, and became very eminent for her wit and her wri«
tings. She went early to Paris, where she gained admit*
sion into the assemblies of learning and fasbioot. Having
recourse, like her brother, to the pen, she gratified the taste
of the age for romances, by various productions- of that
kind, which were very eagerly read, and even procured
her literary honours. The celebrated academy of the
Ricovrati at Padua complimented her with a place in their
spcicfty; and some great personages showed their regard
^ Foppen Bibl. Belg.'—Saxii OnomMt.
3 'Mpr«ii— Diet. Bift-^Niceree, tqI. XV.— Voltaire's SiccU d« Uuit XiV .
C U D E R L aw
^'hf pretentSi and other marks of esteenii.. The prince of
Paderbom, bishop of Mtinster, sent her his works and a
tnedal ; and Christina of Sweden often wrote to her, set-
tied ofi her a pension, aad sent her her picture. Cardinal
MazariTi left her an annuity by his will : and Lewis XIV.
in 1663, at the solicitation of M. de Matntenon, settled
a good pension upon her, which was punctually paid.
His majesty also appointed her a special audience to receire
^ faer acknowledgments, and paid her some %'ery flattering
' compliments, She had an extensive correspondence with
tnen of learning and wit i and her bouse at Paris was the
rendewous of all who would be thought to patronize gc-
niusw She died in 1701, aged 94; and two churches con-
tended for the honour of possessing her remains, which
was thought a point of so much consequence, that nothing
less than the autfa'ority of the cardinal de Noailles, to whom
the affair was referred, was suflBcient to decide it. She
was a very voluminous writer as well as her brother, but of
snore merit ; and it is remarkable of this lady^ that she ob-
tained the first prize of eloquence founded by the acade-
my. There is much common-^place panegyric upon her
in the ^^ Menagiana,'* from the personal regard Menage
had for her : but her merits su*e better settled by Boileau,
in the '* Disoours^' prefixed to his dialogue entitled ^^Les
Hero des Roman.V Her principal works ane, ^^ Artamene,
on le Grand Cyras," 1650, 10 vols. «vo; " Clelie," 1660,
1 0 vols. 8vo; " Celanire, ou la Promenade de Versailles^'*
1698, 12nio ; << Ibrahim, ou Tlllustre Bassa,'' 1^41, 4 vols.
Svo ; " Almahide, ou I'Esclave Reine," : 1660, 8 vols. Bvo ;
^* Celine," 1661, Svo; " Mathilde d'Aguilar," 1667, Bvo;
** Conversations et Entretiens," 10 vols. &c. These last
conversations are thought the heat of Mad. Scuderi^s works,
but there was a time when English translations of her prolii^
romances were read. What recommended them to the
Flinch public was the traits of living characters which she
occasionally introduced. ^
SCULTETUS (Ab^ham), an eminent protestant di*
vine^ was born at Grumberg in Silesia, Aug. 24, 1556, and
after having studied there till 15Bt2, was sent to Bresiaw to
continue his progress in the sciences. He was recalled
•oon after, his father, who had lost all his fortune in the
fire of Grif Qb|»Fg, being no longer able to maintain him fit
294 S C U L T E T U S.
the college, and therefore intending to bring him iip to
«ome trade. The young man was not at all pleased with
snch a proposal ; and looked put for the place of a tutor,
which he found in the family of a burgomaster of Freistad,
^nd this gave liim an opportunity of hearing the sermons of
Melancthon and of Abraham Bucholtzer. In 1584 he
took a journey into Poland, and went to Gorlitz in Lusatia
the year following, and resided there above two years,
constantly attending the public lectures, and reacling pri-
vate lectures to others. He employed himself in the same
manner in the university ofWittemberg in 1588 and 1589,
and afterwards in that of Heidelberg till he was admitted
into the church in 1594. He officiated in a village of the
palatinate for some months ; after which he was sent for
by the elector palatine to be one of his preachers. In
1598 be was appointed pastor of the church of St. Francis
at Heidelberg, and two years after was made a member of
the ecclesiastical senate. He was employed several times
in visiting the churches and schools of the palatinate,
and among these avocations wrote some works, which re-
quired great labour. He attended Uie prince of Anbalt to
the war at Juliers in 1610, and applied himself with great
prudence and vigilance to the re-settlement of the affairs of
the reformed church in those parts. He attended Fre-
deric V. prince palatine into England in 1612, and con-
tracted an acquaintance with the most learned men of that
kingdom, bu! Wood speaks of his having resided some
time at Oxford in 1598. He took a journey to Branden-
burg in 1614, the elector John Sigismond, who was about
renouncing Lutheranism, being desirous of concerting
measures with him with respect to that change ; and on his
return to Heidelberg he accepted the place of court-
preacher, which he relinquished when appointed prOf
fessor of divinity in 1618. He was deputed soon after to
the synod of Dort, where he endeavoured at first to pro-
cure a reconciliation of the contending parties ; but finding
nothing of that kind was to be expected, he opposed vi-
gorously the doctrines of the Arminians. He preached at
Francfort the year following during the electoral diet held
there, his master having appointed him preacher to the
deputies whom he sent thither. He also attended that
prince in his journey into Bohemia; and retiring. into Sile-
sia after the fatal battle of Prague, resolved to return to
Heidelberg in order to discharge the functions of his pro-
S C U L T E T U ». 2d5
faisorship there ; but the fury of the war having dispersed
tlie K^dentS) he went to Bretten, and afterwards to Schorn-
dorf in the country of Wirtemberg, whence he removed t6
Eoibden in August 1622. ' The king of Bohemia his mas-
ter had consented that the city of Embden should offer
SQultetus the place of preacher, but he did not enjoy it
very long; for he died October the 24th, 1625.
The principal works of this learned divine, who, as Fre-
faer says, was reckoned another Chrysostom, are, 1. ^^ Con-
futatio disputationis Baronii de baptismo Constantini,^* '
Neost. 1607, 4to. 2. " Annales Evangelii per Europam
15 Seculi renovati, Decad. I et 2," Heidelberg, 1618, 8vo.
In these annals of the reformation he has shown himself a
very candid and credible historian. 3. ^^ Axiomata con-
cionandi," Han. 1619, Bvo. 4. " Obseryationes in Pauli
£pistolas ad Timotheum, Titum, etPhilemonem." 5. " Me-
dulla Patrum,'' 1634, 4to. So indefatigable was his ap- «
plication, that be wrote the following lines over his study
door :
Anuce: quisquis hue venis>
Aut agito paucis^ aut abi :
Aut me laborantem adjuva.^
SCULTETUS, or SCULTZ (John), a distinguished
surgeon, .was born in 1595, at Ulm, and studied medicine
at Padua, where he took his degrees in that faculty in 1621.
On his return to his native city, he practised with great
reputation for twenty years, until being* called to Stutgard
to a patient, he was there attacked with a fit of apoplexy^
which terminated his life December 1, 1645. He appears
to have practised surgery extensively, and with great bold-
ness in the operations of bronchotomy, of the trephine, and
for empyema. His principal work is entitled ^* Armamen-
tarium Chirurgicum, 43 labuiis spre incisis ornatum ;'' and
was published after bis death, at Ulm, in 1653, It subse-
quently passed through many editions, and was translated
into most of the European languages.^
SGYLAX, an ancient mathematician and geographer^
was a native of Caryanda, in Caria, and is noticed by He-
rodotus, and by Suidas, who, however, has evidently con*
founded different persons of the same name. There is a
Periplus which still remains, bearing the name of Scylax,
and which is a brief survey of the countries along the shores
1 Freberi Theatrum.— Gto* Diet. ^ £loy Diet. Hiii. d« M«dicJa(i.
f^f « C Y L A X; ;
m
pf thp Aj[edUerraQean apd .£uxine s^^p^ . tpgf tibt^r witb P9fl
pf^the vHe3tern coasi of Afriqa surveyed by HannQ;<butii
fi€eti)$ doubtful to what Scylax it belongs. Tbis Periplua
hs^ coaie dowo to us in a corrupted state : it ws^^ first pub^r
)isfaed from a palatine MS by Hoeticbelius and others in
;i,600. It was afterwards e^it^d by Isaac Vossius in 163£>;
by Hudson in 1698, and by Gronovius in 170Q.'
\ SCyUTZA, or SCYWTZES (John), called also Cu-
£OPALAT£S| from an office be held in tbe ho^isehold of tbe
emperor . of that name, was a Greel^ historian, knowa fof
|)is abridgment of history from tbe death of Nicepboruf
Logptbetes,. in SUs tp the deposition of Nicepborus 9oto^
liiates, in 1081. This history, from 1067) is the same as
that of Cedrenus, which has raised a doubt whether Cedre^
pu^ or Scylitssa was the original autbpr* Scylitya is thought
to have beeii a native of l^esser A^ia»^ and a prefect of tbe
guards before he attained the dignity of curopalatea. K
]|^ajtiQ tran9lation.of his history entire, was published ait Ve^t
liice in 157Q; and tbe part concerning which there is no
dispute was printed in Greek and Latin conjointly with that
futbor, at Paris, in 1647.*
8EBA (Albert), an apothecary of Amsterdam, who died
in 1736, prepared a splendid description) with plates, of
bis own pipseum, in four l^rge folio volumes, whiph cam^
qut between 1734 and 1765. Histhre^ latter volumes wer^
posthumous publication^. Many Cape plapts ar^ b^re eq-r
graved} and aquongst them one of tbe gienMs Seb^a^ so calle4
in honoA^r of bim^ Yi^t Seba does not deserve to rank asa
^i^ntific botanist. ; nor did }J\nn^w^ who Jifiew him, and
by. wbo^e repoipmendat^on he employed A^xteAi to arraoge
^ .fisbes^ ever think him worthy to be commemorated in %
g;^ni4S. If, . however, we compare him w|th numbers who
ba^e been so cpmm€Q9orated, be wi)l not appear to so mucb
^^sadvantage ; for $ts a collector he ^stai^ds rather big^*'*
, ^SEBASTIAN, See PIOMBO.
SECKENDORF (Vitus l.ouis d»), a very learned Gert
p^n^ vpasd^spPHd^cJ from ancient and noble families; and
born 2iX Aj|^raq)ji9 , ft town of f ranconia» Pec. 20, 1626. Ho
inade good yse of ft liberal education, and wfis not Qply ^
QEi^er of the French^ Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Iaqgiiagps»
buj; had also some skill in inatb§rna(ics $^nd tb^ s<?(pfiQes»
^ Mr.' I>ewhurat in Atheosenm, vol. IV.
* Vossius de Hist, Gr«c.--CsTe, Tol. Il.-rrrFal^ric. {libL Gnpc.
s Rcet*i Cyc|op»diav
8 E C K E N D O R p. SM
Vh^ f^r^ut progress he made in his youth coming to the eara
of Erneit ihe pious, dukeof Saxe>Gotha, this prince sent
4br htm from Cobourg, where he then wa^, to be educateit
with his children. After remaining two years at Gotha, he
wenty in 1642, to Strasburg; but returned to Gotha in
•1646, and was made honorary librarian to the duke. Iq
1651, be was made auHc and ecclesiastical counsellor;
atid, in 1663, a counsellor of state, first minister, and
Sovereign director of the consistory. The year after, he
vpent into the service of Maurice, duke of Saxe«Zeist, as
counsellor of state and chancellor ; and was no less regarded
by this new master than he had been by the duke of Saxe-
i^otha. He continued with htm till his deuth, which hap»
pened in 16dl ; and then preferred a life of retirement^
fduring which he composed a great many works ; but Fre«
deric illr elector of Brandenburg, again brought him into
public lite,'and made him a counsellor of state and chancellor
of the university of Halle, dignities which he did not enjoy
long, for he died at Halle Dec. 18, 1692, in the sixty-sixth
year of his age. He was twice married, but had only one
son, who survived him. Besides his knowledge' of languages^
he was learned in law, history, divinity; and is also said to
have been a tolerable painter and engraver. Of bis liume*
rous writings, that in most estimation for its utility, was
published at Francfort, 1692, 2 vols, folio, usually bound^
mp in one, with the title, ** Commentarius Historicus &
j^poiogeticus de Lutberanismo, sive de Reformatione RelLn
gionis ductu D. ]V(artini Lutberi in magna Germania, aliis*
que regionibtis, & speciatim in Saxonia, recepta & stabi*
lita,^' 8f,c, This work, which is very valuable on many ac^
counts, and particular^y curious for several singular piecei
and extracts that are to be found in it, still holds its repu^
tation, and is referred to by all' writers on the reformation.'
SECKER (Thomas), an eminent English prelate, waa
born in 1693, at a small village called Sibthorpe, in the
yale of Belvoir, Nottinghamshire. His father was a Protes-
tant dissenter, a pious, virtuous, and sensible man, who^
having a small paternal fortune, followed no profession*
His mother was the daughter of Mr. George Brought of
8helton, in the county of Nottingham, a substantial gen-
tleman farmer. He received his education at several pri«
vate schopls in the country, being obliged by various acci«
«
tB$ S E C K E R.
dents to change bis masters' frequently ; yet at the. age <^
nineteen he had not only made a considerable progress i^
Greek and Latin, and read the best and most di65cult
writers in both languages, but had acquired a knowledge
of French, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, had learned
geography, logic, algebra, geometry, conic sections, and
gone through a course of leGt;ures on Jewish antiquities,
and other points preparatory to the study of tlie Bible. At
the same time, in one or other of these academies, he had
an .opportunity of forming an acquaintance with several
persons of great abilities. Among the rest, in the academy
pf Mr. Jones at Tewkesbury, he laid the foundation of. a
Atrict friendship with Mr. Joseph Butler, afterwards bishop
of Durham. ^
Mr. Seeker bad been designed by his father for orders
among the dissenters. With this view, his studies were
directed chiefly, and very assiduously, to divinity, but not
being able to decide upon certain doctrines, or determine
absolutely what communion he should embrace, he resolved
to pursue some profession, which should leave him at liberty
to weigh these things more maturely in his thoughts, and
therefore, about the end of 1716, he applied himself to
the study of physic, both at London and Paris. During
bis stay^ at Paris, he kept up a constant correspondence
with Mr. Butler, who was now preacher at the Rolls, Mr.
Butter took occasion to mention his friend Mr, Seeker,
lyithout his knowledge, to Mr. Edward Talbot, who pro-
mised, in case he chose to take orders in the church of
England, to engage the bishop, his father, to provide for
him. This was communicated to Mr. Seeker, in a letter,
about the beginning of May 1720. He had not at that
time come to any resolution of quitting the study of physic,
but he began to foresee many obstacles to his pursuing that
profession: and having never discontinued his application
t.Q theology, his former difficulties, both with regard to con-
formity, and some other doubtful points, had gradually
lessened, as his judgment became stronger, and his reading
and knowledge more extensive. It appears also from two
of his letters from Paris, both of them prior to the date of
Mr. Butler's communication above mentioned, that he was
greatjy dissatisfied with the divisions and disturbances which .
at that particular period prevailed among the, dissenters,
In this state of mind Mr. Butler's unexpected proposal
found him, a^nd after deliberating carefully on the subject'
S E C K E R. 2^9
of such a change for upwards of two month*;, he resolved
to embrace the offer, and for that purpose quitted France
about July 1720.
Mr Talbot died a few months after his arrival in England,
but not without recommending Mr. Seeker, Mr. Benson,
and Mr. Butler, to his father's notice. Mr. Seeker having,
notwithstanding this loss, determined to persevere in his
new plan, and it being judged necessary by his friends that
he should have a decree at Oxford, and he being informed
that if he should previously take the degree of doctor in
physic at Leyden, it would probably help him in obtaining
the other, he went thither for that purpose, and took his
degree at Leyden, March 7, 1721, and as a thesis wrote
and printed a dissertation de viedicina statica. On Jiis re-
turn, he entered himself, April 1, a gentleman commoner
of Exeter college, Oxford, about a year after which be
obtained the degree of B. A. without any difficulty, in con«
sequence of a recommendatory letter from the chancellor.
In Dec. 1722, bishop Talbot ordained him deacon, -and pot
long after priest In St. James's church, where he preached
his first sefmon, March 28, 1723. In 1724, the bishop
gave him the rectory of Houghton le Spring, and this va-
luable living enabling him to settle in the world, in a man-
ner agreeably to his inclinations, he married Oct. 2S, 1725,
Miss Catherine Benson, sister to bishop Benson. At the
earnest desire of both, Mrs. Talbot, widow to his friend
Mr. Edward Talbot, and her daughter, consented to live
with them, and the two families from that time became
one.
At Houghton Mr. Seeker applierl himself with alacrity to
all the duties of a country clergyman, omitting nothing
which be thought could be of use to his flock. He brought
down his conversation and his sermons to the level of their
understandings; visited them in private, catechised the
young and ignorantj received his country neighbours and
tenants Jcindly and hospitably, and was of great service to
the poorer sort by his skill in physic, which was the only
use he ever made of it Though this place was in a very
remote part of the world, yet the solitude of it perfectly
suited his studious disposition, and the income arising frona
it bounded his ambition. Here he would have been con-
tent to live and die : here, as he has often been heard to
declare, he spent some of the happiest hours of his life»:
and it was no thought or choice of his own that remove4
too « E C K E H.
, bkn to a higher and more public sphere. But Mn. SedcerS
. betUby which was thought to have been injured by the
dampness of the situation^ obliged him to think of exchange
. ing it for a more healthy one. On this account he prbcured
. an exchange of Houghton for a prebend of Durham, and
the rectory of Ryton, in 1727 ; and for the two following
r years be lived chiefly at Durham^ going over ei^ery week
to officiate at Ryton, and spending there two or three
. months together in the summer. In July 1732> the duke
ofGrafton, then lord chamberlain, appointed him chap*
lain to the king. For this favour be was indebted to bishop
. Sherlock, who having heard him preach at Bath, thought
his abilities worthy of being brought forward into public
• notice. From that time an intimacy commenced betwixt
ihem, and he received from that prelate many solid proofs
of esteem and friendship. This preferinent produced, him
also the honour of a conversation with queen Caroline. Mr.
Seeker's character was now so well establi^ed, that on the
resignation of Dr. Tyrwhit, he was instituted to the rectory
. of St. James's, May 18, 1732, and in the beginning of July
wenn to Oxford to take his degree of doctor'of law9, not
-being of sufficient standing for that of divinity. On this
occasion he preached his celebrated Act sermon, on the
advantages and duties of academical education, which was
printed at the desire of the heads of houses, and quickly
passed through several editions. The queen, in a subse?
quent interview,* expressed her high opinion of this sermon,
which was also thought to have contributed not a little to
his promotion to the bishopric of Bristol, to which he was
ffonftecrated Jan. 1 9, 1735.
Dr. I^ecker immediately set about the visitation of his dio-
cese, confirmed in a great many places, preached in several
churches^ sometimes twice a day, and from the information
received in his progress, laid the foundation of a parochial
lioccFunt of his diocese, for the benefit of his successors.
Finding at the same time, the affairs of his parish of St.
James's io great disorder, he took the trouble, in concert
With a few others, to put the accounts of the several officeiH
into a regular method. He also drew up for the use of bis
parishioners that course of *' Lectures on the Church Cate^
efaism,'' which have since been so often reprinted. ^^Tbe
Bermona,'* says bishop Porteus, *< which he set himself to
compose were truly excellent and original. His faculties
were now in their full vigour, und he had Un audience tp
9 E C K £ It Sot
l]le»k Vefqre that rendered the utmosl^ eYeriioa of thcsi ne^
9e888ury. He did DQt, however* 9eek to gratify: the higher
part by amusing them with refined specuUtionsvor ingenio
^,us essays, unintelligible to the lower part, and unprofitft*^
hie to both ; but he laid before them all, with equal freedom
and plainness, the great Christian duties belonging to th«ir
respective stations, and reproved the follies and vieea of
every rank amongst them without distinction or palliation/*
He was certainly one of the most popular preachers of hit
time* and though, as his biographer observe, hia teniions
may not now afford the same pleasure, , or produce the Muno
effects in the closet, as they did from tfae.pul|>it, aeeompO'^*
nied as they then were with all the advahtagies of his deUk
very, yet it will plainly appear that the applause they met
with was founded no less on the matter they eontaioed^
than the manner in which they were spoken*
On {he translajtion of Dr. Potter to the archbisboprie of
Canterbury, Dr. S.ecker was translated to the bisboprie of
Oxford,' in May 1737* When the unfortuante breach hap*^
Eened between the late king and the prince of Walesy Ui
ighness having removed to Norfolk-house, ki .tbeiparisb
of St. Jame^^s, attended divine service consliantly at that
chureh. Two stories are told of this> matter, ^htch, al^
though without much foundation, served to amuse the-pisb^*
lie for a while. The one was, that the first tim^ the prinoe*
made bis appearance at churchy the clerk in orders^ Mr4'
Bonney, began the service with -the sentence^ ^^I wiUariw
and go to my father," &c.— The other, that Dr^ Seeker
preaehed from the text, ^^ Honour thy father and thy mo*'
ther,'' &c.— Dr. Seeker had the honoor of baptizing all hir
4ugbness*s children except two, and though be did not at«
tend his cour^ which was forbidden to those who went to
the kit)gfs, yet on every proper occasion he behaved with-
all the submission and respect due to his illustrious rank*
In consequence of this, his influ^snce with the prince beings
supposed much greater than it really was, he was sent, by^
the king's direction, with a message to his royal highness $
iKhieh not producing the effects expected from it, he bad
the oiisfortujie to inc^r his majesty's displeasure, who had'
been uuhappily persuaded to tbink that be might harve dona-
more with the prince than he did^ .though indeed he could
not. For this reason, and because he sometimes acted'
with those who opposed the court, the king did not speak
tp kim fot a great number of years. Tba whole of Dr«
ifoe 8 E C K E R.
Secker^s parliamentary conduct appears to have been loytL]^
manly, and independent. His circular letter to his clergy,
and bis sermon on the subject of the rebellion in 1745, rank
among the best and most efficacious documents of the kind
which that melancholy event produced. In the spring of
1748 his wife died, to whom he had now been married up-
wards of twenty years.
' In December 1750, he was promoted to the deanery of
St. Paul's,, in exchange for the rectory of St. James's and
the prebend of Durham. Having now more leisure both to
prosecute his own studies, and to encourage those of others,
he g^ve Dr. Church considerable assistance in his <* first
and second Vindication of the Miraculous powers," against
Dr. Middleton, and in his *^ Analysis of Lord Bolingbroke's
Works," which appeared a few years afterwards. He like-
wise assisted archdeacon Sharpe in his controversy with the
Hatchinsonians, which was carried on to the end of the
year 1755.
. During the whole time that be was dean of St. Paul's, he
' attended divine service constantly in that cathedral twice
every day, whether in residence or not; and in concert
with the three other residentiaries, established the custom
of alwHys preaching their /own turns in the afternoon, or
exchanging with each other only, which, excepting the case
•of illness, or extraordinary accidents, was very punctually
observed. He also introduced many salutary regulations in
the financial concerns of^he church, the keeping of the re-
gisters, &c. &c. In the summer months he resided con-
stantly at his episcopal house at Cuddesden, the vicinity of
which to Oxford rendered it very pleasing to a man of his
literary turn. His house was the resort of those who were '
most distinguished for academical merit, and his cdnversa*
tion such as was worthy of his guests, who always left him
with a high esteem of his understandmg and learning. And
though in the warm contest in 1754, for representatives of
the county (in which it was sci^rce possible fur any person
of eminence to remain neuter), he openly espoused that side
which, was thought most favourable to the principles of the"^
revolution ; yet it was without bitterness or vehemence,
without ever. departing from the decency of his profession,
the dignity of his station, or the charity prescribed by his
religion.
His conduct as a prelate was in the strictest sense of the
word, exemplary. In his chargels, he enjoined no <luty9
S E C K E IL ZQ3
^nd imposed no burthen, on those under his jurisdiction^^
which he had not formerly undergone, or was not still ready,
as far as became him, to undergo. He preached constant-
ly in his church at Cuddesden every Sunday morning, and
read a lecture on the catechism in the evening ;^both which
be continued to do in Lambeth chapel after he became
archbishop) and in every other respect, within his own pro«
per department, was himself that devout, discreet, disin-
terested, laborious, conscientious pastor, which he wished
and exhorted every clergyman in his diocese to become.
At length such distinguished merit prevailed over all the
political obstacles to his advancement ; and on the death of
archbishop Hutton, he was appointed by'the king to suc-
ceed him in the diocese of Canterbury, and was accordingly
confirmed at Bow-church on April 21, 1758. The use he
made of this dignity very clearjy shewed that rank, and
wealth, and power, had in no other light any charms for
him, than as they enlarged the sphere of his active, and
industrious' benevolence.
In little more than two years after his grace's promotion
to the see df Canterbury, died the late George IL Of
what passed on that occasion, and of the form observed in
proclaiming our present sovereign .(in which the archbishop
of course took the lead), his grace has left an account ia
writing. He did the same with regard to the subsequent cere-
monials of marrying and crowning their present majesties,
which in consequence of his station he-bad the honour ta
solemnize, and in which he found a great want of proper
precedents and directions. He had before, when rector of
St. Jameses, baptized the new king (who was bom in Nor-*
fblk-boqse, in that parish) and he was afterwards called
upon to perform the same office for the greatest part of his
iQajesty*s children ; a remarkable, and perhaps unexampled
concurrence of such incidents in the life of one man.
As archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Seeker considered
himself as the- natural guardian, not only of that church
over which he presided, but of learning, virtue, and reli-»
gion at large; and, from the eminence on which he. was.
placed, looked round with a watchful eye on every thing
that concerned them, embracing readily all opportunities
to promote their interests, and opposing, as far as he was
able, all attempts to injure them. Men of real genius or
extensive, knowledge, he sought out and encouraged. Even
those of humbler talents, pjx)vided their industry was great.
S04 ,S £ C tC £ R.
and tbeir ititehtions good^ be treated with kitidtiess atid
condescension. Both sorts be would frequently employ in
undertakings suited to tbeir respective abilities, and re^
warded them in ways suited to tbeir respective wants* He
assisted tbem with books, promoted subscriptions to tbeir
works, contributed largely to them himself, talked with
them on tbeir private concerns, entered warmly into tbeir
interests, used his credit for tbem with the great^ and gave
them preferments of bk own» He expended upwards of
300/. in arranging and improving the MS library at Lam-«
betb. And having observed vtriib concern, that the library
of printed books in that palace bad received no accessions
aince the time of archbishop Tenison, he made it bis bu^
siness to collect books in ail languages from most parts of
Europe, at a very gr^at expence, wi»b a view of supplying
that chasm ; which be- accordingly did, by leaving thecn to
the library at bis death.
All designs and institupons that tended to advance good
morals and true religion he patronized with seal and
generosity. He contributed largely to the maintenance o^
schools for the poor, to rebuilding or repairing parsonage^
houses and places of worship, and gave at one lime do less
than 500/. towards erecting a chapel in the.parishof Lattibetb^
to which he afterwards added near 100/. more. To the so-»
ciety for promoting Christian knowledge be was a liberal
benefactor ; and to that for propagating the gOspel in fo*
reign parts, of which be was the president, he paid mttcb
attention, was constant at the meetings of its members^ and
•nperintended tbeir deliberations with consummate pru^*
dence and tempen He was sincerely desirous to improve
to the utmost that excellent institution, atkl to diffuse the
Ifinowledge and belief of Christianity as wide as tberevenues
of the society, and the extreme difficulty of establishing
schools and missions amongst the Indians, and of making
any effectual and durable impressions of religion on ibeit
uncivilized minds, would admit. But Dr. Mayhew, of
Boston in New England, having in an angry pamphlet ae^
cused the society of not suflBciently answering these good
purposes, and of departing widely from the spirit of their
charter, with many injurious reflections interspersed on the
church of England, and the design of appointing bishops
in America, bis grace on all these accounts thought himself
called upon to confute biss invectives, wbicl| be did in a
short ananyoiotts piece, entitled '^An Answer to Dr. May^
\
iS E C k E 1(. .30^
fiew's Observations ou the charter and conduct of the So«
ciety.for propagating the Gospel," London, 1 764-, reprinted
in America. The strength of argument, as well as fairnesd
and good temper, with which this answer was written, had
aconsiderable effect dti all impartial men ; and even on th^
dpctor himself, who plainly perceived that he had no com-
moB adversary to deal with ; and could not help acknow-^
ledgi-ng him to be ^* a person of excellent sense, and of a
happy talent at writing; apparently free from the sordid
illiberal spirit of bigotry; one of a cool temper, who oftea
shewed much candour, was well acquainted^ with the affairs
of the society, and in general a fair reasoner." He was
therefore so far. wrought upon by his " worthy answerer,'*
as to abate much in his reply of his former warmth ,a.nd
acrimony. But as he still would not allow himself^ to b6
V wrong in any material point,'^ nor forbear giving way too
much to reproachful language and ludicrous misrepresenta-
-tioDS, be was again animadverted upon by the late Mr:
'Apthorpe, in a sensible trpt, entitled, " A. Review of.Dr.
Jklayjiievv's K^/BU^arjss," &c. 1765. This put an end to the
di^^te.; The dogtor, on reading it, declared he should not
an$wqr it(|.and tba following year he died.
.< U appeared evidently in the course of this controversy
that Dr, Mayb«?w, and probably many other worthy men
^anu>i}gst thp Dissenters, both at home and abroad, had
can geixed^i very; unreasonable and groundless jealousies of
tl|^, chuVfrh of Eogland, and its governors; and had, in
paftipuiar^ greatly misunderstood the proposal for appoint-
ing .bishops in some of the colonies. The nature of that
fhh is;. fully explained in bishop Porteus's life of our
4^rchbi$ho3^, to. which we refer^ The question is now of
J^ss. importance, for notwithstanding the violent opposition
to lulie measure, when Dr. Seeker espoused it, no sooner
di,d.. the American provinces become independent stateSj<
|:ban application was. made to the English bishops by some
' of those states to consecrate bishops for them according to
• the rites of the church of England, and three bishops were
'actually consecrated in London some years ago: one for
• Pennsylvania^ another for New York, and a third for Vir-
ginia. .
Whenever any publications came to the archbishop^s
knowledge that were manifestly calculated to corrupt good
morals, or subvert the foundations of Christianity, he did
bis utmost to stop the circulation of them ; yet the wretched
Vol. XXVII. X
SOS S E C K E R.
9.atibors rbemselves he was so far frovs^ wasting to trefit wU&
any undue rigour, that he ba« more than once extende4
)i}is bounty to them in distress. And when their writing$^
l^ould not properly be suppressed (99 was too often the
case) by lawful authority, he engaged men of abilities tQ
answer them, and rewarded them for their trouble. His
attention was everywhere. Even the falsehoods and mis^
representations of writers in the newapapera, on religious
or ecclesiastical subjects, he generally took care to have
eo&tradicted : and when they seenied likely to injure, ia
^ny npaterial degree, the <;ause of virtue and religion, or
jtbe reputation of eminent and worthy men, he would
sametiiaes tak<e the trouble of answeriug them himself^
fOi>e insti^nce of this kind, which does him lionour, and
4eserves memtiou, 'was his defence of Bishop Builer, wliQi
in a pamphlet, published in 1767, was accused pf haying
jdiied a papist.
The conduct which hie observed towards the several dir
visiions and denominations of Christians in this kingdom^,
was such as shewed his way of thinking to be truly liberal
mid catholic. The dangerous spirit of popery, indeed, he
thought should always be ikept under proper legal rer
•straipts, on account of its natural opposition, not only to
the religious, but the civil rights of mankind. He there--
foiie observed its movements with care, and exhorted his
.cJe^gy to do the same, especially those who were aituated
<ifi the mid»t of Roman catholic families : against whose
influence they were charged to be upoo U>eir guard, and
were furnished with proper books or instructions for the
purpose. He took all opportunities of combating th^ er-
;]K>fs.ofthe church of Rome, in his own wrutings; and tlii^
, best answers that were published to son^e bold apologies*
{or popery yirere written at his iustance, and under bi^ 'di-
rection.
With the dissenters his grace was sincerely desirous oi
. cultiyajting a good understanding. He considered them,,
in general, as a conscientious and valuable class of men.
With some of the most eminent of them, Wf^tts, Dod-
dridge^> Lel9ind, Chandler, and Lard^er, be maintained ^xk
^ The biographers of eminent dts- dridge's Letters," in bis zeal, has pii»-
^ Mnters, with all ikieir prgudiees against docetl two letters from archbishop Seek-
the i)ieroFchy, seem aever to exult er to that dirinc, forgetting ibat he ii|is
wore thap when * tbey can produce not archbish<^ until several years after
the correspondence of a distinfuished Doddridge^s death.
: |ii«Urt«, But the ^^il^r of ** Dr. Dod-
8 E C K E R. ^7
lAtercotSfse of friendship or civility. By the most capdid
and considerate part of them he was highly reverenced and
esteemed : and to such among theni as needed help hQ
shewed no less kindness and liberality than to those of Jbis
own communion.
Nor was his concern for the Protestant cause confined to-
his own country ; be was well known as the great patroa
and protector of it in various parts of Europe : from
whence he had frequent applications for assistance^ which
never failed of being favourably received. To several
foreign Protestants he allowed pensions, to others he gav^
occasional relief, and to some of their universities was an
annual benefactor.
In public affairs, his grace acted the part of an honest
cttizen» and a worthy member of the British legislature*
From bis entrance into the House of Peers, his parlia-
mentary conduct was uniformly upright and noble. Ha
kept equally clear from the extremes of factious petulance
and servile dependence : never wantonly thwarting admi-
nistration from motives of party zeal or private pique^ or
personal attachment, or a passion for popularity : nor yet
going every length with every minister, from views of
interest or ambition. He seldom, however, spoke ia
parliament, except where the interests of religion and vir^-
)t;ue seemed to require it : but whenever he did, he spoke
with propriety and strength, and was heard with attentiom
and deference. Though he never attached himself blindly
to any set of men, yet his chief political connebtions were
yf\\\i. the late duke of Newcastle, and lord chancellor
Hardwicke. To these he owed principally his advahce-
xnent : and he lived long enough to shew bis gratitude to
them or their descendants.
. Puring more than ten years that Dr. Seclser enjoyed
the see of Canterbury, he resided constantly at bis archie*-
piscopal house at Lambeth. A few months before bis
death, the dreadful pains he felt had compelled him to
thiok of trying the Bath waters : but that design was
;itoj>.ped by the fatal accident which put an end to his life*
JSxs grace had hee.n for many years subject to the gou^
mbicbj in the latter part of his life, returned with mor^ .
frequency and violence, and did not go off in a regular
inanner, but left thp parts affected for a long time veiy
Weak, and was succeeded by pains in different parts of the«
*body. About a year and a half before be died^ after ^ fit
Z 2
J0« S E C K: E R.
of the gout, he was attacked with a pain in the artn, near*
the shoulder, which having continued about twelve months^
a similar pain seized the upper and outer part of the oppo-
site thighy and the arm soon became easier. This was
much more grievous than the former, as it quickly disabled*
him from walking, and kept him in almost continual tor-
ment, except when he was ip a reclining position. During
this time he had two or three fits of the gout : but neither
tli^ gout nor the medicines alleviated these pains, which,
with the want of exercise, brought him into a general bad
habit of bt)dy.
On Saturday July 30, 17fi8, he was seized, as he sat at
dinner, with a sickness at his stomach. He recovered be-
fore night : but thfe next evening, while his physicians were
attending, his servants raising him on his couch, he sud-
denly cried out that his thigh-bone was broken. He lay
for some time in great agonies, but when the surgeons
lirrived, and discovered with certainty that the bone was
broken, he was perfectly resigned, and never afterwards
asked a question about the event. A fever soon ensued :
on Tuesdaj^ he became lethargic, and continued so tilt
about five o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, when he ex-
pired with great calmness, in the seventy- fifth year of his
age. On examination, the thigh-bone was found to be
carious about four inches in length, and at nearly the same
distance from its head. He was buried, pursuant to his
own directions, in a covered passage, leading from a pri-
vate door of the palace to the north door of Lambeth
church : and he forbade any monument or epitaph to be
placed over him.
In person, Dr. Seeker was tall and comely : in the early
part of his life slender, and rathei; consumptive : but as he
advanced in years, his size increased, yet never to a degree
of corpulency that was disproportionate or troublesome.
'His countenance was open, ingenuous, and expressive.
By his will, he appointed D^. Daniel Burton, and Mrs.
'Catherine Talbot (daughter of the Rev. Mr. Edward Tal-
bot), his ex'ecntors ; arid left thirteen thousand pounds in
the three per cent, annuities to Dr. Portens and Dr. Stinton
his chaplains, in trust, to pay the interest thereof to Mrs.
'Talbot and her daughter during their joint lives, or the life
of the survivor; and, after the decease of both those
ladies, eleven thousand to be transferred to the following
charitable purposes: ^ ■ •
SEC K E R. aod.
• • •
To the society for propagation of the gospel in foreigpn-
parts, for the general uses of the society, lOOO/. ; to the
same society, towards the establishment of a bishop or
bishops in the king^s dominions in America, 1000/.; to the
society for promoting Christian knowledge, 600/. ; to the
Irish protestant working schools, 500/. ; to the corporation
af the widows and children of the poor clergy, 500/.; to
the society of the stewards of the said charity, 200/. ;
to Bromley college in Kent, 500/. ; to the hospitals of the
archbishop of Canterbury, at Croydon, St. John at Canter-
bury, and St. Nicholas Harbledown^ 500/. each; to St.
George's and London hospitals, and the lying-iti-hospital
in Brownlow-street;, 500/. each; to the Asylum in the
parish of Lambeth, 400/. ; to the Magdalen-hospital, the
Lock-hospital, the ScpalUpo^ and Inocnlation-Ji )spital, to
each of which bis grace was a subscriber, 300/. each ;
to. the incurabi^es at St. Luke^s hospital, 500/. ; t.owards tlie
repairing or rebuilding of houses belonging to poor livings
in the diocese of Canterbury, 2^000,/.
Besides these donations, he left 1000/. to be distributed
amongst his senvi)nts ; 200/. to such poor persons as he
assisted in bis life-time; 5000/. to the two daughters
of his nephew Mr. Frost ; 500/. to Mrs. Seeker, the
widow of his nephew Dr. George Seeker, and 200/. to Dr.
Daniel Burton. After the payment of those and some other
smaller legacies, he left his real and the residue of his
personal estate to Mr. Thomas Frost of Nottinj^ham. The.
greatest part of his very noble collection of books he be-
queathed to the Archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, the
i;est betwixt his two chaplains and two other friends. To
the manuscript library in the same palace, he left a large
i;iuml>er of very learned and valuable MSS. written by him-
self on a great variety of subjects, critical and theological.
His well-known catechetical lectures, and his MS sermons
he left to be revised by his two chaplains, Dr. Stinton and.
Dr. Porteus, by' whom they were published in 1770. His.
options he gave to the archbishop of Canterbury, the
bishop of London, and the bishop of Winchester for the
time being, in trust, to be disposed of by them (as they
became vacant) to such persons as they should in their,
consciences think it would have been most reasonable for,
him to have given them, had he been living.
The life prefixed to his works was written by Dr. Por-
teiis/ the late very amiable and much admired bishop of
gia 8 E C K E R.
London, and reprinted separately by his lordship in 1797,
in consequence of bishop Hurd's having, in his life of
Warburton, ** judged it expedient to introduce into his Kfe
of bishop Watburton, such observations on the talents^
learning, and writings of archbishop Seeker, as appeared,
both to Dr. Porteus and to many other of bis grace'ar
friends extremely injurious to his literary character, and
the credit of his numerous and useful publications; and
therefore highly deserving of some notice from those wbor
loved him in life, and revered him after death." These
observations are indeed fully refuted in this excellent piece'
of biography, as well as the other slanders which the steady
and upright conduct of archbishop Seeker drew upon him.
from persons notoriously disaffected to religion and the
church ; and time, which never fails to do ample justice to
such characters as his, has almost effaced the remembrance
of them. Yet, as some have lately attempted to revive the
dalumny, and suppress the refutation, we have given some
references in the note on this subject, not without confi-^
dence that archbishop Secker*s character will suffer little
while he has a Porteus for his defender^ and a Hollis, a
Walpole, a Blackburn, and a Wakefield for his accusers. ^
SECOUSSE (Denis Francis), a French historian, waa
liorn January 8, 1691, at Paris. He began to study the
law in obedience to his father's desire, who was an able ad-
vocate ; but losing both his parents shortly after^ hie quitted
the bar, for which he had not the least taste, and devoted
himself wholly to the belles lettres, and French history.
His unwearied application to books, which no other passion
interrupted, soon made him known among the learned ; and
he was' admitted into the academy of inscriptions in 1723^
and chosen by chancellor d'Aguesseau five years after, tcy
continue the great collection of statutes, made by the
French kings, which M. de Laurier had begun. As Se-
cousse possessed every talent necessary for such an impor-
tant undertaking, the volumes which he published were
received with universal approbation. He died at Paris,
March 15, 1754, aged sixty-three, leaving a librarj^ the
largest and most curious, in French history, that any pri-
vate person had hitherto possessed. His works are, the
continuation of the collection of statutes before mentioned,
1 Life by PorteuL—Gent. Meg. volt; LVIII. LXVIII.— See alio Index.—.
Many of bit LeUert are in Kippit*! Life of Lardner, Batler'i life of
HUdeiley, Doddridge's LeCCera, Ibe. ftc.
$ £ c o 0 s s e. zn
|0 the ninth volume inclusively, wbieh was printed iMidet
the inspection of M. de Villevault, counsellor to the court
of aids^ who succeeded M. Secousse, and published a table',
ferining a tenth volume, and since, an eleventh svpd twelfth.
Secousse also wrote many dissertations in the inemoii^ of
the academy of inscriptions ; edition* of several works, and
of several curious pieces ; '^ Memoirs for the History of
Charles the Bad,*' 2 vols. 4to.*
SECUNDUS, John. See EVERARD.
' SEDAINE (M^OHAEL John), a French dramatic writer,
was born at Paris, June 4, 1719. Abandoned by his friends,
he was^ at the age of thirteen, obliged to quit his studies^
in which he was little advanced, and to practise a trade for
bis subsistence. He was first a journeyoian, and then a
master mason, and architect ; which businesses he con-
du<tted with nncdmmon probity. Natural inclination led
bfm to cultivate literature, and particularly the dniiiia, for
which he wrote various small pieces and comic operas, the
most popular of which were, '* LeD^erteur ;'' and '* Richard
CcBur de Lion.'' All of them met with great success, add
still continue to he performed, but the French critics think
that his poetry is not written in the purest and most eorroct
style, and that his pieces appear to, more advantage on th^
atage than in the closet. He possessed, however, a quality
of greater consequence to a dramatic writer-— ^the talent of
producing stage eiiect. He was elected into the French
academy, in consequence of the success of his ** Richard
Codur de Lion,^ and was intimately connected with all the
men of letters, and all the artists of his time. He died in
May 1797, aged seventy-eight.'
SEDGWICK (Obadiah), a nonconformist divine, was
born at Marlborough in Wiltshire, in 1600, and educated
Urst aC Queen's college, and then at Magdalen-ball, Ox-
(otd. After taking his degrees in arts, he was ordained,
and became chaplain to lord Horatio Vere, whom he ac«
<ioaipanied into the Netherlands. After bis return, he
went again to Oxford, and was admitted to the reading of
the sentences in 16:29: Going then to Londoii he preached
at St. Mildred's, Bread-'Street, until interrupted by the
bishop,' and in 1639 became vicar of Goggeshall in Essex,
where he continued three or four years. The commence*
ment of the rebellion allowing men of his sentiments un-
^ Diet. Hist.
fin S E D G W I e K.
\
t
ponstrained liberty, he returned to London, ^d preadlie4
jre<}uently before the parliament, inveighing with extreme
violeiice against the church and state : to the overthrow of
both, bis biographers cannot deny that he contributed his
full share, in the various characters of one of the assembly
of divines, a chaplain in the army, one of the triers,, and
pne of the ejectors of those who were called *' ignorant and
scandalous ministers/' — In 1^46 be became preacher at
St. Paul's, Coventrgarden, where he appears to have con-
tinued until the decay of. his health, when he retired to
Marlborough, and died there in January 1658. As a dir
vine, he was much admired in his day, and his printed
)vorks bad considerable popularity. The principal of tbeai
are> *^ The Fountain opened,'- 1657; ^* An exposition of
Psalm xxiii." 1658, 4to ; "The Anatomy of Secret Sins,"
1660 ; " The Parable of the Prodigal," 166Q ; " Synopsis
of Christianity,'? &c. &c. — He had a brother, John, an ad-r
herent to the parliamentary cause, and a preacher, but of
less note; and another brother Joseph, who became batler
in Magdalen college in 1634, and B.A. in 1637, and then
went to Cambridge, where he took his master's- degree, and
was elected fellow of Christ's college. After the restora-;
tion he conformed, and was beneficed in the church ; in
1675 he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and was also
rector of Fisherton, where he died Sept, 22, 1702, in the
^eventy-four.th year of his age, leaving a son John Sedg-
wick, who succeeded him in the prebend, and was vicar of
Burton Pedwardine in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1717.*
SEDLEY, or SIDLEY (SiR Charles), a dramatic and
miscellaneous writer, was the son of sir John Sedley, of
Aylesford in Kent, by a d?iughter of sir Henry Savile, and
was born about 1639. At seventeen, he became a/fellow-
commoner of Wadham college in Oxford; but, taking no
4iegree, retired to his own country, withoiit either travell-
ing, or. going to the inns of court. . At the restoration he
came to London, and commenced wit, courtier, poet, and
man of gallantry. As a critic, he was so much admired,
that he became a' kind of oracle among the poets ; and no-
performance was approved or condemned, till sir Charles.
Sedley had given judgment. This made ki«g Charles jest*-
ingiy say to him, that Nature had given him a pateot to be
} Ath. Ox. vol. II. — Brooks's Puritans,— Wood's MS papers in Bibl. Ashmol.'
—Willis's Catbtdrals.
: S E D L E Y. SIS
ApoIlo^s viceroy; and lord Rochester placed him in.tbc^
j[irst rank of poetical critics. With these accomplishments,
be impaired his estate by profligate pleasures, and was one
pf that party of debauchees whom we have already men-
tioned in our account of Sackville lord Buckhurst, who
having insulted public decency, were indicted for a riot^
and all severely fined ; sir Charles in 500/. The day foe
payment being appointed, sir Charles desired Mr. Henry
JCilligrew and another gentleman, both his/riends, to apply,
to the king to get it remitted ; which they undertook to do;
but at the same time varied the application so far as to beg
it for themselves, and they made Sedley pay the full sum.
After this affair, his mind took a more serious turn ; and
)ie began to apply himself to politics. He bad been chosen
to serve for Romney in Kent, in the parliament which be*
gun May 8, }661, and continued to sit for several parlia*
ments after. He was extremely active for the revoljution,
ivhich was at first thought extiraordinary, as he had receiv-
ed favours from James II. but those were cancelled by that
prince's having taken his daughter into keeping, whom be
i:reated countess of Dorchester. This ^honour by nov
means satisfied sir Charles, who^ libertine as he had
been, considered his daughter's disgrace as being thereby
made more conspicuous. Still his wit prevailed over his
resentment, at least in speaking on the subject; for, being
asked, why he appeared so warm for the revolution, he is.
$aid to have answered, '^ From a principle of gratitude;,
for, since his majesty has made my daughter, a countess,^
it is fit I should do all I can to make his daughter a queen."
He died Aug. 20, 1701.
His works were printed in 1719, 2 vols. 8vo ; and consist,
of plays, translations, songs, prologues, epilogues, and smaU.
occasional pieces. His poems are generally of the licen-
tious kind, and do not afford great marks of genius, and.
his dramas are quite forgotten. Pope, according to Spence,
thought him very insipid, except in some of his little love-
verses. Malone thinks 'he was the Lisideius of Dryden's
^^ Essay on dramatic poetry," and Dryden certainly shewed
his respect for him by dedicating to him his "Assignation."*
SEDULIUS (Cifiuus, or C«cilius)j a priest and poet,,
either Irish or Scotch, of the fifth century,, is recorded as
1 Atb. Ox. vol. II. — Biog. Brit.'-^alone's.DrydeOj roL I. p. 64; II. p. 34»
p*}!. — Spenoe's Anecdtftea, MS.
514 S E D U L I U S.
the writer of an heroic poem, called "Carmen Paschale,*
divided into five books. The first begins with the creatiort
- of the world, and comprehend? the more remarkable pas-
sages of the Old Testament. The next three describe th^
Mfe of Jesus Christ. This performance has been highly
eommended by Cassiodorus, Gregorius Turrinensis, and
Others. Sedulius afterwards wrote a piece on the same
subjects in prose. The poem was printed by Aldus in th(i
collection of sacred poets, in 1502. It is also in Maittaire's
^ Corp. Poet." and has since been published by itself, with
teamed notes, by Arntzenius, 1761, 8vo, and by Arevale
at Rome, 1794, 4to'.*
SEED (jEREivirAH), an English divine, who was borh a^
Clifton, near Penrith, in Cumberland, of which place hi^
father was rector, had his school- education at Lowther, and
his academical at Queen's college, in Oxford. Of this so-
ciety he was chosen fellow in 1732. The greatest part of
bis life was spent at Twickenham, where he was assistant or
curate to Dr. Wateriand. In 1741, he was presented by
his college to the living of Enham in Hampshire, at which
j5lace he died in 1747, without ever having obtained any
higher preferment, which he amply deserved. He was
exemplary in his morals, orthodox in his opinions, had an
afble head, and a most amiable heart. A late romantic
writer against the Athanasian doctrines, whose testipiony
we choose to give, as it is truth extorted fi'om an adversary,
speaks of him in the following terms: << Notwithstanding
this gentleman's being a contender for the Trinity, yet he
was a benevolent man, an upright Christian, and a beauti-
ful writer ; exclusive of his zesd for the Trinity, he was in
every thing else an excellent clergyman, and an admirable
^holar. 1 knew him well, and on account of his aftiiable
qualities very highly honour his memory ; though no two
' ever diflfered more in religious sentiments.^' He published
in his lifb-time, *^ Discourses on several important Sub-
jects,'* 2 vols. 8vo ; and his ** Posthumous Works, consist*
itig of sermons, letters, essays, &c.'* in 2 vols. 8vo, were
published from bis original manuscripts by Jos. Hall, M. A.
^fellow of Queen's college, Oxford, 1750. They are all
very ingenious, and filll of good matter, but abound too
much in antithesis and point.* '
1 Voiilus de Poet. Lat.<^CaTe, vol. I.-««Mackeiizie'8 Sc6tbh writerf« tol. I^
• SuppUnitiit to tht first edition of tbii Diet published iH ltS7.
S E G £ R d« M
' 9EGERS, or SE6HERS (G^rAr^), m eminfent pgin*
€er, was born at Antwerp rn 1*589. Under the infllrttCtioMi
of Henry van Balen, and Abrabsm Jsnssens, he had naNihe
considerable progress in the art before bef went to Icaiy^ On
bts arrival at Rome, he became th« discipte of Battoiomaieo
Manfred! ; and from him adopted n taste for the vigorooa
style of Michael AngeK> Caravagg^o, to which bfe added
somewhat of the tone and colour he had brought with hini
from his native country ; producing the p^werfal effect of
candle-light, though often faisety applied in subjecta whick
appertain to the milder illumination of the day. He at
length accepted tbe invitatiofn of cardinal Zapara, tlM
Spanish ambassador at Rom^, to accompany hii» to Ma-
drid, wlrere he wa[s presented to^the king, and was engaged
in his service, with a considerable pension^ After some
jrears he retbrned to Flanders, and his fellow-citfzens weM
impatient to possess some of bis productions ; but they who
had been accustomed to the style of Rubens and Vandyke^
were tinabie to yield him that praise to which be had been
accustomed, and he was obliged to change bis manner^
^bich he appears to have done with facility and advantage,
as many of his latter pictures bear evident testimony, Hisr
fnost esteemed productions are, the principal altar-piece \x»
the church of the Carmelites at Antwerp, the subject of
which is the marriage of the virgin ; and the adoration of
the magi, the altar-piece in the cathedral of Bruges. Th^
former is much after the manner of Rubens. Vandyke
painted his portrait among the eminent artists of his coun**
try, which is engraved by Pontius. He died in 1651, aged
aixty-two. — Ris son Daniel, who was born at Antwerp^in*
1590, was a painter of fruit and flowers, which he, being
a Jesuit, executed at his convent at Rome. He appearsi
indeed, to have painted more for the benefit of the society
to which he had attached himself, than for his private ad-
vantage : and when he had produced bis most celebrated
picture, at the command of the prince of Orange, it was
presented to that monarch in the name of the society,
which was munificently recompensed in return. He fre^
quently painted garlands of flowers, as borders for pictures,
which were filled up with historical subjects by the fiiTst
painters. He died at Antwerp in 1660, aged seventy.^
t ArgeiiTiUe» vol. IIL— PilkiDgtoii.-^r J. Reyotlds't Worki.^Recs'f Cy.
tlopadia.
Sl$ 8 £ G N I.
. SEGNI (Bernard),, an early Italian writer, was born
at .Florence about the close of the fifteenth century. He
was educated at Padua, where he became an accomplished
classical scholar, but appears afterwards to have gone into
public life,. and was employed in various embassies and
negociations by duke Cosmo, of Florence. He wrote an
excellent history of Florence from 1527 to 1555, which,
however, remained. in MS. until 1723, wben it appeared,
together with a life of Niccolo Capponi, gonfalonier of
Florence, Segni*s uncle. He likewise translated Aristotle^s
JXhics. " L'Etica d*Aristotele, tradotta in volga Fioren-
tioo," Florence, 1550, 4to, a very elegant book ; and
^^ Deir Anima d'Aristotele," 1583, also the Rhetoric and
Poetics 6f the same author, &c. He died in 1559.'
SEGRAIS (JoijN Renaud de), a French poet, was born
at Caen in 1624, and first studied in the college of the
Jesuits there. As he grew up, be applied himself to
French poetry, and was so successful as to be enabled to
rescue himself, four brothers, and two sisters, from the
unhappy circumstances in which the extravagance of a
father bad left them. In his twentieth year he met with a
patron who introduced him to Mad. de Montpensier, and
this lady appointed him her gentleman in ordinary, in
which station he remained many years, until obliged to
quit her service, for opposing her marriage with count de
Lauzun. He. immediately found a new patroness in Mad.
de la Fayette, who admitted him into her house, and as-
signed him apartments. Her he assisted in her two ro-
mances, " The princess of Cleves" and " Zaida." After
seyen years, he retired to his own country, with a resolur
lion to spend the rest of his days in solitude ; and there
married his cousin, a rich heiress, aboiit 16711. Mad.de
Maintenon invited him to court, as tutor to the duke of
Maine: buthedid not choose to exchange theindependenceof
a retired life for the precarious favours of a court, and there-
fore continued where he was. He was admitted of the
French academy in 1662; and was the means of re>esta-
blishing.tbat of Caen. He died at this place, of a dropsy,
in 1701. Me was very deaf in the last years of his Ufe, bu(
was much courted for the sake of his conversation, which
was replete with such anecdotes as the polite world had
furnished him with. A great number of these are to be
i Tiraboscbi.— Haym Bibl. d'Ua!.
S E G R A I S. Sl'f
found in the '' Segraisiana ;*' which was published many
years after his deaib^ with a preface by Mr. de la Mon-
noye; the best edition of it is tliat of Amstefdam, 1723,
12mo.
The prose writings of Segrais, though for the most part
frivolous enough, yet have great merit as to their style,
which may be considered as a standard. Of this kind are
bis " Nouvelles Francoises ;" but he was chiefly admired
for his poems, which consist of " Diverses Poesies," printed
at Paris in 1658, 4to; '^ Athis," a pastoral ; and a transla-
tion of Virgil's Georgics and iEneid. Of his eclogues,
and particularly of his translation of Virgil, Boileau and
D'Alembert speak very highly, but his Virgil is no longer
read . '
SEJOUR. See DIONIS.
SELDEN (John), one of the most learned men of th«
seventeenth century, was the son of John Selden, a yeo-
man, by Margaret his wife, only daughter of Mr. Thomas
Baker of Rusbington, descended from the family of the
Bakers in Kent. He was born Dec. 16, 1584, at a house
called the Lacies at Salvinton, near Terring in Sussex, and
educated at the free-school at Chichester, where he made a
very early progress in learning. In 1598, at fourteen years
of age, as some say, but according to Wood, jn 1600, he
was enter^ed of Hart-hall, Oxford, where under the tuition
of Mr. Anthony Barker (brother to his schoolmaster at Chi-«
Chester) and Mr, John Young, both of that hall, he studied
about three years, and then removed to CliflFord's Inn,
London, for the study of the law, and about two yearg
afterwards exchanged that situation for the Inner Temple.
Here he soon attained a great reputation for learning, and
acquired the friendship of sir Robert Cotto», sir Henry
Spelman, Camden, and Usher. In 1606, when only twenty-
two years of age, he wrote a treatise on the civil govern-
ment of Britain, before the coming in of the Normans,
which was esteemed a very extraordinary performance for
bi^ years. It was not printed, however, until 1615, and
then very incorrectly, at Francfort, under the title ** Ana-
lecttuy Anglo-Britaniiictfv libri duo, de civile administratione
Britanniss Magnae usque ad Normanni adventum,'* 4ta,
Micolson is of opinion that these ^* Analecta^* do not so
1 Nic^ron, ▼ol. XVL—Segraisiftna.— D'Alcmbart's Hiit. pf iht Members, af
Jtkt Fi-eoch Aca<leiDj«
^S 5 E L D £ N.
cjearly actoant for the religiao, government, and revotu*
tioiis of state among our Saxoo aacestors, as th^j^re re-
ported to do. It was ao eX;CeIlent spec^inen, however^ of
what might be expected from a youth of such talents and
application.
In 1610 he printed at London, his ^' Jani Anglorum fa-
cies altera,'* 8vo, reprinted in 16S1, and likewise trans*
)ated into English by Dr. Adam Littleton, under his family
name of Redman Westcot, 1683, fol. It consists of all -
that is met with in history concerning the common and
statute law of English Britany to the death of Henry IL
Selden had laid the foundation in a discourse which he
published the same year and in the same form, entitled
^^ England's Epinomis ;" and this is also in Dr. Littfetoa's
volume, along with two other tracts^ "The Original of Ec-
clesiastical Jurisdiction of Testaments,'' and " The Dispo-
sition or ad^ministration of Intestate goods^" both afterwards
the production of Selden's pen. In the same year, 1610,
be published his "Duello, or single combat;^' and in 1612^
notes and illustrations on Drayton's " Poly-Olbiop," folio.
He seems to have been esteemed for his learning by the
poets of that time ; and although he had no great poetical
t4jrn himself, yet in 1613 he wrote Greek, Latin, and Eur
glish verses on Browne's " Britannia's Pastorals," and con-
tributed other efforts of the kind to the works of several
authors, which appear to have induced Suckling to intro-
duce him in his ^^ Sessioh of the Poets," as sitting " close
|>y the chair of Apollo."
In 1^14 he published a work which has always been
pi;aised for utility, his " Titles of Honour," Lond. 4tOj with
an encomiastic poem by his friend Ben Jonson. It was re-
printed with, additions in 1631, fol. and again in 1671, and
trasH^lated into Latin by Simon John Arnold, Francfort,
1.696. Nicolson remarks that " as to what concerns our
nobility and gentry, all that come within either of those
lists will allow, that Mr. Selden's Titles of Honour ought
first to be perused, for the gaining of a general notion of
the distinction of a ^legree from an emperor down to a
country ^lentleman." In 1616 appe^ired his notes on si^
John Fortescue's work " De laudibus legum Angliae," and
w Ralph's Hengbam's " Sums," Lond. 8vo. In 1617 he
drew up a dissertation upon the state of the Jews formerly
liWng in England, f<yt the use of Purchas, wlio printed it,
although, as Selden complained, very defectively, in fail
S £ L D E N. 2iP
^* Pilgrimage.** In the same year be published bis Ttery
learned work, " De Diis Syriis syntagmata duo/* This is
not only a treatise on the idolatry of the ancient Syrians,
but affords a commentary on all the passages in the Old
Testament, wh6re mention is made of any of the heathen
deities^ This first edition (Lond. 8vo.) being out of print,
Ludovicus de Dieu printed an edition at Leydeo in 1629^
which was revised and enlarged by Selden. Andrew Beyer
afterwards publisbed two editions at Leipsic, in 1668 and
1672, with some additions, but, according to Le Clerc, 4>f
little importance. Le Clerc ofiTers aisp some objections io
the work itself, which, if just, imply that Selden had not
always been judicious |n bis chdice of his authorities, nor
in the mode of treating the subject. It contributed, how«-
/ever, to enlaige the reputation which he already enjoyed
both at home and abroad.
In bis next, and one of his most memorable perforon-
»nces, he did not earn the fame of it without some dan^
jger. This was his " Treatise of Tythes," the object of
which was to pi:ove that tithes were not due by divine
right under Christianity, although the clergy are entitled
to them by the laws of the land. ^This book was attacked
^y sir James Sempili in the Appendix to his treatise en«
.titled '* Sacrilege sacredly handled/' London, 1619, and
by Dr. Richard Tillesley, archdeacon of Rochester, in his
"Animadversions upon Mr. Selden's History, of Tithes/'
London, 1621, 4to. Selden wrote an ajiswer to Dr. Til-
lesley, which being dispersed in manuscript, the doctor
publL^ed it with remarks in the second edition of his
*^ Animadversions,** London, 1621, 4to, under this title,
<^ Animadversions upon Mr. Selden'^ History of Tithes, jand
his Review thereof. Before which (in lieu of the two first
chaptiers purposely prs&termitted) is premised a catalogue of
72 authors' before the yeare 1215, maintaining the Jus di-
vinum of Ty thes, or more, to be paid to the Priesthood
^noder the Gospell.'* Selden's book was likewise answered
by Dr. Richard Montague in his ^^ Diatribe,'* London,
1621, 4to; by Stephen Nettles, B. D. in bis '^Answer to
^he Jewish Part of Mr. Selden's History of Tythes," Ox-
ford,'1625; and by William Sclater in bis ^^ Arguments
about Tithes," London, 1623, in 4to. Selden's work hav-
ing been reprinted in 1680, 4to, with the eld date put to
it. Dr. Thomas Comber answered it in a treatise entitled^
<^ An Historical Vindication of the Divine Right {& Tith^^
&c." London, 1681, in 4to*
820 S E L D E I^.
This work also excited the displeasure of the coiirt, and
the author was called before some of the lords of the high
commission, Jan. 28, 1618, and obliged to make a public
submission, which he did in these words : " My good Lord^,
I most humbly acknowledge my errour, which 1 have com^
mittedin publishing the * History of Tithes,' and especially
in that I have at all, by shewing any interpretation of Holy
Scriptures, by meddling with Councils, Fathers, (ir Canons,
or by what else soever occures in it, offered any occasion
of argument against any right of maintenance * Jure divino'
of the Ministers of the Gospell ; beseeching ygur Lord-
ships to^eceive this ingenuous and humble acknowledg-
ment, together with the unfeined protestation of my griefe,
for that through it I have so incurred both his M^jestie^s
a!nd your Lordships' displeasure conceived against mee in
behalfe of the Church of England." We give this literally^
because some of Mr. Selden's admirers have asserted that
he never recanted any thing in his book. The above is at
least the language of recantation; yet he says himself in
his answer to Dr. Tillesley, " I confesse, that I did most
willingly acknowledge, not only before some Lords of the
High Commission (not in the High Commission Court) but
also to the Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council, that I
was most sorry for the publishing of that History, because
it had offended. And his Majesty's most gracious favour
towards me received that satisfaction of the fault in so un-
timely printing it; and L profess still to all the world, that
I am sorry for it. And so should I have been, if I had
published a most orthodox Catechisnfi, that had offended.
But what is that to the doctrinal consequences of it, which
the Doctor talks of? Is there a syllable of it of less truth,
because I was sorry for the JDublishing of it? Indeed,
perhaps by the Doctor's logic there is; and just so might
lie prove, that there is the more truth in his animadversions,
because he was so glad of the printing them. And be-
cause he hopes, as he says, that my submission hath cleared
•my judgment touching the right of tithes: what dream
made him hope so? There is not a word of tithes in that
submission more than in mentioning the title; neither was
my judgment at all in question, but my publishing it; and
this the Doctor knows too, as I am assured." Seiden,
' therefore, if this means any thing, was not sorry for what
he had written, but because he had published it, and be
wa,s sorry he had published it^ because it gave offence to
the court and to the clergy. >
S E L D E N.
d2i
I td 1621) kiog James having, in bis speech to the par-^
^iaoient, asserted that their privileges